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The international political process is the interaction and opposition of different actors of the world community regarding certain objects of international relations. Three components of the structure of the modern international political process: 1. Subjects of the international political process (sovereign state and public organizations created to resolve bilateral and multilateral relations at the diplomatic level: EU, CIS, NATO, UN).
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Structure of the modern international political process: 2. Objects of the international political process (specific international, economic and political processes of a state or group of states). International objects can be: bilateral between specific states; multilateral, affecting groups of countries. 3. Regulatory and legal framework of the international political process (a significant role is played by the institutions of diplomacy, which constitute the basic principles of international law, which in the 40s - 50s of the 20th century were enshrined in the UN Charter:
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Principles of international law: sovereign equality of states; non-use of force and threat of force in international relations; territorial value of states; peaceful resolution of international disputes; non-interference in internal affairs; universal respect for human rights; cooperation and mutual assistance; conscientious fulfillment of international obligations.
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World politics is the total activity of states in the international arena. International relations are a system of political, economic, cultural, military, diplomatic and other connections and relationships between states and peoples. The development of international relations is influenced by such an important factor as global politics. The arena of international relations cannot be called peaceful as long as there is a war or armed clashes or conflicts in at least one of its areas.
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International relations include specific types of relations between states: political, economic, scientific and technical, ideological, cultural, and military. The primacy of political international relations lies in the fact that any problem that has become the subject of state policy acquires a political character and finds expression in interstate political relations.
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Among the positive trends in the development of modern international relations are the following: 1. The process of de-ideologization of international relations. - With the collapse of the bipolar world system, the ideological confrontation that divided peoples and states into two warring camps ceased. The Iron Curtain, which separated the peoples of the socialist and capitalist camps, fell with the beginning of perestroika in the USSR, and with it the idea of class struggle went away. The idea of peaceful international relations and peaceful coexistence is being cultivated, which will be based on consensus despite the diversity of types of socio-economic state structure.
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2. The consequence of the process of de-ideologization of international relations is the transition from confrontation to partnership and cooperation: peoples and governments understand the feasibility and mutual benefit of cooperation between states in various areas of trade, mutual economic assistance, development of cultural relations, scientific exchanges, etc. In the recent past, the dominant position in the world was occupied by two superpowers - the USA and the USSR. With the collapse of the USSR, there was only one superpower left on the world stage - the United States. This is fraught with dictate from the superpower to weaker countries and infringement of their own interests.
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Therefore, in the modern world, a tendency has arisen and is gaining strength towards the formation of an international system of mutual deterrence, which will disperse forces and influence in world politics. The 3rd trend of modern international relations is democratization and humanization of world politics. The world community has come to understand that international relationships must be assessed from the point of view of universal human priorities, the right of every person to life, freedom and normal conditions of existence. From this point of view, the main value becomes the individual, and not the state and its interests.
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The 4th trend is the expansion of the sphere of international relations, the participants of which are not only government officials, but also political parties, social movements, church, cultural, sports organizations, and everyday communication of people via the Internet. 5th tendency - awareness of what is common to all humanity, global problems, which have become vital important issues world politics and international relations. Among them: the problem of global security; environmental, demographic, raw materials, energy, food, space and ocean exploration, elimination of dangerous diseases.
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Geopolitics is a field of politics that studies international relations in the context of the geographical location of countries (it emerged in the early 20th century). The study of world politics and international relations within the framework of the geopolitical direction involves focusing on territorial and demographic conditions, as well as the power potential of various countries when studying global and national interests, foreign policy priorities of states.
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Basic concepts of geopolitical direction: geopolitical space, geostrategic region, geopolitical region, state territory. Geopolitical space - totality state territories all countries of the world along with international straits, open sea and Antarctica. Geostrategic regions are large spaces, including, in addition to the territories of the region-forming countries, zones of their control and influence, therefore their number is limited.
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Part of the geostrategic region are geopolitical regions - characterized by close and stable political, economic, cultural ties and their compactness compared to the geostrategic region. In geopolitical studies, great importance is attached to the category “border”, which in political science is understood as a certain framework that limits the space over which national sovereignty extends. The border is not just a line of demarcation of state territories, it ensures the viability and security of the state, and determines the area for the formation of national identity.
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Geopolitical studies make it possible to predict and model possible options for the development of international relations and the formation of a world order. In modern geopolitical conditions, experts in the field of international politics predict three possible options for the development of international relations. 1. The future world appears as a bipolar antagonistic model, where the place of the USSR as a great non-capitalist power opposing America on the world stage will be taken by socialist China.
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Possible options international relations: 2. the world will be a unipolar authoritarian system led by the United States, which will remain the only superpower in the world, and this world will be economically and politically subordinate to the interests of the United States. 3. A non-confrontational democratic system of the world community of peoples, which will be based on compliance by all with the norms of international law and the establishment of a balance of economic and political opportunities between states.
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Globalization in the world order The term arose in the 60s. XX century The end of the 20th - beginning of the 21st century, global world problems appeared: international terrorism, new types of diseases that claim the lives of thousands of people (AIDS, “chicken flu”), etc. Globalization - historical process the rapprochement of nations and peoples, between which traditional boundaries are gradually erased.
Supranational (global) units of various scales: political and military blocs (NATO), imperial spheres of influence (former socialist camp), coalitions of ruling groups (G7), continental associations (European Union), world international organizations (UN), can be traced the contours of the world government represented by the European Parliament and INTERPOL.
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In economic terms, the process of globalization is expressed by the concept of “world capitalist economy”: the role of regional and world economic agreements is increasing, there is a global division of labor, the role of multinational and transnational corporations is increasing (which have income exceeding the income of the average national state): These are the companies: Toyota ", "McDonald's", "Pepsi-Cola", "General Motors", which have lost their national roots and operate throughout the world.
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At the global level, society turns into a world system called the world community. There are two forms of the system - world empires - civilization as global systems - (many territories politically united into one public education) and world economic systems(countries developing similar economies, but not politically united into one state).
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International relations in the modern world
Modern world- the world of competition. The best illustration of this is the development of events over several years of the 21st century. Countries with highly developed economies are pushing less developed competitors out of those promising world markets where they can do so. But not only economies compete - there is a competition between projects for the future world order, between different points of view on the path of development, between forms of organization of international life and principles of relations between countries.
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After the collapse of the USSR, 15 sovereign states were formed on its territory. Moreover, many states appeared on the world map that either previously did not exist at all (Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan) or had very limited experience of independent statehood (Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania). A special category of “unrecognized post-Soviet states” also appeared, including Nagorno-Karabakh, the Transnistrian Moldavian Republic, the Republic of Abkhazia and South Ossetia. The states that emerged in the post-Soviet space initially faced the objective need to search for their “international structural identity.” The republics of the former USSR were faced with a choice - to begin the process of forming a new international political region or to join one or another already existing one.
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Beginning of History
December 8, 1991 at Belovezhskaya Pushcha leaders of Russia President B.N. Yeltsin and Secretary of State G.E. Burbulis, of Ukraine - President L.M. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S.I. Shushkevich and Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the termination of the activities of the USSR “as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality.” The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, open for accession, was announced former members Union and other states.
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Compound
On December 11, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, at the initiative of Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 Central Asian republics took place in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on the condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya Accords. Recognition of Nazarbayev’s merit was the decision to gather everyone in the capital of Kazakhstan, Alma-Ata. There, on December 21, 1991, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth of Sovereign States. The conclusion of the Bialowieza Agreements was reaffirmed: “With the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics ceases to exist.” Later they were joined by Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova - in total, 12 republics from the previous 15 entered the CIS. Only the Baltic republics were left behind.
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Purposes of creating the union
– implementation of cooperation between member states in political, economic, legal, cultural, environmental, humanitarian and other fields, cooperation in ensuring international peace and security, as well as achieving disarmament; – creation of a common economic space, ensuring interstate cooperation and integration in the interests of comprehensive and balanced economic and social development of the member states; – mutual assistance in order to create peaceful conditions the lives of peoples, ensuring collective security; – peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between participating countries; – assistance to citizens of member states in free communication, contacts and movement throughout the territory of countries that are members of the Commonwealth.
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general information
Relations between the CIS member states are based on the principles of respect for the sovereignty, self-determination and territorial integrity of countries and non-interference in their foreign policy and internal affairs, the inviolability of existing borders, the non-use of force and the resolution of disputes by peaceful means, as well as the supremacy of international law. The total territory of the states that are part of the CIS (excluding the territory of Turkmenistan) is 21.6 million square meters. km., population – St. 275 million people (2006). The headquarters of the Commonwealth is located in Minsk (Belarus). In the CIS countries approx. 10% of the world's industrial potential and almost 25% of the world's proven reserves of natural resources. The working language of the CIS is Russian. The Commonwealth has its own official symbols and flag.
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Modern changes
In August 2005, Turkmenistan withdrew from the full members of the CIS and received the status of an associate observer member on August 12, 2008, after the outbreak of the armed conflict in South Ossetia Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili announced Georgia's withdrawal from the CIS In 2008, Afghanistan announced its desire to join the CIS
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Integration processes in the CIS
Integration processes in the CIS are taking place in conditions of a deep systemic socio-economic crisis. Economic ties between the Commonwealth states have weakened significantly. The role of the Commonwealth states in the dynamically growing world economy has sharply decreased. The CIS countries can strengthen their position in the global economy only by forming a regional association of states capable of becoming an integral part of the world post-industrial center in the form of its fourth regional component along with the EU, NAFTA and APEC. Otherwise, they will inevitably be pushed out to the backward periphery with the dominance of the extraction of non-renewable mineral resources and the production of low-tech, labor-intensive and resource-intensive products. IN last years integration processes in the CIS go in parallel with the emergence and active development of regional associations of the Commonwealth countries.
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Union State: Russia and Belarus
Russia and Belarus have maintained the closest economic ties since Soviet times. On December 8, 1999, they signed the Treaty on the Establishment of the Union State of Belarus and Russia (came into force on January 26, 2000). Active work is underway to create a common legal framework, a common currency, economic, defense, and humanitarian space. In the Union, it is planned to establish a single Constitution and legislation, president, parliament, cabinet of ministers and other bodies of supreme power, symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem), currency (it is assumed that the Russian ruble should become the single currency), army, passport, etc. n. Currently, the symbols of the Union State - the flag, coat of arms and anthem - have not been approved. The President and the united Parliament of the Union may be elected by universal suffrage.
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Eurasian Economic Community
On October 10, 2000, in Astana (Republic of Kazakhstan), the heads of state (Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan) signed the Treaty establishing the Eurasian Economic Community. The Treaty lays down the concept of close and effective trade and economic cooperation to achieve the goals and objectives defined by the Treaty on the Customs Union and the Common Economic Space. Organizational and legal instruments for the implementation of the agreements reached, a system for monitoring the implementation of decisions made and the responsibility of the Parties are provided. In August 2006, at the Interstate Council of the EurAsEC, a fundamental decision was made to create a Customs Union consisting of only three states ready for this - Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. Participating countries: Republic of Belarus (200 1) Republic of Kazakhstan (2001) Republic of Kyrgyzstan (2001) Russian Federation (2001) Republic of Tajikistan (2001) Republic of Uzbekistan (2006) Observer countries: Armenia (2003) Moldova (2002) Ukraine (2002) )
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Central Asian cooperation
Central Asian Cooperation (CAC) was established on February 28, 2002 by Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan to replace the Central Asian Economic Community. The stated goal is to create a single economic space in the Central Asian region. On October 18, 2004, at the CAC summit in Dushanbe, Vladimir Putin signed a protocol on Russia’s accession to this organization. The summit confirmed the unconditional leading role that will belong to Russia as an investment donor and mediator in resolving conflict situations. On October 6, 2005, at the CAC summit in St. Petersburg, a decision was made, in connection with the upcoming entry of Uzbekistan into the EurAsEC, to prepare documents for the creation of a united organization of the CAC-EurAsEC - i.e., in fact, it was decided to abolish the CAC.
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GUAM
GUUAM is an organization that opposes itself to regional associations with the participation of Russia. Created with the active support of " external forces", in particular the USA. Its participants - Georgia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan (came out in 2005), Azerbaijan and Moldova - declare common strategic interests and coordinate their foreign policy activities. Coordinated speeches by representatives of the GUUAM countries at the UN and OSCE are practiced. GUAM is a military-political bloc created in October 1997 by the republics of Georgia, Ukraine, Azerbaijan and Moldova (from 1999 to 2005, Uzbekistan was also a member of the organization). The name of the organization is formed from the first letters of the names of its member countries. Before Uzbekistan left the organization, it was called GUUAM.
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Organization of the Collective Security Treaty
In-depth military-political cooperation between the CIS countries is developing within the framework of the Collective Security Treaty of May 15, 1992. Currently, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia and Tajikistan participate in it. The purpose of the CST is to prevent and, if necessary, eliminate a military threat to the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the participating states. CSTO members: Republic of Armenia Republic of Belarus Republic of Kazakhstan Kyrgyz Republic Russian Federation Republic of Tajikistan Republic of Uzbekistan
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Single Economic Space
In 2003, the heads of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and Ukraine announced their intention to create a single economic space (SES “four”) with the prospect of establishing a Regional Integration Organization. The creation of the Common Economic Space is intended to coordinate efforts to bring together interested Commonwealth states and represents a real chance to change the situation for the better. The pragmatic economic interest is obvious to all participating countries. The predominant part of Russian trade turnover with the Commonwealth countries is trade with Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan, the main partners of the Russian Federation in the CIS. Indeed, these states and Russia account for 94% of GDP and 88% of the total trade turnover of the Commonwealth. The SES concept assumes that, in addition to a single space for the movement of goods, it is necessary to create a single space for the movement of capital, services and labor. Today, there are a fair number of barriers in this space, and each state shows a high degree of sophistication, erecting them on absolutely legitimate grounds and protecting domestic business.
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Disintegrating factors
The factors hindering the integration of post-Soviet republics, first of all, include different vectors and varying degrees of advancement of economic and political transformations in the Commonwealth countries. Day after day, in the course of reforms, the CIS states are losing similar features of political and legal structures and economic policy, simultaneously accumulating more and more new differences. Foreign trade turnover with non-CIS countries is increasing due to a decrease in the volumes of exports and imports in the mutual trade of the Commonwealth member states. At the same time, the CIS is turning into a resource segment of the world market, in which competition between the newly independent states as exporters of raw materials will intensify. These qualitative characteristics of the economies of post-Soviet states also do not contribute to deepening interaction. Disintegrating factors of a political nature include, first of all, authoritarian motives in the behavior of state leaders, insufficient activity in the direction of uniting the Commonwealth and increasing the efficiency of its institutions, and differences in approach to issues of cooperation.
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A situation is emerging in the CIS: an attempt to maintain a single economic space without a single state or supranational structures, in conditions of systemic breakdown, turned out to be unsuccessful. The collapse of the USSR and the transformation recession caused powerful disintegration trends. Under these conditions, the implementation of agreements, largely copied from the founding documents of the European Union, was and remains impossible. Using the EU experience should not mean borrowing, but studying the basic laws of the integration process, forms of organizing interaction, in order to develop an adequate development strategy that takes into account the peculiarities of the current state of the CIS countries.
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Conclusion
The further development of integration processes in the CIS countries should be based on the following principles: - complete equality of the CIS member countries; - ensuring the guaranteed functioning of the sovereignty, political independence and national identity of each state; voluntary participation in integration processes; - reliance on one’s own potential and internal national resources; - mutual benefit, mutual assistance and cooperation in the economy, which includes freedom of movement of labor and capital, pooling of national resources for the implementation of joint economic, scientific and technical programs that are beyond the capabilities of individual countries; - stage-by-stage, multi-level and multi-speed nature of integration, the inadmissibility of its artificial formation; - the presence of effective mechanisms for resolving controversial issues and contradictions. The necessity of the first thesis is beyond doubt - only under conditions of equality, openness and trust is effective integration possible. Like the requirement to preserve sovereignty, mutual benefit, focus on one’s own strengths are logical and interdependent. True integration is possible only on the basis of voluntariness, as objective conditions mature.
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In accordance with the decision of the Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs of the CIS member states dated March 26, 2010, based on the letter of the Department of General Education of the Ministry of Education of Russia dated December 13, 2010 No. 03-390, it was recommended to conduct in December 2010 - January 2011 in general education lessons in institutions ( cool watch), dedicated to the Commonwealth of Independent States. Week of the Unified Class Hour Today in modern schools, an important role in the development of a child is given to socialization - his assimilation of moral norms and rules, patterns of behavior necessary for development positive qualities personality. A necessary part of personal development is the cultivation of love for one’s native country, its laws and symbols. Therefore, the key objectives of the class hour were: on the basis of the knowledge acquired by schoolchildren at the previous level, to expand their understanding of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the symbols of each state and the legislative framework, the role of the CIS in the international arena, and the economic interaction of the CIS member states; promote respect for social norms and values, laws and symbols of the CIS member states.
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Goals and objectives of a single lesson Goal: To show students the importance of cooperation between the countries that are part of the Commonwealth of Independent States in the spiritual, economic, political and social spheres Objectives: To acquaint students with the history of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, with the achievements of the CIS countries in various spheres of public life. Develop meaningful attitudes towards intercultural and interethnic problems modern society. Foster a tolerant, humane attitude and respect for national differences, a desire for cultural interaction
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What is the CIS? CIS stands for Commonwealth of Independent States, which was formed on December 8, 1991 in the Belarusian capital of Minsk. Initially, the CIS included the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic, Ukraine and Belarus. Later they were joined by other allied states: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The most recent state to join the CIS was Georgia. The CIS was created for cooperation between countries in many areas: politics, economics, culture, science, etc.
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History of the creation of the CIS December 8, 1991 - in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (Belarus) the leaders of Russia - President B. Yeltsin and Secretary of State G. Burbulis, of Ukraine - President L. Kravchuk and Prime Minister V. Fokin and Belarus - Chairman of the Supreme Council of the BSSR S. Shushkevich and Chairman of the Council of Ministers V. Kebich announced the cessation of the activities of the USSR “as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality.” The formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States, open to the accession of former members of the Union and other states, was announced, and an agreement was signed on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The Agreement formulates the main directions and principles of cooperation, defines the scope of joint activities, implemented on an equal basis through the coordinating structures of the Commonwealth. The contracting parties undertook to guarantee all the norms arising for them from the treaties and agreements of the former USSR.
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Member states of the organization According to the current Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the founding states of the organization are those states that, at the time of adoption of the Charter, signed and ratified the Agreement on the Creation of the CIS of December 8, 1991 and the Protocol to this Agreement of December 21, 1991. The member states of the Commonwealth are those founding states that assumed the obligations arising from the Charter within 1 year after its adoption by the Council of Heads of State. To join the organization, a potential member must share the goals and principles of the CIS, accepting the obligations contained in the Charter, and also obtain the consent of all member states. In addition, the Charter provides for categories of associate members (these are states participating in certain types of activities of the organization, on the terms determined by the agreement on associate membership) and observers (these are states whose representatives may attend meetings of Commonwealth bodies by decision of the Council of Heads of State). The current Charter regulates the procedure for the withdrawal of a member state from the Commonwealth. To do this, the Member State must notify the depositary of the Statute in writing 12 months before withdrawal. At the same time, the state is obliged to fully fulfill the obligations that arose during the period of participation in the Charter.
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The main stages of the development of the CIS On December 11, 1991, Kyrgyzstan and Armenia announced their accession to the CIS. On December 13, 1991, on the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev, a meeting of the heads of Kazakhstan and 4 Central Asian republics took place in Ashgabat. They also agreed to join the CIS, but on the condition of absolute equality with the parties that signed the Belovezhskaya Accords. On December 21, 1991, in Alma-Ata, the heads of 9 republics: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed the Declaration on the Formation of the Commonwealth of Sovereign States. Later they were joined by Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova - in total, the CIS included 12 republics out of 15 that were part of the USSR. At subsequent meetings of their leaders, Councils of Heads of State, Heads of Government, Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Defense, Coordination and Advisory Committee, Collective Security Council, etc. were created. The Interparliamentary Assembly was formed. Unlike previous union bodies, they did not have power functions, but could only coordinate the interests of the republics. On January 22, 1993, the Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States was adopted in Minsk. The Charter of the Commonwealth defines the conditions for membership of states in the CIS, formulates the goals and principles of interstate cooperation, interaction in the economic, social and legal fields, in the field of inter-parliamentary relations, and enshrines the sovereign equality of all its members.
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State Date of ratification of the Agreement on the creation of the CIS (dated December 8, 1991) Date of ratification of the Protocol to the Agreement on the creation of the CIS (dated December 21, 1991) Date of ratification of the CIS Charter Azerbaijan not signed September 24, 1993 December 14, 1993 Armenia February 18, 1992 February 18, 1992 March 16, 1994 Belarus December 10, 1991 December 10 1991 January 18, 1994 Kazakhstan 23 December 1991 December 23, 1991 April 20, 1994 Kyrgyzstan not signed March 6, 1992 April 12, 1994 Moldova April 8, 1994 April 8, 1994 June 27, 1994 Russia December 12, 1991 December 12, 1991 July 20, 1993 Tajikistan not signed June 26, 1993 August 4, 1993 Turkmenistan not signed 26 December 1991 not signed Uzbekistan January 4, 1992 January 4, 1992 February 9, 1994 Ukraine December 10, 1991 December 10, 1991 not signed Georgia not signed December 3, 1993 April 19, 1994
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The main stages of the development of the CIS In September 1993, the heads of state of the Commonwealth of Independent States signed the Treaty on the Establishment Economic Union, which contains the concept of transforming economic interaction within the Commonwealth of Independent States, taking into account the prevailing realities there. In March 1994, the UN General Assembly granted observer status to the Commonwealth of Independent States. The key stages on the path to the formation of the CIS were the conclusion of the Agreement on the creation of a free trade zone on April 15, 1994, as well as the Agreement on the creation of the Interstate Economic Committee as a permanent body of the Economic Union, and the Agreement on the creation of the Payments Union of the CIS Member States on October 21, 1994. Subsequently, the development of the CIS was characterized by the creation of interstate subregional structures, bodies responsible for resolving special issues on the regional agenda, further development of the regulatory framework of the Commonwealth, and the creation of coordinating interdepartmental supranational organizations.
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Which countries are part of the CIS? The countries that united in the CIS used to be part of the USSR, then separated, and then united again, but as part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The CIS includes the following countries: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Russia. The CIS also included Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Tajikistan. Turkmenistan is a member of the CIS as an observer. The capital of this country is Ashgabat. The population density in Turkmenistan is 9.6 people per square kilometer. The main languages of Turkmenistan are Russian and Turkmen. The main religion in this country is Islam.
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Members of the CIS - 11 states Working language - Russian Executive Secretary - Sergey Lebedev (RF) Country Chairman (RF) Education - December 8, 1991 Population 273,006,000 people. Official website of the CIS - http://cis.minsk.by/
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Charter goals and directions of activity of the CIS implementation of cooperation in political, economic, environmental, humanitarian, cultural and other fields; comprehensive and balanced economic and social development of the participating states within the framework of a common economic space, interstate cooperation and integration; development of equal and mutually beneficial partnership in the economic sphere through the formation of a free trade zone; ensuring human rights and fundamental freedoms in accordance with generally recognized norms of international law and OSCE documents; cooperation between participating states in ensuring international peace and security, implementing effective measures to reduce the arms race and military spending, eliminating nuclear and other types of weapons of mass destruction, achieving general and complete disarmament; achieving closer interaction between the CIS states and the UN and other international organizations in the field of settlement international conflicts; assistance to citizens of participating states in free communication, contacts and movement in the Commonwealth; mutual legal assistance and cooperation in other areas of legal relations; pooling forces and means in the fight against organized crime, international terrorism and other manifestations of extremism; peaceful resolution of disputes and conflicts between members of the Commonwealth.
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Governing bodies of the CIS Interaction of countries within the Commonwealth of Independent States is carried out through its coordinating institutions: the Council of Heads of State, the Council of Heads of Government, the Interparliamentary Assembly, the Executive Committee, etc.
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Council of Heads of State The Council of Heads of State, as the highest body of the Commonwealth, discusses and resolves any fundamental issues of the Commonwealth related to the common interests of the participating states. The Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth at its meetings makes decisions regarding: amendments to the CIS Charter; creation of new or abolition of existing bodies of the Commonwealth; optimization of the CIS structure; improving the activities of Commonwealth bodies; hearing reports on the activities of CIS bodies; appointment (approval) of heads of bodies falling within its competence; delegation of powers to lower authorities; approval of regulations on CIS bodies within its competence.
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Council of Heads of Governments The Council of Heads of Governments of the CIS coordinates cooperation between executive authorities in the economic, social and other areas of common interests of the CIS member countries. The Council of Heads of Government of the Commonwealth resolves the issues of: implementing the instructions of the Council of Heads of State given to the Council of Heads of Government; implementation of the provisions set out in the Treaty establishing the Economic Union, as well as the practical functioning of the free trade zone; adoption of joint programs for the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy and their financing; development of transport systems, communications, energy systems, cooperation in matters of tariff, credit, financial and tax policy; development of mechanisms aimed at creating a scientific and technological space; creation of Commonwealth bodies within its competence; appointments (approvals) of heads of Commonwealth bodies within its competence; financial support for the activities of Commonwealth bodies.
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Governing bodies of the CIS The Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CMID) was created by the Decision of the Council of Heads of State of the Commonwealth of September 24, 1993 to coordinate foreign policy activities. Interparliamentary Assembly The Interparliamentary Assembly of Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States (IPA) was formed on March 27, 1992 on the basis of the Alma-Ata Agreement, signed by the heads of parliaments of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan. The Assembly was established as a consultative institution to discuss issues and consider draft documents of mutual interest.
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Russia Russia is the largest state in the world, occupying a significant part of Europe and Asia and one of three countries that is washed by the seas of three oceans at once: the Baltic and Black Seas Atlantic Ocean; Barents, White, Kara, Laptev, East Siberian, Chukchi seas of the Arctic Ocean; Bering, Okhotsk and Japanese seas of the Pacific Ocean.
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Moldova Moldova is a state in Eastern Europe, landlocked. The country took its name from the Moldova River in Romania. The origin of the name of the river is not known for certain; there are two main versions: a) the waters of the river were used for quarrying of minerals, and “molde” is the German term for such mining b) the name came from the Gothic language, in which “mulda” means "dust". Moldova is part of the CIS.
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Ukraine Ukraine is a state in Eastern Europe; in the south it is washed by the Azov and Black Seas. The name “Ukraine” apparently comes from either the Slavic “border territory” (outskirts) or from “country” (edge). It is also possible that the first syllable "uk" is a corruption of "yug". Ukraine is part of the CIS.
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The territory of the state is 33.7 thousand sq. km. The population as of January 1, 2003 is 3 million 618.5 thousand people. The capital of Moldova is the city of Chisinau. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on July 29, 1994, the Republic of Moldova is a sovereign and independent, united and indivisible state. On July 27, 2000, the law introducing a parliamentary form of government in the Republic of Moldova came into force. In accordance with the amendments to the Constitution, a parliamentary form of government was introduced in the country. The president remains the head of state, but he retains mainly representative functions. The President, in particular, is deprived of the right to initiate the procedure for amending the Constitution and the right to appoint judges of the Constitutional Court. The law provides for the election of the President in parliament. On September 17, 2009, the Constitutional Court of Moldova officially recognized the temporary performance of the duties of the President of the Republic of Moldova by the Chairman of the Parliament, Mihai Ghimpu.
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Belarus is a landlocked state in Eastern Europe. The territory of the country is flat, the eastern part is located on the Central Russian Upland. The highest point is Mount Dzerzhinskaya, 345 m. There are about 11,000 lakes and a large number of rivers in Belarus (the largest: Dnieper, Western Dvina, Neman, Western Bug, Pripyat, Sozh, Berezina). Belarus is part of the CIS.
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Kazakhstan is a large state in Central Asia. Almost the entire territory of the country is occupied by plains (steppes, semi-deserts, deserts), with the exception of the center of the country, where the destroyed mountains of the Kazakh small hills and the east with the ridges of the Tien Shan, Altai and Dzungarian Alatau are located. In the east there is also highest point countries - Khan Tengri peak, 6995 m. The largest rivers are the Irtysh, Syrdarya, Ural, Ili, Ishym, Tobol. Kazakhstan has access to the Caspian and Aral seas (which are essentially lakes); There are many other large lakes in the country: Balkhash, Zaisan, Sassykol, Alakol, Kamystybas, Tengiz and others. The name of the country comes from the people inhabiting it (Kazakhs) and the Persian suffix -stan, meaning “land” - i.e. "land of the Kazakhs". Kazakhstan is part of the CIS.
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The Republic of Azerbaijan occupies the southeastern part of the Caucasian Isthmus and covers an area of over 86.6 thousand square meters. km. The population of the Azerbaijan Republic as of May 1, 2004 is 8 million 289 thousand people. The capital is the city of Baku. Azerbaijan includes the Nakhichevan Autonomous Republic. According to the Constitution adopted on November 12, 1995, the Azerbaijani state is a democratic, legal, secular, unitary republic with a presidential form of government. The head of state is the President, and he also has executive power. The President is elected for a term of 5 years. Legislative power is exercised by the Milli Majlis, elected for 5 years. The President of the Republic of Azerbaijan is Ilham Heydarovich Aliyev.
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The Republic of Armenia occupies an area of 29.8 thousand square meters. km, the population as of 01/01/2003 is 3 million 210.8 thousand people. The capital of Armenia is the city of Yerevan. According to the Constitution adopted on July 5, 1995, the Republic of Armenia is a sovereign democratic, social, legal state. The legislative body of the Republic of Armenia is the National Assembly, consisting of 131 deputies. The term of office of the National Assembly is 4 years. The head of state and executive power is the President, elected for a five-year term. Executive power is exercised by the Government, consisting of the Prime Minister and ministers. The President of the Republic of Armenia is Serzh Azatovich Sargsyan.
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Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan is a landlocked state in Central Asia. "Kyrgyzstan" apparently comes from the Persian "land of forty tribes." Kyrgyzstan is part of the CIS.
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The territory of the state is about 200 thousand sq. km. The population as of January 1, 2003 is 5 million 012.5 thousand people. The capital of the state is the city of Bishkek. The Kyrgyz Republic (Kyrgyzstan), according to the Constitution adopted on May 5, 1993, is a sovereign, unitary, democratic republic, built on the principles of a legal, secular state. On February 2, 2003, a referendum took place. By a majority of votes, President A. Akaev approved and signed Law No. 40 of February 18, 2003 “On the new edition of the Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic.” The President is the head of state. He is elected for a term of five years. Parliament, the Jogorku Kenesh, is the permanent highest representative body. The Jogorku Kenesh exercises legislative power, as well as control functions. It is elected for five years. Executive power in Kyrgyzstan is exercised by the Government, ministries subordinate to it, state committees, administrative departments, other executive authorities and local government administration. The President of the Kyrgyz Republic is Roza Isakovna Otunbaeva.
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The territory of the state is 447.4 thousand square meters. km. The population as of January 1, 2001 is 24 million 916.4 thousand people. The capital of Uzbekistan, the city of Tashkent, is one of the largest cities in the east. In accordance with the Constitution adopted on December 8, 1992, Uzbekistan is a sovereign democratic republic. The highest state representative body is the Oliy Majlis, which exercises legislative power. The Oliy Majlis is elected for 5 years. The President is the head of state and executive power, at the same time the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers. The president is elected for a term of five years. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan is Islam Abduganievich Karimov.
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The territory of Turkmenistan is 488.1 thousand square meters. km. The population as of May 1, 2004 is 6 million 385.7 thousand people. The capital is the city of Ashgabat. Turkmenistan was declared an independent state in October 1991 as a result of a popular referendum. According to the Constitution adopted on May 18, 1992, Turkmenistan is a democratic legal and secular state. Government is carried out in the form of a presidential republic. The President is the head of state and executive power, the highest official of Turkmenistan. The highest representative body of people's power is the Khalk Maslakhaty (People's Council) of Turkmenistan. The Mejlis (parliament) is the legislative body of Turkmenistan. The Cabinet of Ministers is an executive and administrative body. The Cabinet of Ministers is headed by the President. The President of Turkmenistan is Berdimuhamedov Gurbanguly Myalikgulyevich.
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Each nation creates and respects its own national-state symbols. The unity of culture and history of each country is built on the common language of its symbols. Each element of state symbols contains the deepest meaning. These symbols reflect the history of the origin of the state, its structure, its goals, principles, national and other traditions, features of the economy and nature. When turning to state symbols, it is important to understand that in addition to the official elements approved as such - the coat of arms, flag, anthem, there are other significant symbols for each state - the Constitution, the President, historical monuments, etc.
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Questions Why do we need a coat of arms? Why do we need a flag? Where can I see the image of the flag and coat of arms? Name the colors of the National Flag of your country, compare with color scheme flags of other states.
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Coat of arms and flag At all times, colors have been given a special meaning. White is the color of peace and purity of conscience, red is fire and courage, blue is the sky, loyalty and truth, green is natural wealth. the colors of the national flags are associated with popular ideas of beauty. White and red colors have long been used in national folk costumes. Shirts were made from white linen, and elegant sundresses and other clothes were made from red fabric. In the folk art of the Slavic peoples, white and red colors have a special meaning: White color is a symbol of purity, and red is a symbol of life. The blue color resembles the color of the sky, which means it symbolizes the high and pure. Green color symbolizes natural wealth. That is why these colors were often used by peasants for their clothing and decorating their houses. We notice these colors in architecture, for example, white cathedrals and red walls, towers and an elegant combination of blue and white in the decoration of churches. Guests and tourists coming from other countries see the State Flag and the State Emblem at the border. We also see the coat of arms on the banknotes of countries, on seals confirming the authenticity of important documents.
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The national anthem is a solemn song or melody that is performed on special, solemn occasions, during national holidays, raising the National Flag, ceremonial meetings, during military rituals and sports competitions. When the anthem of any country is played, people stand up and men take off their hats. This is how respect for the country whose anthem is played is shown. Remember the Olympic Games. When our athletes win gold medals, the anthem of our country is played and the flag of our state is understood. Every morning in our country begins with the National Anthem, which is played on the radio.
International relations International relations of states are one of the foundations on which modern society. Today, the very existence of civilization depends on the relationship between states. Modern international relations are complex system political, economic, cultural and other connections. Today, there are several global trends in the development of international relations.
European Union At the core European Union lies the cooperation that arose between European states after the Second World War with the aim of guaranteeing peace and promoting economic and social progress within a single union. This process developed gradually. At first, the emphasis was on economic cooperation to develop common policies in the fields of trade and agriculture. Later, cooperation began to develop in the political sphere, in areas such as foreign policy and development cooperation. The first institutions of the European Union are the Council of Ministers, the European Commission, the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice. On May 9, 1950, an event of historical importance occurred. French Foreign Minister Robert Schuman proposed that the Federal Republic of Germany and other European countries unite in order to achieve peaceful goals. As of January 1995, the 15 member states were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Portugal, and the United Kingdom.
Russia and the USA Currently, relations between Russia and the USA are developing in such areas as the fight against terrorism, non-proliferation nuclear weapons, space research. The collapse of the Soviet Union, economic and socio-political The crisis in Russia, the sharp decline in its international prestige and military-political potential led to the fact that the United States became virtually the only world leader. This fact, as well as the operations of the United States and its allies against Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Iraq, caused confusion in Russia about building relations with the United States. In 2003, Russia, together with France and Germany, actually led the “camp of those who disagree” with US actions regarding Iraq. At the end of 2004, an unprecedented “cooling” occurred in Russian-American relations associated with the events in Ukraine (“Orange Revolution”). The struggle for influence between Russia and the United States has engulfed the entire post-Soviet space. At the beginning of 2007, a conflict flared up between the United States and Russia over the United States' intention to deploy elements of its missile defense system in Poland and the Czech Republic. According to US leaders, this step is aimed at protecting Europe from North Korean and Iranian missiles. The Russian leadership categorically rejects such an explanation.
Russia and the USA The United States, despite problems in the political sphere, has traditionally been one of Russia's leading trading partners. In 2005, bilateral trade turnover reached $19.2 billion, with Russian exports amounting to 15.3 billion and imports 3.9 billion. Direct Russian investments in the American economy exceed $1 billion. Russian companies Lukoil operate in the United States, Norilsk Nickel (plant for the production of platinum group metals), Severstal (steel production company), EvrazGroup (vanadium production plant), Interros (hydrogen energy) and some others.
Russia and the United States The Medvedev-Obama Commission, officially known as the bilateral Russian-American Presidential Commission, was proclaimed on July 6, 2009 by Russian President Dmitry Medvedev and US President Barack Obama during President Obama's visit to Moscow. It is designed to promote improved communication and cooperation between the Russian and US governments. According to the statement of purpose of the Commission, agreed upon between the two parties in October 2009, the Commission was created to “identify areas of cooperation and implement joint projects and actions aimed at strengthening strategic stability, international security, economic prosperity and the development of ties between Russian and American peoples. The work of the Commission is based on the basic principles of friendship, cooperation, openness and predictability, and we are committed to resolving differences openly and honestly, in a spirit of mutual respect and acceptance of each other's points of view."
Russia and the EU The Russian Federation is one of the EU's most important partners. The priority task of the European Union is to create a strong strategic partnership with Russia on a solid basis of mutual respect. Russia is the EU's largest neighbor, becoming even closer with the Union's enlargement in 2004 and 2007. The 2003 European Security Strategy emphasizes that Russia is a key player in the geopolitical and security spheres, both globally and regionally. Russia and all EU countries are members of the United Nations, the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) and the Council of Europe. The EU and Russia are already working together on a wide range of issues, including the modernization of the Russian economy and its integration into the world economy, security issues, and international problems. The EU and Russia have a broad dialogue on political issues affecting the world, including conflict resolution in the Middle East, Afghanistan, the Western Balkans and Sudan, as well as preventing the spread of weapons mass destruction and related technologies, as in the situation with Iran and North Korea.
Russia and Greece The relevance of Russia's development and maintenance of foreign trade relations comes down to the main question of which markets are considered priority and favorable today, as well as those that are strategically important to enter. From this point of view, the development of foreign economic relations between Russia and Greece is extremely necessary. Greece has traditionally been one of the main importers of Russian goods (both raw materials and high-tech), which puts it in preferential terms in trade relations with Russia. On the other hand, Greece is a member of the EU, which allows Russia to find the few ways to enter European markets. Thus, by building effective trade and economic relations with Greece, Russia, to some extent, is speeding up the development of economic relations with the European Union.
Russia and France For the first time, diplomatic relations between Russia and France were established in 1717, when the first Russian ambassador to France presented his credentials signed by Peter I. On October 28, 1924, diplomatic relations were established between the USSR and France. In November 2007, at the XIIth meeting of the Intergovernmental Commission, a joint Statement was signed declaring 2010 the Year of Russia in France and the Year of France in Russia. France has always been and remains one of Russia's most important European partners. Suffice it to say that the situation in Europe and the world was largely determined by Russian-French relations throughout their centuries-old history. The fundamental document of relations between Russia and France is the Treaty of February 7, 1992 (came into force on April 1, 1993). It cemented the desire of both sides to develop “a new relationship of harmony based on trust, solidarity and cooperation.” Since then, the legal framework of Russian-French relations has been significantly enriched - several dozen agreements have been concluded in various areas of bilateral interaction. Russian-French political contacts are becoming increasingly intense. Meetings of heads of state held on a regular basis created the conditions for a qualitative shift in the development of Russian-French relations.
Russia and Spain in the 20th century there were long breaks in Russian-Spanish relations, and when these relations were restored in 1977, this act was part of the transformations that took place in Spain as part of its transition from dictatorship to democracy, in the process of gaining Spain's new international status. The fundamental document of Russian-Spanish relations is the Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation, which was signed between our countries in 1994, but, of course, the legal framework of our relations is not exhausted by this treaty. We have a very wide range of agreements that create the basis for the development of bilateral cooperation in a wide variety of areas. Our relations as a whole are developing favorably, and this is manifested primarily in the fact that there is an active political dialogue between our countries, including at the highest level. The choice of Russia as the first country to visit by Spain, which headed the European Union in 2010, “is proof of the EU’s desire to establish a framework for strategic cooperation with Russia,”
Russia and Great Britain History of relations between Great Britain and Russia Harmony has not always reigned in them, but they are much longer and richer than many people think. The ties between the British and Russian royal houses were intertwined with trade contacts. Trade relations between the two countries began more than 400 years ago. Britain and Russia fought together in the war against Nazi Germany. The unique feature of British aid Soviet Union was that it supported the tradition of maritime and trade relations. After World War II, the development of relations was hampered by the Cold War, but bilateral contacts continued, including visits to high level. Margaret Thatcher in 1984 called Mikhail Gorbachev a person with whom she could “do business.” The mutual understanding established between them in the 1980s helped pave the way for a positive state of relations between the two countries. After the collapse of the USSR, relations between the UK and the Russian Federation improved, but deteriorated again in the 2000s due to disagreements over extraditions. This disagreement escalated to the deportation of four Russian diplomats by Britain, soon followed by the deportation of four English diplomats by Russia. Several British consulate offices and one cultural cooperation organization were forced to close. Since 2007, Russia has again begun long-range patrols with TU-95 bombers. These patrols repeatedly passed close to British airspace, where they were escorted by British fighter jets. However, there are also positive aspects development of Russian-British relations. Cooperation in the energy sector is actively developing between Russia and the UK. In September 2003, at the Energy Forum in London, a Communiqué on cooperation in the field of energy and a Memorandum were signed between the two countries on the construction of the North European Gas Pipeline, through which Russian gas will flow through the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and other countries.
Russia and Germany Cooperation between Russia and Federal Republic Germany has been and remains one of the main priorities in Russian foreign policy and economics. It is enough to track the number of visits of the Russian President to Germany and evaluate statistical data on economic cooperation. In general, our economic relations are developing steadily, in an upward direction. A reliable and effective mechanism for coordinating cooperation in this area has been created. A joint high-level working group on strategic issues of economic and financial cooperation and a mixed Commission on scientific and technical cooperation are operating successfully. Of course, there are still many untapped reserves in our relations. As the political and socio-economic situation in Russia changes for the better, we increasingly feel the growing interest of German businesses in expanding their presence and activities in our country. Over the past few years, a qualitative leap forward has been made in cooperation between many Russian regions and the states of Germany. Today this form of economic interaction is one of the most advanced and promising. Among the countries of the European Union, Germany is considered one of the countries with which Russia traditionally has the most friendly and fruitful relations. Angela Merkel, who came to power in 2005, is more skeptical about Russia. She made it clear that she would return Germany’s main foreign policy orientation to the United States, and that she would need to treat Russia more distantly, albeit pragmatically. As one of the few Western countries, Germany, represented by its Foreign Minister Frank-Walter Steinmeier, criticizes US plans to base missile defense in Eastern Europe and calls on them to consult with Russia.
Russia and the Baltic countries Having become independent, former republics The Baltic states began to demand that they be officially called “Baltic countries.” After the collapse of the USSR, Russia’s relations with the Baltic countries were very difficult. The abundance of historical grievances and mutual claims prevented the finding of mutual understanding in the national, cultural, political, and economic spheres. Unlike the countries included in the CIS, the Baltic republics prefer to demonstrate their independence from Russia through purely political methods. However, this relationship has extremely interesting political implications. At ports and others transport work occupied mainly by the Russian-speaking population deprived of Baltic citizenship. This is explained by the personnel policy of Soviet times. At that time, it was customary for transport workers not to be Lithuanians, Latvians and Estonians, but for visitors from the interior regions of Russia. The undisputed leader with a negative rating was Estonia. The country's Foreign Minister Siim Kallas claims that Russia expects Estonia to grant citizenship to the Russian-speaking population, abandon the idea of joining NATO, establish visa-free relations with Russia and conclude a large-scale confederation agreement with it. “In this case, relations between Estonia and Russia will improve, but what will be left of an independent Estonian state?” Callas summed up sadly.
Russia and the Baltic countries Despite the presence of prerequisites for a warming of Russian-Baltic relations, in order to achieve “friendship” it is necessary to overcome the trust deficit. Russia and Lithuania have been arguing for a long time about what should come first - approval by the Russian side of the border agreement or reaching a final agreement on the procedure for transit to the Kaliningrad region through Lithuanian territory. Similarly, the Russian-Estonian dialogue is stalled “waiting for the first step.” Political psychologists know that the strong take the first step. Today, against the backdrop of Russia’s strengthening international position, Moscow has the luxury of taking such a first step without it being perceived as a sign of weakness.
Russia and the Scandinavian countries The North of Europe has traditionally been identified with five countries - Denmark, Iceland, Norway, Sweden and Finland and was generally characterized by significant stability and a high (albeit with differences for individual countries) level of development. Until recently, relations between Russia and Sweden could be called almost exemplary. The developed country of Northern Europe did not think about joining NATO and refrained from harsh anti-Russian statements. But after the center-right coalition came to power in the fall of 2006, everything changed, and this was most clearly demonstrated during Georgia’s aggression in South Ossetia. Even earlier, the stumbling block in Russian-Swedish relations is the Nord Stream gas pipeline project along the bottom of the Baltic Sea. The main arguments against come from environmentalists. However, Stockholm's actions are primarily explained by economic interests in the region and the desire to prevent Russia from becoming the “queen of the Baltic.” Relations between Russia and Sweden in recent years have been far from ideal. However, Russia also had to listen to criticism from representatives of other Scandinavian countries. But Finland and Norway are much more focused on economic ties with Russia than Sweden. And therefore their authorities could not afford such harsh statements as the Swedish ones. Sweden is not very interested in Russia as a trading partner. The Russian Federation supplies mainly energy resources to the West, and Sweden covers its energy needs mainly through supplies from Norway, consistently displacing hydrocarbons with other energy sources. As a result, Russia accounts for four percent of Swedish imports and two percent of exports. At the same time, despite political difficulties, trade turnover between the two countries in the period from 2000 to 2008. grew fivefold.
Russia and the Scandinavian countries On December 30, 1991, Finland recognized Russia as the successor state of the USSR. In January 1992, the Russian-Finnish Treaty on the Fundamentals of Relations was concluded. Currently, there are about 90 interstate and intergovernmental documents in force between Russia and Finland, regulating almost all areas of bilateral interaction. Regular contacts are maintained between the heads of the ministries of foreign and internal affairs, economic development and trade, transport, customs and border departments. Interparliamentary relations are active. There is a Friendship Group with Russia in the Finnish Parliament, and a Group for Relations with the Finnish Parliament has been formed in the State Duma. Trade and economic cooperation between Russia and Finland is mutually beneficial, and the growth of trade turnover remains positive. The majority of Russian exports to Finland consist of raw materials and energy resources – about 88%. Finished products account for about 11.5%, machinery and equipment – 1.5%. More than half of Russian imports from Finland are machinery, equipment and vehicles, the share of raw materials is 22%, approximately 13% is chemical goods, and about 4% is food products. One of the foundations of the entire complex of bilateral relations is energy cooperation between Russia and Finland. Russia is a reliable supplier of energy resources to Finland, including 100% of this country’s needs for natural gas, almost 70% for crude oil, a third for coal and 10% for electricity.
Russia and the Scandinavian countries Using its geographical location, Norway is increasingly claiming the role of a connecting link or “bridge” between Western Europe and Russia. Cooperation initiated by Norway in the Barents/Euro-Arctic region is a confirmation of this kind of aspiration. The issue remains not fully resolved between Moscow and Oslo maritime border, which is why there is a so-called “gray zone” in the Barents Sea. It is interesting that in the early 80s, the Soviet Union tried to start economic activities in it and even began drilling, however, faced with protest from Norway, it stopped work. It is clear that the position of our country after the collapse of the USSR weakened sharply and one could not seriously count on securing this territory for Russia. The contradictions between countries are objective; no one wants to give in, knowing full well that the era of cheap and accessible hydrocarbons is gradually ending. But interested parties are keen to have a conversation at the negotiating table, and the discussion has not yet crossed diplomatic boundaries. One of the main features of the structure of Russian exports, which distinguishes it from supplies to most other European countries, is the extremely small share in the export of energy resources (oil and oil products, coal) to Norway, as well as the complete absence of natural gas. Imports from Norway differ significantly from Russian exports: in 1997. its main positions were food products, primarily fish and fish products - 52%, machinery and equipment - 15%, chemical products - 9%. However, the increase in imports from Norway was due to an increase in fish supplies. (the ratio of the number of export commodity items to import ones is expressed in the proportion 1:3).
Russia and Japan Over the past years, Russian-Japanese relations have steadily developed and been filled with new content. They are characterized by mutual commitment to universal democratic values, the absence of ideological and military confrontation, and deep mutual interest in cooperation in the international arena. The basic principles for the development of ties were agreed at the highest level: mutual trust, mutual benefit, long-termism, close economic cooperation. Recently, there has been a noticeable intensification of bilateral trade and economic relations. In The volume of Russian-Japanese trade turnover more than doubled and reached a record figure in the history of bilateral relations of 8.85 billion dollars. Japanese-Russian foreign trade and economic relations have recently been at the stage of expansion. Total foreign trade increased by about 31.5% year-on-year to 694.2 billion yen. The volume of imports from Russia increased by 19.6% compared to the previous year and amounted to approximately 490.2 billion yen, and exports of goods to Russia increased by 72.6% and amounted to 204 billion yen.
Russia and China On October 2, 1949, the USSR was the first to establish diplomatic relations with the PRC. China considers relations with Russia to be a model of political partnership. This statement was made by Foreign Minister Yang Jiechi. In terms of bilateral relations, the Russian side attaches paramount and extremely important importance to the established system of regular annual meetings between the President of the Russian Federation and the Chairman of the People's Republic of China. Russian-Chinese relations are characterized by consistently high dynamics of development, a solid legal framework and extensive organizational structure bilateral interaction, active connections at all levels. The Shanghai (April 1996) and Moscow (April 1997) agreements on strengthening confidence in the military field and on the mutual reduction of armed forces in the area of the former Soviet-Chinese border, signed by the heads of five states - Russia, China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, are being successfully implemented. At the end of 2008, China took third place among Russia's foreign trade partners (after Germany and the Netherlands), its share in Russian foreign trade turnover was 7.6%, while China accounted for 4.6% of Russia's exports (7th place) and 13% of imports Russia (2nd place).
Russia and the countries of the Middle East The situation for Russia's return to the Middle East has become most suitable: in contrast to previous times, when the countries of the region were divided into friends of the Kremlin and the White House. Moscow has established more or less smooth relations with almost everyone, including Israel. The Russian Federation has established that “Russia’s priority task should be to restore and strengthen its positions, primarily economic, in this rich region of the world that is important to our interests.” Russia, trying to restore its former influence in the region and confirm its status as a great power equal to the United States in strength, must demonstrate its interest in the problems of the Middle East, especially when such events occur there. important events like the coup in Gaza. Otherwise, it will be perceived as a minor player in the Middle East arena, where the US, EU and UN play a critical role. The Israeli leadership is still striving, although without much hope, to enlist Russian support in the Iranian problem and to persuade Russia not to sell modern weapons to Syria and Iran. Although the most important factor determining Russian Middle Eastern policy is the interests of the Russian military-industrial complex. Arms sales abroad bring billions of dollars to Russia every year.
Russia and countries Latin America Russia maintains diplomatic relations with all 33 states of Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). In Relations with Grenada were restored, relations were established with Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Christopher and Nevis, the Bahamas, and Saint Lucia. A line is being pursued to strengthen friendly ties with the states of the region, increase interaction on the world stage, and develop trade, economic, investment, scientific, technical and cultural cooperation. Political dialogue is developing. The official visit of Russian President V.V. Putin to Cuba (2000) - the first at the highest level to Latin America - and to Mexico (2004) was important. The promotion of cooperation with leading partners in the region was facilitated by official visits to Russia by the presidents of Chile P. Aylwin (1993) and R. Lagos (2002), Argentina C. Menem (1998), Venezuela W. Chavez (2001). ), Brazil F.E. Cardoso (2002). Russia, incl. within the framework of the G8, provides political support to the process of peaceful resolution of the armed conflict in Colombia. Contacts are maintained with Venezuela and Mexico as leading oil producers in the interests of ensuring the stability of the oil market and protecting the economic interests of Russia. Large Russian businesses are entering Latin American markets. Russian companies successfully operate in the field of supplying equipment for hydroelectric power plants in Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, participate in the development of oil fields in Colombia, and operate joint ventures for assembling cars in Venezuela, Colombia, Uruguay, and Ecuador. Humanitarian and cultural ties are expanding. A major project of cultural cooperation was the opening in Brazil of the first foreign school of the State Academic Bolshoi Theater (Joinville) and the school named after. P.I. Tchaikovsky in Fortaleza.
Russia and Great Britain. History of relations between Great Britain and Russia Harmony has not always reigned in them, but they are much longer and richer than many people think. The ties between the British and Russian royal houses were intertwined with trade contacts. Trade relations between the two countries began more than 400 years ago. Britain and Russia fought together in the war against Nazi Germany. The unique feature of British aid to the Soviet Union was that it maintained a tradition of maritime and trade relations. After World War II, the development of relations was hampered by the Cold War, but bilateral contacts continued, including high-level visits. Margaret Thatcher in 1984 called Mikhail Gorbachev a person with whom she could “do business.” The mutual understanding established between them in the 1980s helped pave the way for a positive state of relations between the two countries. After the collapse of the USSR, relations between the UK and the Russian Federation improved, but deteriorated again in the 2000s due to disagreements over extraditions. This disagreement escalated to the deportation of four Russian diplomats by Britain, soon followed by the deportation of four English diplomats by Russia. Several British consulate offices and one cultural cooperation organization were forced to close. Since 2007, Russia has again begun long-range patrols with TU-95 bombers. These patrols repeatedly passed close to British airspace, where they were escorted by British fighter jets. However, there are also positive aspects of the development of Russian-British relations. Cooperation in the energy sector is actively developing between Russia and the UK. In September 2003, at the Energy Forum in London, a Communiqué on cooperation in the field of energy and a Memorandum were signed between the two countries on the construction of the North European Gas Pipeline, through which Russian gas will flow through the bottom of the Baltic Sea to Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and other countries.