show business tycoons, public opinion, people's representatives;

• inclusions of colloquial, vernacular vocabulary, vocabulary outside literary language:

So he’s going to kill us all - about military projects, how you want to get involved in these projects... is it difficult to play cops?

• neologisms or new author’s word formations:

Rap is a hooligan character, a Kremlin party, music critics, clearly “bent his line”;

• standard designs:

As our correspondent reports, as we learned, it caused a reaction, in response to...., a special meeting was held, etc.;

• synonyms: ...

two 17-year-old boys. The teenagers got...

• polysemantic words, homonyms, antonyms, paronyms as a means of expression:

illusions and reality, lost and lost, black optimism, the left always turns out to be right;

• abbreviations:

GD - The State Duma, ORT – Russian public television

• all possible means of verbal imagery ():

Alas, today we must admit: we are leaving communism in the most twisted, most painful, most absurd (gradation) way. From all my meetings I got the impression that the central authorities, executive and legislative, (inversion), have a weak connection with the pains of the country (metaphor).

Morphological features journalistic style

• specific verb forms - present tense (present of reporting), helping to create the effect of presence:

We arrive in X... We immediately go to the morgue. We get up and go to the door..

• frequency of personal pronouns of 1st person:

My helicopter landed right on the construction site. They met me. We immediately went to the site, I was shocked by what I saw...

Syntactic means of coherence in a journalistic style

This syntax is sometimes called expressive. Indeed, it is the variety of syntactic structures that allows the author to influence the audience.

• declarative, interrogative, exclamatory sentences:

And who are you? Yes, this is our friend from the group XXXXX

• parcellation - separating part of a sentence into a separate sentence:

All people need this understanding. So that there is no war.

• segmentation - placing an important statement for the author at the beginning of a sentence and formatting it as a title sentence:

Elections in Primorsky Krai: who will win?

• inversion - changing the usual word order in order to enhance expressiveness, introducing additional shades of meaning:

The most cynical fraud of the scammers was the deception of pensioners. I didn't like them.

use of stylistic figures:

• anaphora - repetition of the beginning of words of a series of sentences or figures of speech:

What a great morning it stares us in the face, how beautiful... these Berlin streets are at the hour when Freedom steps on them! (A. N. Tolstoy)

• rhetorical question - a question that does not require an answer or a question contained in the text or in the question itself:

Is it possible to be ashamed if you fight for your homeland? (A.N. Tolstoy)

• rhetorical exclamation is an expression of the speaker’s emotions, a technique that attracts the attention of listeners:

Fascists have nothing to do on our land! (A.N. Tolstoy)

• parallelism - identical construction of neighboring sentences or their parts:
• epiphora - repetition of words or combinations at the end of a construction:

On bended knee we swear that we will not disgrace the Russian land. Kissing the edge of our holy banner, we swear that we will not give up even an inch of Russian land! (A.N. Tolstoy)

• antithesis - a construction based on the opposition of pictures, characters, objects, etc.:
• oxymoron - a combination of words that are opposite in meaning to each other in one artistic image:

The painful lightness of this life (M. Sturua)

• gradation is a gradual sequential strengthening or weakening of images, comparisons and other means of artistic expression:

I ask you, I beg you, I finally demand!

• ellipsis - omission of words or facts that are read in context:

Time - to eight (from newspapers)

Textual features of journalistic style

• relatively short sentences:

What should a person make sure of when purchasing an insurance policy? Firstly, that the insurer will deceive him. Secondly, the company will not go bankrupt. Thirdly, that he himself paid no more for insurance than his neighbor.

• paragraph division according to impact goals: one sentence can be separated into a separate paragraph:
• a “bright” headline about the information or content of the text that immediately attracts the reader’s attention:
• emotional repetition as a means of coherence:

We don't tend to admit we're guilty. Despite the fact that we ourselves are to blame for our disgusting history.

• comparison as a way of proof:

We cannot ignore the fact that maintaining a professional army is not yet affordable for the state. I will not reveal a secret if I say: a soldier or sergeant of the mercenary American army today receives more than our officer or general.

Read about the features and genres of journalistic style

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy

Did you like it? Don't hide your joy from the world - share it

1. Definition

The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.

In various textbooks on stylistics, the journalistic style was also called newspaper-journalistic, newspaper style, and socio-political style. The name “journalistic style” seems more accurate, since other versions of the name more narrowly define the scope of its functioning. The name "newspaper style" is explained by the history of its formation of this style: his speech characteristics took shape precisely in periodicals and, above all, in newspapers. However, today this style functions not only in print, but also in electronic media: it would also be fair to call it a “television” style. Another name - socio-political style - more accurately indicates the close connection of the style under discussion with social and political life, but here it is worth remembering that this style also serves non-political spheres of communication: culture, sports, activity public organizations(environmental, human rights and others).

The name of the journalistic style is closely related to the concept of journalism, which is no longer linguistic, but literary, since it characterizes the substantive features of the works attributed to it.

Journalism is a type of literature and journalism; examines current political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical and other problems of modern life in order to influence public opinion and existing political institutions, strengthen or change them in accordance with a certain class interest (in a class society) or social and moral ideal. The subject of the publicist is everything modern life in its greatness and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the press, art, document." This definition is given in the "Brief Literary Encyclopedia" (M., 1971, vol. 6 Art. 72). If we omit the mention of class interest, then this definition quite accurately reflects the place and role of journalism among works of literature and journalism, and will also allow us to further understand the stylistic features of journalistic works.

In another encyclopedic publication we find the following definition:

Journalism is a type of work devoted to current problems and phenomena of the current life of society. It plays an important political and ideological role, influences the activities of social institutions, serves as a means of public education, agitation and propaganda, a way of organizing and transmitting social information. Journalism exists

verbal (written and oral),

· graphically (poster, caricature),

· photo and cinematography (documentaries, television),

· theatrical and dramatic

· and verbal and musical forms.

Journalism is often used in artistic and scientific works." ("Soviet Encyclopedic Dictionary" M., 1990 P. 1091). The concepts of journalism and journalistic style, as can be seen from these definitions, do not completely coincide. Journalism is a type of literature, journalistic style is functional variety of language. Works of other styles may differ in their journalistic orientation, for example, scientific articles devoted to current economic problems. On the other hand, a text that is journalistic in style may not belong to this type of literature due to its purely informational nature or the irrelevance of the problems discussed.

2. Style functions

The most important functions of the journalistic style are informational and influencing. The informational function of texts belonging to this style is that the authors of such texts aim to inform the widest possible circle of readers, viewers, and listeners about problems that are significant to society and about the authors’ views on these problems.

The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. The specificity of the information function in the journalistic style lies in the nature of the information, its sources and recipients.

Television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of environment, about the daily life of citizens.

Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects opinions, sentiments, and contains comments and reflections of the authors. This distinguishes it from scientific information. Another difference is due to the fact that journalistic works are not tasked with a complete comprehensive description of a particular phenomenon; the publicist strives to write, first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, highlighting those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience .

Informing citizens about the state of affairs in society significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - the function of influence. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for certain behavior. The journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality, which is precisely caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position.

The function of influence is system-forming for the journalistic style; it is what distinguishes this style from other varieties of literary language. Although this function is also characteristic of the official business and colloquial style, it actively influences the selection of linguistic means in journalistic texts.

As an example of the implementation of these functions, let us consider a note from the Okrug newspaper dated August 4, 2001, entitled “Prince Vladimir is being exiled to the provinces.” The note has the subtitle “City officials support the Swedish commodity producer.” It informs about the purchase of Swedish Volvo cars by the Moscow government and the City Duma. At the same time, the note influences the reader, forming a certain attitude towards the position of managers who verbally campaign for support of the domestic commodity producer.

In various journalistic genres, which will be discussed later, one of specified functions can act as a leader, while it is important that the influence function does not supplant the information function: the promotion of ideas useful for society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.

In addition to informational and influencing, journalistic style texts, of course, perform all other functions inherent in language:

· communicative,

· expressive,

· aesthetic.

3. General functions of language in a journalistic style

The communicative function is the main function of language and is manifested in all its forms. Since the journalistic style functions in the sphere of relationships between various social groups, the role of this style in supporting public communication is enormous. The communicative nature of the journalistic style lies in the fact that its texts are created not for internal use and not for a single addressee (although in these cases the communicative aspect is present), but for the widest possible audience. Being at a considerable distance in space, the author of a journalistic text strives to get closer to the addressee in time, in the subject of messages, as well as in speech stylistic features. Communication also involves feedback - the addressee's response. For this style, feedback is most clearly provided in a situation of public discussion, but not only here. For a newspaper, feedback includes letters from readers, responses from officials, and articles sent in response to previous publications. Radio and television have moved from letters to telephone calls from listeners and viewers, during which they can ask questions, express their opinions, and talk about events known to them. Involving viewers in filming television programs in studios is also widely used. Modern interactive television is looking for new forms of maintaining contact with viewers.

The expressive function of language allows the speaker to express his feelings. A journalistic text usually clearly reflects the author’s personality and is distinguished by the author’s clearly expressed and emotionally charged attitude to the facts presented. Not all journalistic genres imply the expressiveness of the text to the same extent: it is less likely for an information note and more typical for an essay or pamphlet. On television, emotionality is less common in news broadcasts and mandatory in talk shows.

Here are some examples of expressive newspaper headlines:

"Old carriage on new way. Moscow does not say goodbye to Czech trams", "Secret census. Mosgorkomstat promises not to share information”, “The mushroom picker makes one mistake”, “You are taking your comrade on the right road! Three hours of socialism at Three Stations." These headings do not just indicate the topic of the message, but emotionally characterize the situation that the article describes.

The aesthetic function of a journalistic text is the author’s intention that the message, in its form in unity with the content, satisfy the aesthetic sense of the addressee.

Journalistic style and its features

Introduction

journalistic style speech informational

The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.

Objectives: consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; study various substyles related to the journalistic style and, finally, reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.

Journalism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media, advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the entire society as a whole.

Let us consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.

General specifics

The linguistic features of each style are determined by the tasks facing the author of the text. Journalism describes socially significant events: everyday, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is mass.

The goal of the author of a journalistic text is to convey certain information to the reader, viewer, listener and evaluate it, to convince the addressee that he is right. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, logical presentation and the presence of words neutral in stylistic connotation bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text original and less standardized.

In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly the addressee is in each specific case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with age, gender, social status, the vital interests of the reader.

Functions

There are two functions of journalistic style: informationalAnd influencing.

The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to transmitting certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, this information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.

Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in social life, form public opinion. And therefore its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant and commentator. Its goal is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to instill in him certain ideas. The author's position is direct and open.

The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.

Substyles

The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, there are three main substyles: political-ideological, political and propagandaAnd strictly journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.

The political-ideological substyle is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This substyle is quite close to the official business style. During the USSR it was more common than in modern Russia.

Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political propaganda substyle. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are primarily aimed at the adult politically active population of the country.

The most common is the actual journalistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, let's look at it in more detail.

The newspaper and journalistic substyle is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and linguistic range.

This substyle is most closely related to everyday life society and, accordingly, is influenced by conversational style. At the same time, the sphere of interpersonal communication of a modern person covers the topics of science, production, sports, and social activities. As a result, in the journalistic substyle itself, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable. Combination of elements different styles leads simultaneously to partial neutralization and to the preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but is more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper-journalistic substyle, a unique stylistic reorientation of linguistic resources takes place. Some newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used and undergoes general linguistic adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time they begin to be perceived by the predominant part of the audience as “newspaperisms” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.).

As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper-journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.

In the journalistic subgenre itself, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reportage, interview, information article; for analytical ones - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - sketch, essay, feuilleton, sketch; Advertising uses elements from almost all genres.

Language features

Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, three groups are distinguished: lexical, morphologicalAnd syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start by looking at the first group.

Lexical features

In journalistic texts, elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon, are used. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:

· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);

· typical newspaper phrases (“to reach the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;

· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use (“virtual world”, “default”, “investment”);

· socially charged synonyms (“gang of hired killers”);

· unusual lexical compatibility (“preacher of the whip”, “apostle of ignorance”);

· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“policy of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);

· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “cold war”);

· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology (“society”, “freedom”, “glasnost”, “privatization”);

· stylistically lowered words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);

· speech cliches that have a clerical connotation and arose under the influence of the official business style (“at this stage”, “today”, “at this period of time”);

· colloquial words and expressions (“quiet and quiet”, “horde”).

Morphological features

Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:

· difficult words(“mutually beneficial”, “good neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);

· international word-forming suffixes (-tsia, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);

· certain types of abstract nouns with the suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “intransigence”);

· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes naming socio-political concepts (“universal”, “super-powerful”, “inter-party”);

· words with emotionally expressive affixes -schina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);

· substantivization of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).

Syntactic features

· correctness and clarity of sentence construction, their simplicity and clarity;

· use of all types one-part sentences;

· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, imperative and exclamatory sentences);

· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.

Techniques used

Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, it is necessary to consider the following.

Journalistic stamps. Journalistic cliches have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases close to official business clichés (“to wonder,” “to treat with distrust,” “to open up bright prospects,” “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases; one-word neutral synonyms can be selected for them (“to have an intention” - “to intend”, “to want”; “to treat with distrust” - “not to trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wagging a finger,” “biting one’s elbows,” “blinking one’s eyes.” Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.

The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially characteristic of polemical and evaluative texts.

Language game- intentional violation of norms of speech behavior that causes laughter. Psychological basis language game is the effect of disappointed expectations: the reader expects that one thing will be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.

The language game uses means different levels- from phonetics and graphics to syntax:

"Chrome Temple Science?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;

“Utop-model” - a non-existent word is formed;

“Danger technique” - a stable phrase is “destroyed”.

Precedent texts. Such texts include titles of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols of certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).

The source of precedent texts are “ancient” works (the Bible, ancient Russian texts), oral folk art, original works of art, etc.

Appeal to the addressee. A means of helping the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.

The means of appeal can be a question to which the author provides an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.

The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers...”. He may also call on the reader to take a joint action (“Let’s imagine another life situation..."). All these means allow the author to “get closer” to the addressee and gain his trust.

Conclusion

Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with various linguistic features, various fields of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic, official, business, and scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in writing and television. By interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society - and this trend is only growing over time.

Bibliography

Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: IPC KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.

Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the stylistics of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history and addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts belonging to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and linguistic design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in a newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, a newspaper report differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features due to their common function. Texts of journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with information - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind the outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. radio and television news programs). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it influences not one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive language means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all modern events. Standards, being ready-made speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And a text constructed in a familiar, standard form is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and that are operatively related to the event itself: an official message, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, and speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in the journalistic style include the following:

Language means	Examples
Socio-political vocabulary.	Society, citizen, patriotism, reform, democracy, parliament, debate.
Terminology of science, production and other social means.	As the Institute's specialists say terrestrial magnetism Russian Academy, main flow of solar matter passed away from the Earth... At the beginning of the century there was a peak of eleven years solar activity cycle. The number of requests for medical help by those suffering from illnesses has doubled in 6 days of cardio-vascular system.
Book vocabulary of abstract meaning.	Intensify, constructive, priority.
Proper names.	It was decided to hold the next meeting of the G8 in Canada. After talk of a possible resignation, the Italian coach "Spartak" gave his club the best match of the season. The president V.V. Putin addressed the forum participants.
Abbreviations, that is, compound words.	UNESCO, CIS, UN.
Newspaper clichés, that is, set phrases and whole sentences.	Difficult political situation; reserves for increasing efficiency; reach design capacity.
Polynomial phrases.	Together with the delegation she went to the DPRK working group to prepare proposals for the modernization of Korean roads.
Complete sentences with direct word order.	Yesterday, Minister of Railways N. Aksyonenko, at the head of the delegation of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Federation, flew to Pyongyang.
Complex and complicated sentences with participial and adverbial phrases, plug-in constructions, etc.	It is expected that during the ministerial meeting a number of issues related to connecting the Trans-Korean Railway with the Trans-Siberian Railway will be resolved.

Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:

Language means	Examples
Language level: Vocabulary and phraseology
Vocabulary of various stylistic colors.	Puncture a politician inexperienced in intrigue; to one of the regional police departments of Khabarovsk the man rammed cannon; The Pentagon watches with helpless despair as Chinese experts gutted top secret plane; light up the fire the state machine is not for weak.
Newspaperisms, that is, units that are widely used in this area and almost uncommon in other areas.	Achievements, steady, initiative, machinations, curbing, atrocities, military, outrages, unanimously, unity.
Paths, that is, figures of speech in which a word or expression is used in figurative meaning in order to achieve greater expressiveness.
a) Metaphor, that is, the use of a word in a figurative meaning based on the similarity of two objects or phenomena.	Election marathon; political farce; reserve of racism; political solitaire.
b) Metonymy, that is, the use of the name of one object instead of the name of another object on the basis of an external or internal connection (contiguity) between these objects or phenomena.	Gold(meaning “gold medals”) went to our athletes. London(meaning “the government, the ruling circles of Great Britain”) agreed to participate in military operation together with Washington(meaning “government, ruling circles of the USA”).
c) Synecdoche, that is, a type of metonymy in which the name of a part (detail) of an object is transferred to the entire object, and vice versa - the name of the whole is used instead of the name of the part. In this case, the singular is often used instead of the plural and vice versa.	The presentation was dominated by crimson jackets(instead - wealthy people, conventionally called now new Russians). Protection(instead - the defender) demands the full acquittal of Rokhlin's widow. Even the most discerning buyer you will find something you like here.
d) Epithet, that is, an artistic, figurative definition.	Dirty war; gangster prices; barbaric methods.
e) Comparison, that is, a trope consisting in likening one object to another based on a common feature.	snow dust pillar stood in the air. It was noticeable that " best teacher Russia”, going on stage, I was worried like a first grader.
f) Periphrasis, that is, a trope consisting of replacing the name of a person, object or phenomenon with a description of their essential features or an indication of their characteristic features.	Foggy Albion (England); king of beasts (lion); creator of Macbeth (Shakespeare); singer of Gyaur and Juan (Byron).
g) Allegory, that is, an allegorical depiction of an abstract concept using a concrete, life-like image.	Such a quality of a person as cunning is shown in the form of a fox, greed - in the form of a wolf, deceit - in the form of a snake, etc.
h) Hyperbole, that is, a figurative expression containing an exorbitant exaggeration of the size, strength, meaning of an object or phenomenon.	Wide as the sea, highway; officials robbed poor tenants to the skin; ready strangle in arms.
i) Litotes, that is, a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, and significance of the described object or phenomenon.	Below a thin blade of grass you have to bow your head. Such injections into our economy - a drop in the sea.
j) Personification, that is, endowing inanimate objects with the signs and properties of a person.	The ice track awaits future champions. Terrifying poverty tightly grabbed it V African country. No wonder slander and hypocrisy all life hugging each other.
A cliché of an expressive-impacting nature.	People of good will; with a sense of legitimate pride; with deep satisfaction; enhance martial traditions; policy of aggression and provocation; pirate course, the role of the world gendarme.
Phraseologisms, proverbs, sayings, catchwords, including modified ones.	Washington still exhibits the habit rake in the heat with someone else's hands. This faction is no stranger sing from someone else's voice. The restoration of Lensk proved that we have not yet forgotten how work with a twinkle. Lennon lived, Lennon is alive, Lennon will live!
Language level: Morphology
Emphasized role of collectiveness (use of the singular in the meaning of the plural, pronouns every, every, adverb always, never, everywhere and etc.).	How to help to the farmer? This land is abundantly watered with the blood of our fathers and grandfathers. Every a person has thought about this question at least once in his life. Never The world has never seemed so small and fragile.
Forms superlatives as an expression of expression, the highest appreciation.	The most decisive measures, the highest achievements, the strictest prohibition.
Imperative (incentive) forms as an expression of agitation and sloganeering ( imperative mood, infinitive, etc.).	Summon slanderers to answer! Be worthy in memory of the fallen! Everyone - to fight the flood!
Expressive use of present tense forms when describing past events: the author seeks to present himself and the reader as participants in these events.	Now I often I'm asking myself, what made me in life? AND I answer- Far East. There are different concepts about everything, and there are different relationships between people. For example, in Vladivostok comes whaling flotilla "Slava". The whole city buzzing. Collects the boss of all the sailors and says: “If you, scoundrel, come tomorrow and say that you were robbed, then it’s better not to come.” In the morning someone is, of course, robbed, and blames...
Language level: Expressive syntax and rhetorical figures *
Antithesis, that is, a sharp opposition of concepts, thoughts, images.	The rich feast on weekdays, but the poor grieve even on holidays.
Gradation, that is, such a construction of parts of a statement in which each subsequent part contains an increasing (or decreasing) semantic or emotionally expressive meaning.	Our officials have long forgotten that they are obliged protect the people's property, preserve, increase, fight for every penny!
Inversion, that is, the arrangement of the members of a sentence in a special order, violating the usual (direct) word order.	With joy this message was received. Don't leave terrorists from retribution.
Parallelism, that is, the same syntactic construction of adjacent sentences or segments of speech, including such types of parallelism as anaphora, that is, repetition of the same elements at the beginning of each parallel series, and epiphora, that is, repetition last elements at the end of each row.	Every day a pensioner came to the district administration. Every day the pensioner was not accepted. The plant was not working on Monday - shared received for a new order money. Didn't work on Tuesday either - divided the money. And now, a month later, there’s no time for work either - divide money not yet earned!
Mixing syntactic structures(incompleteness of the phrase, the end of the sentence is given in a different syntactic plan than the beginning, etc.).	Our experiment showed that Russian “wild geese” are ready to fight for either the Americans or the Taliban. If only they paid... A banknote was confiscated from a citizen detained in Kazan, which was 83 times higher than the norm. Do terrorists really have such “weapons of mass destruction”?
Connection structures, that is, those in which phrases do not immediately fit into one semantic plane, but form a chain of attachment.	I recognize the role of the individual in history. Especially if it's the president. Especially the President of Russia. We did everything ourselves. And what didn’t they come up with! It’s worse when they don’t notice the person behind the clothes. It's worse when they offend you. They are being insulted undeservedly.
A rhetorical question, that is, the affirmation or denial of something in the form of a question, a rhetorical exclamation, a rhetorical appeal, as well as a question-and-answer presentation of material as an imitation of dialogue; introduction to the text of direct speech.	So we won’t hear the truth from our valiant naval commanders? Get a blue outfit, inspector! Yesterday, the Minister of Internal Affairs signed a report from the State Traffic Safety Inspectorate on the introduction of a new uniform for its employees in Russia. A wall along the equator? Easily!
Nominative representations, that is, an isolated nominative case that names the topic of the subsequent phrase and is intended to arouse special interest in the subject of the statement.	September 11, 2001. This day became a dark day in the life of the entire planet.
Ellipsis, that is, the deliberate omission of any member of the sentence, which is implied from the context.	Your letters contain the truth of life. Russia is in the final of the 2002 World Cup!
Polyunion or, on the contrary, non-union in complex and complicated sentences.	The team was shaken up more than once. And the coaches were changed. And the center was transferred to the right flank. And the defense was dispersed. If you're afraid of wolves, don't go into the forest.

Of course, the use of standard and expressive language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

Journalistic style is a functional style of speech that is used in genres (article, essay, feuilleton, reportage, interview, oratory) and serves to influence people through the media. It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality and appeal.

Genres of journalistic style: journalistic article, essay, speech, pamphlet, feuilleton, appeal.

Stylistic features: appeal, collectivity and evaluativeness.

The journalistic style combines two functions: the function of reporting, information about certain social phenomena, facts and the function of influence, i.e. open evaluation the problems presented in order to influence both the thoughts and feelings of readers (listeners), to attract them to support the position that the author takes and defends. In the journalistic style, there is a preliminary selection of linguistic means. In the journalistic style, in addition to neutral words, high solemn words and phraseological units (fatherland, march, rise, stand to death, etc.), emotionally charged words, interjections, particles, simple syntactic constructions, exclamation, repetitions, rhetorical questions. In accordance with the main purpose of this style, it uses socio-political, moral and ethical words and phraseological units (parliament, economic growth, politeness, compassion, charity, black gold,)

Art style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. A text in this style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, and is characterized by imagery and emotionality of speech.

The emotionality of the artistic style of the emotionality of colloquial and journalistic styles. The emotionality of artistic speech performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style presupposes a preliminary selection of linguistic means; everything is used to create images language means.

Art style finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.
Typical for an artistic style of speech attention to the particular and random, followed by the typical and general. Remember" Dead Souls"N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the “face” of the author’s contemporary Russia.
World fiction - this is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, and therefore, in artistic style speeches the most important role plays a subjective role. The entire surrounding reality is presented through the author's vision. But in a literary text we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is associated with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphor, and meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.
Let's analyze a short excerpt from N. Tolstoy's story "A Foreigner Without Food": “Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty.” "Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life as loss. Free admission." A bearded man and a lady were wandering in an empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist; he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: all the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background there were pagodas on fire. The booklet about Alina said: “The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite.” I wonder where and how they teach how to write art criticism texts? They're probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: the boy covered the insect with a net, on the sides there are angels blowing pioneer horns, and in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text spends little time outdoors, relies on coffee and cigarettes, intimate life complicated by something"
What we have before us is not an objective presentation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind whom the author is clearly visible. The text is based on a combination of three artistic plans. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text interpreting the content of the paintings. These plans are expressed stylistically in different ways; the bookishness and abstruseness of the descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author's irony, which manifests itself through showing the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, and the ability to write such art criticism texts.
The basis of the artistic style of speech is the literary Russian language. The word performs a nominative-figurative function.
The lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The number of words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style includes figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of usage. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity when describing certain aspects of life.
It is very widely used in the artistic style of speech the speech polysemy of a word, revealing its meanings and shades of meaning, as well as synonymy at all linguistic levels, thanks to which it becomes possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meaning. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the riches of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to create a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.
The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in a literary text. Many words, which in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory ideas. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other. For example, the adjective “lead” in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning - “lead ore”, “lead bullet”, in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor - “lead clouds”, “lead night”. Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.
For artistic speech, especially poetic, it is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or give the entire phrase a special stylistic coloring.
Syntactic structure of literary speech reflects the flow of the author’s figurative and emotional impressions, so here you can find a whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.
In artistic speech it is possible and deviations from structural norms in order for the author to highlight some thought or feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.