Military schools existed in Russia until the October Revolution of 1917, after which they were liquidated as “hotbeds of counter-revolution.” Although some of them did not end their history there: some military schools were revived in the White armies and existed for some time in exile.
CAVALRY SCHOOLSNikolaev Cavalry School
The building of the Nikolaevsky Cavalry School was located on Lermontovsky Avenue in St. Petersburg. The glorious “School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers” was founded in 1823. During its 94-year existence, it gave the Imperial Russian Army more than one hundred excellent cavalry officers. From 1832 to 1834 M.Yu. studied here. Lermontov.
In 1859, the school was renamed the Nikolaev Cavalry School of Guards Junkers, and in 1864 it was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School with a contingent of cadets of 200 people and, in memory of its founder, Emperor Nicholas I, received the Sovereign's monogram on shoulder straps.
The general education classes of the Guards Junkers School were turned into a preparatory boarding school for young people entering the same school. The creation of the Nikolaev Cavalry School ensured the replenishment of cavalry units, while before that, officers entering the cavalry were recruited from individuals who graduated from infantry schools and did not receive any special education.
The school's curriculum was similar to that of infantry schools, but it also included special subjects: hippology and horse-sapper engineering. Every step of the cadet, both within the walls of the school and outside it, every little detail of everyday life was strictly regulated by customs and traditions, sometimes harsh, but necessary for a cavalry officer.
In terms of combat, the school consisted of a squadron and a Cossack hundred. The Cossack hundred, the so-called Tsar's, was established at the school in 1890 for cadets of the Don Cadet Corps. With regard to training and drills, rewards, penalties, and internal regulations, the hundred were guided by the rules of the school. In St. Petersburg, the hundred were housed in a three-story school building, where a riding arena and Cossack stables were built especially for them. The cadets of the Tsar's Hundred were known in St. Petersburg as a combat unit that was exceptional in its bravery and daring.
Together with the Cossack hundred, the staff of the Nikolaev Cavalry School at the beginning of 1914 numbered 335 cadets: 215 in the squadron and 120 in the hundred.
Nikolaevskoe engineering school. Sapper work.
Junkers wore scarlet shoulder straps, along the edges of which there was a silver braid.
After the outbreak of the First World War, the staff was expanded to 465 cadets, and the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of training. The school did not have time to take part in the cadets' speech in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded along with other military schools. Already by February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet cavalry Petrograd command courses were opened in his building and at his expense.
Tver Cavalry School
The Tver Cavalry Junker School was opened in 1866. By 1908, the Tver Cavalry School was a three-year school; young people with a 6-year education were accepted here. In 1908, the school organized military school courses with a two-year course for graduates of cadet corps and secondary educational institutions.
The cadets were housed in half-squadron formations in large dormitories. Classroom sessions lasted from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Drill classes included riding, regulations, gymnastics, vaulting, gun and checker techniques, and work in a forge. Every two weeks the cadets had to “pass rehearsals.”
On the day of the school holiday, after the prayer service and parade, a competition was held: figure riding, vaulting and cutting for senior cadets (they purchased their own horses). The Tverdys often went to parades in Moscow, staying at the Alekseevsky Military School. At the beginning of June, the squadron went to the camp in Moscow, to the Khodynskoye field. Their neighbor in the camp was the Alekseevsky Military School. There, instrumental shooting, on foot, on horseback, squadron exercises, shooting were carried out, and guards were posted at the standard and cash box.
In terms of combat, the school was a squadron with a staff of 150 cadets. The school holiday was celebrated on December 6.
The school's cadets had light blue shoulder straps, with black piping, trimmed with silver braid.
With the outbreak of World War I, the school switched to the practice of eight-month accelerated graduations.
After the disbandment of military schools in November 1917, the 1st Soviet Tver Cavalry Command Course was opened in the building of the school and at its expense.
Elisavetgrad Cavalry School
On September 25, 1865, the opening of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School took place in the Kherson province, consisting of one squadron of cadets of 90 people. The course was set for two years. The school was intended to recruit officers cavalry units of the Kyiv, Odessa and Kharkov military districts.
In 1868, the school's staff was increased to 150 people. After 6 years, in 1874, the staff increased to 300 people. The cadets were divided into 2 squadrons: the first for the dragoon regiments, and the second for the Uhlan and Hussar regiments, 150 cadets in each squadron. In terms of combat, the school was a cavalry division. In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was established at the school, which was not part of the squadrons.
In 1880, the school built its own camp. Until this time, cadets were assigned to cavalry regiments for the summer. At the same time, a preparatory class was opened, and after 6 years the Cossack department was transferred to the Novocherkassk school. In 1888, the school occupied the premises of the abolished Military Gymnasium - three buildings that were located in the very center of Elisavetgrad, at the end of Palace Street.
In 1901, according to the new regulations, the cadet departments were transferred to a three-year course of study with a more extensive program. Those who completed a two-year course at the school before the reform were renamed estandard cadets by order of the district troops and were candidates for promotion to officers. Those who graduated in the first category were promoted to cornets on the recommendation of their immediate superiors in the last 4 months of the year of their graduation. In 1902, this educational institution was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School. After the reform, young people were graduated with the rank of cornet.
Junker of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School in the arena. 1906
Until 1903, cadets were listed on the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, with only a narrow cadet braid on their shoulder straps. In 1908, the school's cadets were granted Uhlan uniforms.
The shoulder straps of the students of the Elisavetgrad School were scarlet with black piping.
The school was disbanded in November 1917. Junkers from Elisavetgrad took an active part in Civil War.
COSSACK SCHOOLSNovocherkassk Cossack School
The Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School was opened in August 1869 and was originally called the Novocherkassk Civil Service School. The school was intended to train Don Cossacks (114 vacancies) and Astrakhan (6 vacancies).
The school existed with this name until 1871, when it was renamed the Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School, and those who studied there began to be called cadets, not military officers. In 1880, 6 vacancies of the Astrakhan Cossacks were transferred from Novocherkassk to the Orenburg School, and from this year the school began to train officers specifically for the Don Army.
Until 1871, unlike the Cossacks and sergeants of combat units, sergeants of the Novocherkassk school wore shoulder straps with a longitudinal stripe of yellow basson, and from this year the basson stripe was replaced by a silver one, like the cadets of cavalry schools.
In 1901, all cadet schools, including Cossack ones, were transformed, namely: a three-year course of study was introduced instead of a two-year one. Junkers who completed the course for the first and second categories were graduated as officers, and the first category was given a year of seniority. The first graduation of officers from the Novocherkassk school was made in August 1904. Until 1904, cadets had to have their own uniform in the established form, and from that time on they began to be supported at military expense.
In January 1904, the school was awarded a banner. In 1905, the staff of the school's cadets was increased from 120 to 180 people.
On the eve of the First World War, school cadets wore scarlet shoulder straps, without piping, trimmed with silver braid, and since 1915 they were decorated with the silver monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in the form of the letter “A”.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the school's staff was increased from 180 cadets to 420 and a four-month accelerated course of training was established.
At the beginning of 1918, the Novocherkassk Military School took part in the battles near Rostov. It should be noted that it became the first refuge of the Volunteer Army. In it, soldiers and officers received uniforms, equipment, weapons and were organized for the first time.
The cadets of this school took an active part in the Civil War. The school ended its existence in exile in 1923.
Orenburg Cossack School
On November 11, 1867, the Highest permission was received to open a cadet school in Orenburg for cadets and volunteers, non-commissioned officers from the nobility and chief officer children of the troops of the Orenburg, Turkestan and West Siberian military districts. The opening of the school took place on December 20, 1867. The number of students was determined to be 200 people. In 1876 it was increased from 200 to 300, including 150 infantry and 150 Cossack cadets. Young people were released into the army as ensigns.
After the transfer of junior infantry cadets to the Kazan Junker School in 1878, the school’s staff was reduced to 250 cadets. In 1898, 16 vacancies were temporarily opened for cadets of the Caucasian Cossack troops. In 1901, the school was reorganized from a two-class to a three-class school. The Cossack department of the Irkutsk cadet school was transferred to its composition and a staff of 120 cadets from all Cossack troops, except the Don, was established. Young people were graduated as officers with the rank of cornet.
Until 1903, the school did not have a uniform uniform. Each cadet wore the uniform of his army. Since 1903, a uniform uniform was introduced for all cadets, modeled on the Orenburg Cossack army.
In 1905, the school left the subordination of the chief of staff of the Kazan Military District and came under the jurisdiction of the appointed ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army. In 1908 it became subordinate to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions.
In 1910, all district cadet schools were equal in rights to military schools, and the Orenburg School began to be called the “Orenburg Cossack School.” The school consisted of one hundred of 120 cadets. Each army had its own number of vacancies, for example: Orenburg - 36, Kuban - 18, Terek - 12, etc., sent money for the maintenance of its cadets (for uniforms, equipment, horses and food).
An interesting fact: the competitive exam for admission was not general, but by army - you could pass the exam with lower scores, but, having your own vacancy, you could enroll, you could pass the exam with better scores, and, not having a vacancy, not enroll. 90% of the school consisted of children of simple Cossack families.
The training schedule was very strict: even in severe frosts - a training hour of shift driving on the garrison square. In soft snow - dressage riding, cutting with a saber, pike injections and, finally, horseback riding. The senior class went hunting with their own wolves, which were released into the wild in the steppe.
In July, the school went on training camps: on a hike through the Orenburg villages, villages and Tatar auls. In this campaign, the cadets performed the duties of ordinary Cossacks.
On the eve of the First World War, cadets wore light blue shoulder straps without encryption.
First world war The school's staff was increased from 120 to 150 cadets. A four-month training course was introduced. Young people were graduated with the rank of ensign.
After the coup of 1917, the Orenburg Cossack army with its ataman A.I. Dutov (a former teacher of tactics and engineering at the school) did not recognize the Soviet government. The school continued its activities until the end of 1919. Its cadets actively participated in the battles of the Civil War.
ARTILLERY SCHOOLSMikhailovskoye Artillery School
The Mikhailovskoye Artillery School was established on November 25, 1820 on the initiative of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. Before this, there was no military school in Russia that would provide such serious special artillery training. The school was formed as a training brigade of three companies to train fireworksmen and artillery officers. The position of head of the school as such did not yet exist. The military educational institution was entrusted to a special commander. However, the position of class inspector already existed. The school accepted young people aged 14 to 18 years after entrance exams. For the brigade, a place and building on the banks of the Neva were purchased at auction, which housed the Mikhailovsky Artillery School until October 1917.
Tea shop in the Mikhailovsky Artillery School camp.
Initially, the school consisted of two departments: the highest - officers and the lowest - cadets. At the opening of the school, the cadets were divided into 3 classes according to their knowledge. In 1822, the senior (fourth) cadet class was established, from which the first promotion to officers followed in 1823.
The training course began in January. Junkers were considered to be in active service, therefore, upon admission, they were sworn in and subject to the requirements of discipline. In the summer, the cadets of the two senior classes, together with the training brigade, were taken to the camp on Volkovo Field, where they studied camp service, photography and artillery formation. However, thorough combat artillery training began only in 1826, when the school was given its own guns. The horses were delivered by a training brigade, and the riders were first the lower ranks, and from 1830 - the cadets. Since 1826, the school, together with other units, began to be located in a camp in Krasnoye Selo. In 1827, training of cadets in horse riding began. Since 1832, the school received 8 three-pound “unicorns”, thus making up an 8-gun battery.
In 1834, the school separated from the training brigade, the commander of the school, Colonel Kovanko, became the head of the artillery school, and a special battery commander was also appointed. In 1849, the school, after the death of its founder, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, received the name Mikhailovsky and came under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. On August 30, 1855, the officer classes of the school were renamed into the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy.
In 1861, the artillery sections of the third special classes of cadet corps were concentrated in the artillery school. At the same time, an extensive chemical laboratory was established and the teaching of chemistry was introduced. In 1865 the school became a three-class school. Admission to the junior class of the school was made from persons who graduated from military gymnasiums and other secondary educational institutions, or who passed exams according to a certain program. However, in reality, almost exclusively those who graduated from military gymnasiums entered the school, and the number of people who entered from outside did not exceed 5–7%. In addition, students of combined arms military schools, upon completion of their course, were given the right to enter the senior class of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, for which this class was divided into 2 sections: mathematics - for those who had completed 2 classes of the school and combat (with a somewhat easier course) - for cadets other military schools.
1. Chief officer of the squadron of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers in full dress uniform, 1862.
Hat: white crown, red band with dark green piping, chin strap made of black patent leather. The hat was decorated with a golden eagle and a plume of white hair.
2. Junker of the Konstantinovsky School in summer dress uniform.
Gold metal device. Double-breasted uniform of dark green cloth, with a rounded collar, gold braid around the collar and cuffs. The uniform has yellow copper buttons with grenade. Red shoulder straps with the letter “K” under the crown. The shoulder straps are trimmed with narrow galloon. Black leather belt with yellow copper plaque. The headdress is a cap with a coat of arms and a black sultan. Bloomers - summer white from Guards Flam fabric.
3. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in winter dress uniform.
Silver metal device. Bloomers of dark green cloth with red piping. In full dress uniform, the cadets of this school were required to wear a bayonet.
The number of hours devoted to the study of secondary and higher mathematics, compared with the volume of these courses at the end of the 50s, increased by more than 50%, and for the artillery course - by almost 100%. That same year the academy was canceled drill, which entailed an increase in the corresponding hours at the school. Socially, the composition of the cadets was almost exclusively noble. Even after 1876, when the path to military schools was opened to all classes, its composition changed little. So, in 1878, out of 157 cadets, there were 130 hereditary nobles, children of officers and officials - 20, clergy - 1, hereditary honorary citizens - 1, children of non-commissioned officers - 1, children of burghers - 4.
Since 1894, according to the new regulations on military academies, not all graduates of the artillery school became students of the academy. A compulsory two-year course was introduced at the school, and only cadets who were particularly successful in the sciences could remain for an additional third year, which consisted of 60–80 people, while the first and second courses consisted of 180–190 people each. From now on, the school consisted of two batteries.
An additional course was given preemptive right for admission to the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy, or in the absence of such a desire, the graduate was given the right to enter the guard.
The promotion of “additional officers” to officers did not take place on August 6, but on April 28 in Tsarskoe Selo. It was not celebrated particularly solemnly, but rather had the character of a family celebration. The Tsar personally congratulated the cadets, and after the ceremony he invited all the graduates to breakfast at the Palace. When promoted to officer from the additional third year, cadets received 600 rubles for uniforms.
Since 1903, a three-year training course was established compulsory for all cadets. By 1913, the school staff consisted of 450 cadets. Drills at the school included marching on foot, horseback riding, riding in guns, drills with guns, studying the equipment of rapid-fire guns, regulations and shooting rules.
A. Markov in his book “Cadets and Junkers” spoke about the Mikhailovsky Artillery School: “The Mikhailovsky Artillery School and the atmosphere of their school gave the impression of a real temple of science, and my old comrades in the corps acquired the appearance of scientists rather than frivolous cadets. It was felt that the school lived in serious working life, and there is no place for ostentation, no place for “tsuk” and unnecessary bravado.”
1. Junker of the Nikolaev Cavalry School.
Gold metal device. The hat, model 1882, is made of cloth, with fur flaps, a scarlet top, St. Andrew's star and a cockade. The uniform is a model of the Guards Dragoons, double-breasted, fastened with hooks. The bloomers are gray-blue, with scarlet piping. The sash is three-lane. The shoulder straps are scarlet, with gold braid along the free edges.
2. Chief officer of the infantry cadet school.
Lambskin cap, model 1881, with cockade and coat of arms. Uniform of the army infantry model in “royal color” (sea wave). The bloomers are dark green with scarlet piping. On the collar there is patterned sewing of military educational institutions in two rows. Epaulets - on a metal device.
3. Sergeant major of the military topographical school.
Silver metal device, army infantry uniform 1881, double-breasted black. Cap with a visor, black with light blue piping. The shoulder straps are black with light blue piping and a code in the form of the letter “T”. The shoulder straps had a transverse stripe made of silver braid; sergeant majors were given a saber with an officer's lanyard.
The Mikhailovsky Artillery School has always been famous for its balls, the ball on November 25, the day of the school holiday, was especially chic. Only the Marine Corps and the Nikolaev Engineering School could compete with the school, but in terms of the size and spaciousness of the premises, the Mikhailovtsy were beyond competition.
Junkers wore scarlet shoulder straps without piping, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich in the form of the letter “M”. When riding horses, Mikhailovites wore dark blue trousers. In the summer, in the camp, the protective tunic was often replaced by a canvas shirt, complemented by a white cap.
The school did not take part in the performance of cadets in Petrograd in October 1917. Disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 1st Soviet artillery command courses were created.
Konstantinovsky Artillery School
The Konstantinovsky Artillery School was located on Zabalkansky Avenue in St. Petersburg. It traces its history back to the Noble Regiment, founded in 1807 at the Second Cadet Corps to train young people who wanted to enter the military service. On April 17, 1855, the regiment was renamed the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps. In 1859, the corps was transformed into the Konstantinovsky Military School, from which the Konstantinovsky Artillery School was created in 1894.
In terms of staff and course of study, this school was quite similar to the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. In terms of combat, it was divided into two batteries of 8 guns each.
The first head of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School was Colonel V.T. Chernyavsky, who had previously been the commander of the battery of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. He took with him several experienced officers from there, and with their help, after a few years, the young school was almost equal to Mikhailovsky. This school had excellent traditions; the Konstantinovsky cadets considered themselves successors and continuers of the traditions of the Noble Regiment. In 1907, the 100th anniversary of the regiment was widely celebrated at the school.
1. A staff officer of the Nikolaev Cavalry School in a festive uniform is out of formation.
The uniform is double-breasted, lapel cut, “royal color” with scarlet piping. The collar is slanted, dark green, cuffed toe. Snap-on scarlet lapel. Chakchirs with a two-row scarlet stripe.
2. Junker of the Cossack hundred in full dress uniform.
The device is silver, the cap is black astrakhan, the cap is scarlet. In front is a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance, a plume of white hair. The Cossack-cut uniform is dark blue, the trousers are gray-blue with a single-row scarlet stripe. The sash is light blue, the epaulettes are silver with scarlet lining. White sword belt and saber of the Cossack pattern.
3. Squadron cadet in full dress uniform.
The device is gold. The uniform is double-breasted, with scarlet piping, a scarlet lapel and two rows of gold buttons. Gold non-commissioned officer braid on the collar and cuffs. The sash is three-lane. Cavalry epaulets with scarlet lining. Guards sample shako.
Junker artillerymen studied mainly exact sciences: mathematics, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, physics, chemistry, mechanics, drawing. In addition to general education and special military sciences, cadets were trained in foot and horse formation, regulations, gymnastics, horse riding and fencing. In the camps, a practical course in shooting and topographic surveys was held, with the solution of tactical problems.
The students of the school wore scarlet shoulder straps, with black piping and the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolaevich in the form of the letter “K”.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were graduated with the rank of ensign.
The school did not take part in the performance of cadets in Petrograd in October 1917. Disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 2nd Soviet artillery command courses were created.
Sergiev Artillery School
The Sergiev Artillery School was opened in 1913 in Odessa, at the 3rd station of the Bolshoi Fontan, near the Odessa Cadet Corps located there.
The school was equipped with the latest technology, and an exceptionally good composition of teachers and course officers was selected. And the military cadets very quickly learned the glorious traditions of the Mikhailovsky and Konstantinovsky artillery schools. Major General Nilus was appointed head of the school.
The cadets wore scarlet shoulder straps with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich in the form of the letter “C”.
Because of the outbreak of the war, the school did not have to make a single normal graduation: all the graduates, and there were 12 of them, were accelerated, and the 12th graduate did not complete the course, because the school was closed by the Bolsheviks, who occupied Odessa in January 1918. But the school ceased to exist temporarily - until October 1919, when it was restored by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, General A.I. Denikin. The staff was staffed by cadets, cadets, volunteers and volunteers who were in units of the Volunteer Army.
The last, 15th graduate of the school completed the course already in exile in Bulgaria in 1922.
1–2. Junker of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School in an overcoat and in full dress uniform.
Until 1909, cadets of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School wore a cap instead of a hat (the school was part of the Odessa Military District). A cap with a scarlet crown, dark green piping and a dark green band. The overcoat is gray, the collar flaps are scarlet. In 1909, the school was given a Ulan type cap with a silver State Emblem. The applied color of the school is scarlet.
3. Chief officer of the Tver Cavalry School.
The device is silver. Army lancers uniform. Uniform of “royal color”. On the collar and cuffs there is embroidery from military educational institutions. In 1912, on the cap instead State emblem the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared.
Nikolaev Artillery School
Neither the Mikhailovskoe, nor the Konstantinovskoe, nor the Sergievskoe artillery schools had such a large parade ground. The 1st set included 180 cadets.
Until the construction of its own building was completed, the school was temporarily located in a damp and cold barracks, which had no running water and was poorly heated. Immediately after the first intake, cadets of the second graduating class were admitted to the school, who began classes on May 20, 1916. The pace of classes did not slow down. In August, the cadets completed a shooting course in the Darnitsky camp. In October 1916, the school was visited by Nicholas II, who spent 3 days here. These days, the emperor tried in every possible way to support the spirit of the cadets. On December 22, 1916, the 2nd graduation of the school took place, amounting to 200 people. And the 3rd set immediately began classes. In February 1917, the school moved to its own building.
The cadets wore scarlet shoulder straps, without piping, with the yellow monogram of Nicholas II “N II” and the gold monogram in the battery of His Majesty.
February Revolution did not make significant changes in the life of the school. On the contrary, the cadets somehow caught up. The oath of office to the Provisional Government took place without enthusiasm, and some of the cadets refused to swear the oath. Young people tried in every possible way to avoid the penetration of “red agitators” into their midst. Discipline and traditions were strictly maintained.
In September 1917, the 6th recruitment began. These were mostly civilian youth. From October 25, together with other military schools in Kyiv, the school opposed the Bolsheviks.
On January 25, 1918, before the capture of Kyiv by the Bolsheviks, cadets of the 6th graduation who did not have time to graduate full course, certificates of completion of the 4-month course were issued.
The school was disbanded in mid-February 1918. During all this time, 1,500 people took courses there and were promoted to officers.
1. Chief officer of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in full dress uniform.
In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack School was given the uniform of the Don Cossack cavalry regiments. The uniform was dark blue, single-breasted, without buttons, fastened with hooks, gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe. The papakha is slightly conical in shape with short black fur. The cap is scarlet, with a cockade on the front. The officers were assigned a revolver holster with a cord and an officer's bandoleer.
2. Junker of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in a field uniform.
In 1912, the school's cadets were given a khaki-colored marching uniform. Gray-blue harem pants with a scarlet stripe, a dark blue cap with scarlet piping, high boots, a brown belt, and a Cossack-style saber.
3. Senior harness cadet of the Orenburg Cossack School.
A uniform uniform for cadets of the Orenburg Cossack School was introduced only in 1903, based on the model of the Orenburg Cossack Army: a black double-breasted uniform, collar and cuffs trimmed with wide silver braid, gray-blue trousers with a light blue stripe. Scarlet shoulder straps, coded "O.U."
ENGINEERING SCHOOLS Nikolaev Engineering School
In St. Petersburg, one façade faced the Fontanka and the other faced Inzhenernaya Street, the ancient building of the Mikhailovsky (or Engineer) Castle. This castle housed a military educational institution that gave Russia many big names - the Nikolaev Engineering School. Founded in 1804 as a special school for training engineer conductors, in 1819 it was renamed the Main Engineering School, which in 1855 was renamed Nikolaevskoe. In 1863, the school merged with the Engineering Academy, formed on August 30, 1855 from officer classes. Since 1855, the course of study at the school was set at three years, and the staff consisted of 126 cadets; the senior course was considered compulsory. The cadets of the Nikolaev Engineering School were largely students of civilian educational institutions. So, in 1868, from among those who entered the junior class, 18 were identified from military gymnasiums, and from outside - 35. In 1874 - from military schools and gymnasiums - 22, from outside - 35. In 1875 - from military schools and gymnasiums - 28, from outside - 22. Persons who graduated from military schools were also admitted to the senior class.
The school was a preparatory institution for cadets who excelled in the sciences to enter the engineering academy, and also prepared officers for service in the combat unit of the engineering department; to sapper, railway and pontoon battalions or to mine, telegraph and fortress sapper companies. There, young people served for two years while retaining the right to enter the Nikolaev Engineering Academy.
The full contingent of the school on the eve of the First World War was 450 cadets (150 in each course).
From the very foundation of the engineering school, cadets treated science with respect. Forming part of the Engineering Department, which was always considered a scientist, they highly valued knowledge.
The Nikolaev Engineering School was considered “the most liberal.” The relationship between the cadets and their educators - officers and teachers - was almost ideal. The relations of the cadets among themselves are friendly and simple. As a result, smart officers emerged from the school who knew their specialty well and maintained in their relations with soldiers the most fair and humane treatment that they had learned at the school. The training part was excellent: the most best composition capital professors, especially teachers, valued their intelligence and ability for analytical thinking, and encouraged the scientific and creative activity of young people.
1. Chief officer of the Nikolaev Engineering School in full dress uniform.
The school's metal device is silver. Uniform and shako of “royal color”. Straight plume of hair, on the sides of the shako are cut axes. On the collar and cuffs there is sewing from military educational institutions.
2. Junior cadet harness of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in full dress uniform.
A black double-breasted uniform with scarlet piping, black trousers, boots with spurs, a black leather belt with a gold badge, a saber on the shoulder belt, a shako with a pompom.
3. Junker of the Military Topographical School in full dress uniform.
Black double-breasted uniform with light blue piping, black leather belt with a silver badge, black felt shako.
1. Vice non-commissioned officer of the Vladimir School in full dress uniform.
The metal device is gold. Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet piping, two rows of buttons, high boots, black felt guards infantry shako.
2. Staff officer of the Pavlovsk Military School.
Uniform and shako of “royal color”. Straight white plume of hair, on the collar and cuffs there is sewing from military educational institutions.
3. Junker of the Pavlovsk Military School in a gymnastic shirt and field cap.
Summer shirt in khaki color without chest pockets. A khaki cap with a visor, a black leather belt with a gold badge.
1. Junker of the Irkutsk Military School in full dress uniform.
A black double-breasted uniform with scarlet piping, two rows of gold buttons, high boots, a black leather belt with a gold badge. A gray fur hat with a protective cloth top, trimmed crosswise with white-orange-black non-commissioned officer cord.
2. Junker of the Irkutsk Military School in an overcoat.
In winter, cadets wore a gray infantry overcoat. The collar flaps are scarlet with dark green piping and button. When the frost was below -10 °C, the cadets wore a cap, which could be passed under the shoulder straps, or put on the head, or tied around the neck.
3. Chief officer of the Irkutsk Military School in a coat.
The collar flaps of the coat are scarlet with dark green piping and a button, the crown of the cap is “royal color”, the band is red.
The Nikolaev Engineering School gave Russia many outstanding military leaders. Suffice it to recall General E.I. Totleben - hero of the defense of Sevastopol and Plevna, General K.P. Kaufman, who led military operations during the annexation Central Asia to Russia, General F.F. Radetzky - the hero of the battles at Shipka and in the Caucasus, G.A. Leer - an outstanding military writer and professor, whose works on strategy are known throughout the world and, finally, General R.I. Kondratenko - the hero of Port Arthur.
The cadets of this school had scarlet shoulder straps without piping with the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I “H I”.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were graduated with the rank of ensign.
The school took active action against the Bolsheviks on October 29–30, 1917 in Petrograd. And it was disbanded on November 6, 1917. In its building and at its expense, in February 1918, the 1st Soviet engineering command courses were opened.
Alekseevsky Engineering School
Alekseevsk Engineering School was established in March 1915 in Kyiv as the Second Engineering School. All school graduations were accelerated in eight months.
The cadets' shoulder straps were scarlet without piping with a yellow and applied silver monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in the form of the letter "A" from the company of His Highness.
The school's cadets opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. The school was disbanded in November 1917.
Camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
INFANTRY SCHOOLSAlexander Military School
On September 16, 1863, by order No. 330 of the military department, the first Russian military schools were created, including Aleksandrovskoye in Moscow, which was located in the building of the disbanded Alexandria Orphan Corps on Znamenka. Colonel B.A. Schwanebach was appointed its first chief on October 9, 1863. From the cadet corps, along with the building, the following were transferred to the school: a church, a library, an archive, all the material property of the senior classes, as well as marble plaques with the names of distinguished cadets and black marble plaques with the names of corps graduate officers who were killed and died from wounds.
On April 27, 1867, the school was first visited by Emperor Alexander II, who was very pleased educational institution and his pupils. He assumed the title of head of the school. On May 16, 1886, the title of chief was assumed by the emperor Alexander III.
Junkers who successfully completed the school course were awarded prizes (Engelson, Ushakov, in the amount of 100 to 200 rubles). During the existence of the school, such famous professors as Klyuchevsky, Chuprov, Smyslovsky gave lectures within its walls.
In 1900, the “Society for Assistance to Former Alexandrovians” was organized.
Chemical laboratory at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
Before the outbreak of the First World War, the school consisted of 600 cadets, who were divided into 4 companies. On the shoulders of the cadets there were white shoulder straps, without piping, with the scarlet monogram of Emperor Alexander II “A II”. In His Majesty's company there is an applied metal monogram of the Sovereign on the instrument.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 1000 people and amounted to 1600 cadets. The practice of accelerated, four-month releases began. Young people up to 30 years old were accepted for the accelerated course; they could be married. Drills were held daily for several hours. Some subjects were abolished: the Law of God, Russian and foreign languages, military history, geography.
At the end of October 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities in Moscow. The headquarters for the fight against the Bolsheviks was created there, and officer companies were formed here. After the defeat of the cadets in Moscow, the school was disbanded. However, on January 31, 1919, it was revived in the Volunteer Army.
In 1921, the monogram of Emperor Alexander II was returned to the school.
In emigration there were societies of former students of the school.
Pavlovsk Military School
Pavlovsk Military School is the oldest school in St. Petersburg. It was created in 1863 from special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, which donated its banner to the school. The school was located on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street, next to the 2nd Cadet Corps and the Military Topographical School. The Pavlovsk School was what is called “the first of the first.” A. Markov, the author of the famous book “Cadets and Junkers” wrote: “The Pavlovsk military school had its own, inherent face and its own special spirit. It was as if the spirit of the stern Emperor, who gave it his name, reigned here. It was felt in everything that this was really the one military school, where the best combat soldiers of our glorious army came from."
Mikhailovsky Artillery School. Eye survey.
Over the 50 years of its existence, from 1863 to 1913, the Pavlovsk School graduated 7,730 officers, 52 former cadets of the school became Knights of the Order of St. George the Victorious. More than 200 officers were killed in battle and died from wounds. By 1913, 1/4 of the available officers General Staff consisted of former "Pavlons". The heads of the school were emperors, starting with Alexander II and ending with Nicholas II.
In terms of combat, the Pavlovsk Infantry School consisted of a battalion of 4 companies, and by 1914 its staff consisted of 400 cadets and 66 in addition to the complement. With the outbreak of World War I, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. The staff of the school was increased to 1000 cadets.
The cadets had scarlet shoulder straps without piping with the yellow monogram of Emperor Paul I “P I” and the gold applied monogram of Emperor Nicholas II “N II” in His Majesty’s company.
The school did not take part in the October battles in Petrograd, because on the night of October 25 it was surrounded by soldiers of the reserve Grenadier regiment and Red Guards of the Putilov and Obukhov factories, and under the threat of machine-gun fire, it was disarmed. The entire command staff, together with the head of the school, General Melnikov, was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The school was disbanded on November 6, 1917.
Alekseevsky Military School
Alekseevsky Military School was founded in 1864 as the Moscow Infantry Junker School and existed under this name until 1897, when it was renamed the Moscow Military School.
In 1886, 2 departments were opened in it: with a one-year course for young people with higher education and two-year for persons who have graduated high school. At first the school was under the jurisdiction of the General Staff, and in 1897 it was transferred to a two-year military school course. Thus, the opportunity opened up for young people from outside to enter the school, without first enrolling in the regiments as volunteers. At the end of the course, the students were promoted directly to officers, and did not return to their regiments as lieutenants, as was the case before.
Nikolaev Engineering School. Camp guard at the banner.
In 1897, the school was subordinated to the chief commander of military educational institutions. In 1906, the heir to the Tsarevich became the head of the Moscow Military School Grand Duke Alexey Nikolaevich. Since then the school was called Alekseevsky.
The school was located in the Red Barracks, next to the 3rd Moscow Cadet Corps of Emperor Alexander II. The school camp was located on Khodynka, in Serebryany Bor.
During its existence from 1864 to 1913. the school gave the Russian army about 8,150 officers, to this figure we must also add those released, starting from July 12, 1914 - 200 people, October 1, 1914 (thirteen-month course) - 200 people, December 1, 1914 (4 months) - 200 people, February 1, 1915 - 300 people; 4 issues of 1915: May, July, September and October - 1200 people; 6 issues of 1916 - 3600 people. In just 52 years of its existence, the school trained about 13,850 officers.
The cadets' shoulder straps were scarlet without piping with the yellow monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in the form of the letter "A" and with a gold applied monogram for the company of His Highness.
Before the start of the First World War, the school staff consisted of 500 cadets, who were distributed among 4 companies. With the outbreak of the First World War, the school's staff was increased by 700 people and amounted to 1,200 cadets. The school expanded into a two-battalion structure.
During the days of the October battles in Moscow, the school took active action against the Bolsheviks. In November 1917 it was disbanded.
The 1st Soviet Moscow Infantry Command Course was located in its building.
Kiev Military School
The Kiev Military School was created in 1897 on the basis of the Kyiv Infantry Junker School, founded in 1865. This school was open to military cadets and volunteers with insufficient education. It consisted of 4 companies, and total there were 400 cadets. The school had a banner, awarded the highest on May 6, 1896.
Fencing lesson at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
On October 1, 1914, the last graduation of cadets with the rank of second lieutenant took place. The school switched to the practice of four-month accelerated graduations. The staff was increased to 630 junkers. The combatant command staff, in addition to their direct work, was involved in giving lectures on tactics and topography. Due to the fact that with the beginning of the First World War, 3 more military schools were opened in Kyiv, on September 26, 1914, the school was given the name “1st Kyiv Military School.”
Junkers wore light blue shoulder straps, with scarlet piping, without encryption.
In November 1920, due to the complete evacuation of Crimea, the school left its homeland. The last, 69th graduation from the school took place in exile, in Bulgaria, in 1923.
Juncker at the gymnasts' review in Tsarskoe Selo.
Vilna Military School
The school was opened in 1864 as an infantry cadet school. The training course was divided into senior and junior. Initially, the staff of the school was determined to be 200 cadets. Since 1874, the staff has been increased to 300 people. Here it must be emphasized that since 1868, the school, along with infantry cadets, was preparing to receive officer rank Cossack officers. In 1876, they were allocated to a special cavalry platoon - the Cossack department - with a staff of 35 cadets, and three years later a preparatory class was opened for volunteers with poor training. However, in 1885 the Cossack department and the preparatory class were closed.
In 1901, the school was reorganized into a three-year school, the programs in the main subjects were equalized with military schools, and cadets began to graduate as second lieutenants. In 1904–1905 The staff of the school was increased to 400 cadets, divided into 4 companies. In 1906, second lieutenants and warrant officers promoted to these ranks for military distinction due to wartime circumstances were allowed to enter the school to take a course in science. In 1910, the school was renamed military. Distinctive feature Vilnius people have always had equality.
Junkers wore scarlet shoulder straps, with white piping, without encryption.
With the outbreak of the First World War, a four-month accelerated course of study was introduced at the school. The staff was increased from 500 to 900 cadets.
In 1915, the school was evacuated to Poltava.
The building of the Pavlovsk Military School in St. Petersburg.
Vladimir Military School
The school was opened on December 1, 1869; initially it had 1 company of 200 cadets and was divided into 2 classes - junior and senior. In 1880, by order of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, another preparatory class was added, which, however, was closed in 1881 and the school again became a two-class school. On September 1, 1901, the school was reorganized according to a new type, and its composition increased to 400 cadets, with a division into 4 companies. November 18, 1908 The Emperor His Majesty ordered that from September 1, 1909 the school be called the “St. Petersburg Military School.” A year later, it was given the name “Vladimir Military School” in honor of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the former commander of the St. Petersburg Military District, under whose jurisdiction the school was for 24 years. The school was located in the building of a former military gymnasium.
The cadets of this school wore white shoulder straps, with scarlet piping, with the scarlet monogram of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in the form of the letter “B”.
With the outbreak of World War I, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. Young people were graduated with the rank of ensign. The staff of the school was increased from 400 to 885 cadets.
During the days of the October battles of 1917, the Vladimir Military School put up fierce resistance to the Bolsheviks, who could not cope with the half-disarmed Vladimir residents within 24 hours. The school was subjected to severe artillery shelling, and after the surrender - a pogrom. According to the data cited by the Menshevik newspaper “ New life", during the siege of the Vladimir Military School, about 200 cadets were wounded and killed, and 71 people became victims of lynchings.
According to the decree of November 6, 1917, signed by the People's Commissar for Military Affairs N.V. Krylenko, the Vladimir Military School, among others, was disbanded. At the expense of the school, the 1st Soviet Petrograd Infantry Courses of the Red Army were opened in the premises of the Military Topographical School.
Dining room in the camp of the Pavlovsk Military School.
Kazan Military School
The Kazan Infantry Junker School (since September 1, 1909 - the Kazan Military School) was founded on September 1, 1866, according to the type of cadet schools opened on the basis of the order of the military department of September 20, 1864 No. 285.
The school was intended to recruit officers not only from the two divisions that were stationed in the Kazan Military District, but it was also intended to accept lower ranks and cadets from the troops of the Moscow District, who, due to the lack of vacancies, could not be accepted into the Moscow cadet school. Therefore, the staff of the school was set at 200 cadets.
The battalion commander of the Aleksandrovsky Military School, Lieutenant Colonel Loboda, was appointed the first head of the school.
Since 1904, cadets were promoted to second lieutenants, and from 1904 to 1909, 768 cadets were promoted to second lieutenants. The staff of the school in 1870 was increased to 300, and in 1876 it was increased to 400 cadets. The course was initially a two-year course; in 1879, a preparatory class was added, which was closed in 1886. In 1901, the school was reorganized. A three-year course of study was established, with 2 special classes and one general. Young people with complete secondary education were accepted into the 1st special class without an exam; for eligible volunteers of the second category it was open general class. Reception was allowed not only from the troops, but also from outside. This measure provided an excess of people willing to enter the school, as a result of which a competitive entrance exam was introduced. In 1905, due to military operations and significant losses of officers, an over-recruitment was allowed, which reached 112 people.
On January 27, 1903, the school was awarded a banner. In 1906, the school admitted an additional 89 warrant officers, partly to the general class, partly to special classes. On September 1, 1909, the Kazan Infantry Junker School was renamed the Kazan Military School.
The cadets' shoulder straps were scarlet with light blue piping.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school's staff increased from 470 to 600 people.
The school took part in hostilities against the Bolsheviks in Kazan. According to the decree of November 6, 1917, it was disbanded. On February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Kazan Infantry Command Course was opened in the building and at the expense of the school.
Tiflis Military School
The school was founded in 1864 during the reign of Alexander II by the governor in the Caucasus, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich.
At first, the staff of cadets was determined to be 50 people. In the fall of 1865, admissions began. The studies lasted 2 years; Volunteers and cadets from the troops were allowed to receive them. During the camp period, the cadets were assigned to the nearest military units, and upon completion of the course they returned to their units with the rank of cadet harnesses and were promoted to officers on the recommendation of their superiors.
In 1866, the staff of cadets was increased to 200 people, and in combat terms the school consisted of one company. In 1871, the staff was determined to be 300 people. And the cadets are divided into two companies. In 1879, a camp was opened specifically for the school at the village of Suram and the sending of cadets to the troops for camp time was stopped.
In 1901 the school was reorganized; and 3 classes are open; general - the purpose of which was to give the cadets a completed general education, and the first and second special ones, in which military subjects were studied according to the programs of military schools. Both volunteers and young people from outside were allowed to attend. Upon completion of the course, cadets were promoted to second lieutenant of the army infantry.
Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, 11 junior officers, 400 full-time cadets, 31 supernumeraries.
The cadets had blue shoulder straps, with white piping, and the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich in the form of the letter “M”.
With the outbreak of World War I, the school's staff was increased to 700 cadets.
The Tiflis Military School was disbanded in 1918.
Band of cadets of the Pavlovsk Military School.
Chuguev Military School
The school was founded on September 1, 1865. On January 27, 1903, it was awarded a banner, which was consecrated on June 29, 1905.
The school was reorganized from two hundred to four hundred by order of the military department No. 218 of 1888, and by order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the two-year course was replaced by a three-year one, and cadets from the school began to graduate immediately as officers, and not as ensigns.
Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, 400 full-time cadets, 44 supernumerary cadets.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school's staff was increased to 1,200 cadets. During the war years, accelerated releases were made. A four-month training course was established.
The school's cadets opposed the establishment of Soviet power. The school was disbanded on December 15, 1918.
Odessa Military School
The Odessa School was opened in 1865 as an infantry cadet school. The cadets who entered it from volunteer combat units wore the uniform of their regiments and, upon completion of the training course, were released as ensigns to their own units. Since 1902, the school had 2 special classes, which accepted people with completed secondary education, and 1 general class, which accepted young people who did not have a secondary education. In 1903, the school was awarded a banner. Beginning in 1904, cadets who graduated from the school were no longer graduated as ensigns, but were promoted by the Highest Order to second lieutenants in a unit of the troops, according to the selected vacancies. In 1908, the general class was abolished, and on September 1, 1910, the school was renamed the Odessa Military School. The school badge was approved by Nicholas II on May 1, 1908, and the badge - in 1913. Since 1909, the school published an illustrated magazine “Junker Leisure”, which reflected the glorious traditions of this educational institution.
Junkers wore white shoulder straps, with light blue piping, without encryption.
From 1866 to 1902 The school graduated 4,701 people as ensigns. On the eve of the First World War, the school consisted of 4 companies, numbered 11 junior officers, 400 full-time cadets and 35 supernumeraries.
The school was disbanded at the beginning of 1918, and its students took an active part in the Civil War in the South of Russia.
Irkutsk Military School
The school was founded in 1874 for volunteer Cossacks. From 1878 to 1901 There was a preparatory class at the school - due to the low level of education of the Cossack population of Siberia. By order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the school was transformed into a three-class infantry school for 100 cadets, and the Cossack cadets were transferred to the Orenburg Cossack School. The military school began to be called in 1909. An interesting fact: during the war of 1904–1905. With Japan, cadets trained warriors of the state militia in various garrisons of Siberia. The graduates of the school in 1905 completely joined the ranks of the 4th Siberian Army Corps, operating in Manchuria. In 1905, the school was awarded a banner, which was solemnly consecrated on November 26 of the same year.
The school cadets took the oath, unlike most Russian military schools, not in October, but on December 6, on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and after the accession of Nicholas II to the throne, on his namesake day. At this school, the use of alcohol by cadets threatened with expulsion. The school camp was located 5 km from the city, on the river. Ushakovka. After the first course, the cadets conducted summer maneuvers 60 km from Irkutsk, in the Usolye region, after the second - in the Baikal region. The Irkutsk Military School was replenished not only with Siberians. Almost half of the cadets came from the Baltic states (Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Germans), some from the Western Region: Belarusians and Poles, some from the Caucasus (Armenians, Georgians) and many young people from northern Russia.
Juncker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in the camp. Construction of the bridge.
Graduates of the school served in the garrisons of Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.
The cadets of this school had white shoulder straps without piping and without encryption.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school's staff was increased to 490 cadets. Junkers of the school during the First World War were graduated from Siberian rifle regiments, which over the years have lost up to 85% of their composition.
In December 1917, the school took an active part in hostilities against the Bolsheviks in Siberia and ceased to exist at the beginning of 1918.
Nikolaev Military School
After the outbreak of the First World War, the school was formed in Kyiv as the 2nd Kiev School. On October 15, 1914 it was renamed Nikolaevskoe. Initially, the school staff was set at 440 cadets, later expanded to 530 cadets.
The cadets of this school wore white shoulder straps with scarlet piping and the scarlet stencil monogram of Emperor Nicholas II (“N II”) and with a gold applied monogram in His Majesty’s company.
The school's cadets opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. This military educational institution was disbanded in November 1917.
Tashkent Military School
The youngest school was the Tashkent Military School. It opened at the end of 1914. Initially, its staff consisted of 176 cadets, later it was expanded to 220. The construction of its own building was only in the project, so the 1st company occupied the building of the Public Assembly, the 2nd studied at the Pushkin School. In December 1916, the school was awarded a banner. In the same year, the badge of the Tashkent Military School was approved. It was a silver Bukhara star with a six-pointed golden cross located on it, placed above a golden crescent and a corresponding inscription. The cadets of this school wore crimson shoulder straps.
From October 28 to November 1, 1917, cadets of the Tashkent Military School, together with cadets of the Tashkent Cadet Corps, fought heavy battles with the Bolsheviks in the city.
Passing “rehearsals” at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
MILITARY TOPOGRAPHY SCHOOLOn Bolshaya Spasskaya Street in St. Petersburg there was a long white building of the most modest of St. Petersburg military schools - the Military Topographical School.
On January 28, 1822, the Corps of Military Topographers was created, for which nine months later the St. Petersburg School of Topographers was opened. It was renamed several times: from 1832 it was called the School of Topographers, from 1863 - the School of Topographers, and finally, on August 1, 1867 it was renamed the Military Topographical School.
The school accepted young people from 17 to 22 years old who had graduated from secondary schools, following a competitive exam consisting of the Russian language, algebra, arithmetic, rectilinear trigonometry, geometry and physics. Cadets, at their request, could have the marks they received upon graduation from the corps included in competitive exams.
In terms of combat, the school consisted of 1 company. The cadet staff was small, and on the eve of the First World War numbered only 100 people. The course of study was three years and very intense. In addition to topography, higher geodesy, artillery and fortification, cadet topographers studied spherical trigonometry, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, and physics. Many hours were devoted to practical work on geodetic calculations, topographical drawing, cartography, calligraphy, surveying and geodetic work. The cadets became familiar with the procedures of office work and bookkeeping, with photography, electroplating and lithography.
Unlike other metropolitan military schools leaving for camp training in Krasnoye Selo, topographers were on duty from April 29 to August 15 practical work in the Vitebsk region, near the city of Rezhitsa.
Upon completion of the school, second lieutenants-topographers were assigned to the infantry regiments of the guard and army for 6 months to become familiar with combat service, and at the end of this period they were enlisted for filming in St. Petersburg, Riga, Grodno, Odessa, Tiflis, Tashkent, Khabarovsk and Omsk.
Junkers wore black shoulder straps with light blue piping and a yellow code in the form of the letter “T”.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to an eight-month course of study. Young people were graduated with the rank of ensign.
The school did not take part in the cadets' speech in Petrograd on October 29, 1917, because it was surrounded by the Bolsheviks. It was disbanded on November 6, 1918. In February 1918, the 1st Soviet Infantry Command Course of the Red Army was opened in its premises.
Nikolaev Cavalry School Classicism
Pam. arch. (federal)
Conductor School House
1820 - engineer Tretter V.K.
1822-1825 - Staubert Alexander Egorovich (decree...)
Lermontov Museum (1883-1917)
Radio equipment plant. Air Defense Concern "Almaz-Antey"
In 1819-1820, the Military Construction and Conductor School was founded in St. Petersburg to train mid-level specialists.
A plot of land was allocated for the school at the corner of the Obvodny Canal and Novo-Petergofsky Prospekt, on which in 1820 engineer V.K. Tretter built a two-story stone house.
In 1822-1825. arch. A.E. Staubert rebuilt the house of the Conductor School, giving it a classic look. Now the building consisted of a main building and three wings. In the second half of the 19th century, the third floor of the northwestern wing was built on and the assembly hall was decorated. In 1917, the eastern façade was decorated with a high relief by sculptor I. Krestovsky, dedicated to the memory of graduates who died during the First World War.
In 1839, the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers was transferred here
The School of Guards Ensigns was established on May 9, 1823 to train officers of the Guards cavalry. It was opened in the presence of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich with the task of “finishing the military education of young nobles entering service in the infantry guard regiments.” The training was carried out for two years. Two years later, the school moved to the Chernyshev Palace near the Blue Bridge.
In 1826, a squadron of guards cavalry cadets was formed at the school and it received the name of the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry cadets.
Since 1838, admission began to be carried out through a competitive examination of children 13-15 years old who wanted to serve in the guard. The duration of study became four years. The best graduates of the school were promoted to officers on a par with chamber-pages of the Corps of Pages, and the rest - on a par with pages. In 1839, the school finally moved to the Obvodny Canal in the expanded building of the Conductor School.
In 1859, in connection with the abolition of the rank of ensign, the school began to be called the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers.
In 1864, the school was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School.
In 1882, simultaneously with the transformation of military gymnasiums into Cadet Corps, the boarding house was named the Nikolaev Cadet Corps in honor of the monarch, during whose reign “the beginning” of the institution was laid.
In 1918, the Nikolaev Cavalry School was closed.
see Church of the Descent of the Holy Spirit at the Nicholas Cavalry School
Radio Equipment Plant
January 1, 1966 on the basis of the order of the Minister of Radio Engineering Industry of the USSR No. 430 dated December 20, 1965. organization PO Box 487 (see Obvodny Canal embankment 197-201) is merged with the Radio Equipment Plant under the latter’s name - LZRTO - Leningrad Radio Equipment Plant, subordinate to the 13th Main Directorate of the Ministry. Before the unification, LZRTO was organized on April 3, 1961 by order No. 9118 of the Leningrad National Economic Council on the basis of 71 military tractor production plants, which were relocated to another location. RTO plant and mailbox organization. 487 produced homogeneous radio equipment products. Due to this, the need for their unification arose. In addition, it is necessary to eliminate unprofitability in former small-scale factories, and transition to new production planning in the plant and cost accounting.
The acceleration of radio profiling at the RTO plant was facilitated by the transfer of radio engineering specialists from the printing machine plant.
The merger of the two enterprises made it possible to create a high-potential association in the country's radio industry system for the production of defense radio equipment, which began to constantly participate in the implementation of promising tasks of national importance.
By order of the Ministry of Radio Industry of the USSR No. 227/k dated March 14, 1990, LZRTO was renamed into the Production Association "Leningrad Radio Equipment Plant" (PO "LZRTO").
In 1992, PA "LZRTO" was transformed into the State Plant of Radio Equipment (GZRTO). Reason: Charter of the plant, registered under No. 233 dated March 11, 1992.
By order of the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation dated April 27, 1999 No. 216, GZRTO was renamed into the Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Radio Equipment Plant" (FSUE "ZRTO").
On December 26, 2002, as a result of privatization, the plant was transformed into the Open Joint Stock Company “Radio Equipment Plant” as part of OJSC Air Defense Concern “Almaz-Antey”. In the fall of 2007, the management of OJSC Air Defense Concern Almaz-Antey decided to implement a project to create a North-Western regional center.
The idea of building a North-West District Center on the basis of JSC GOZ Obukhov Plant is fully consistent with the program for the removal of industrial enterprises from the city center, which is being implemented by the government of St. Petersburg, and allows to free up significant areas for their further use for non-production purposes.
In accordance with the project for the creation of the North-West Radio Center, it was planned to transfer the enterprises that are part of the Almaz-Antey Air Defense Concern to the territory of the Obukhov plant from the center of St. Petersburg: OJSC Radio Equipment Plant, OJSC Order of the Red Banner of Labor All-Russian Research Institute of Radio Equipment , OJSC "Design Bureau of Special Mechanical Engineering" and OJSC " Russian Institute radio navigation and time".
Since 2011, JSC "Radio Equipment Plant" has been located on Ave. Obukhov Defense, 120 lit.
(zrto.org plant website 04/13/2012 sperling, spbarchives.ru 09.09.2017; Natalia)
Leningrad Radio Equipment Plant. Founded in August 1951. Since 1951 - Plant No. 779 SME, MRP, post office box 487, in December 1965 became part of the Leningrad Radio Equipment Plant, FSUE Radio Equipment Plant. Products: Lastochka, Yubileiny, RG-5S Nevsky electrophones.
The entire school building was transferred to LZRTO in 1977-1978, when the administration was transferred here from Obvodny Canal, 199-201. Before this, the RTO was occupied by a wing overlooking the Obvodny Canal.
Before that, there was a gynecological hospital in the building, and the 25th polyclinic was temporarily located on the 1st floor (when renovations were being done in its main building on Fontanka). (gordey2003)
In the courtyard of the former school there was a riding arena back in the 1960s, and it looks like there was a riding section. As a boy, I watched a couple of competitions; the obstacles for horses remained in my memory for a long time, it looked like show jumping. (Rurikovich)
In the yard there was an arena and stables. They housed the only school of higher sportsmanship in equestrian sport in Leningrad at that time. At least another year in 1974. Afterwards she moved to Marat, from where she was also safely evicted. (narnia)
Lermontov Museum
The Lermontov Museum is located on Novo-Peterhofsky Prospekt, in the Nikolaevsky building
Cavalry School, and is open daily from 8 a.m. to 12 p.m. morning.
The museum was founded in memory of the poet Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov, who was educated at the Nikolaev Cavalry School and wrote his first works there, which drew the attention of society to him.
The museum was opened in 1883, on August 16th. Its founder was the director of the school, General Bilderling, which is why his portrait hangs above the front door.
The museum occupies only one room. At the entrance to the Museum, to the right is Kondratenko’s painting “House in Pyatigorsk”, where Lermontov lived; portraits of Lermontov, his father, mother and teacher; his grandfather, great-grandfather and grandmother, who was the teacher of the young poet.
On the same wall is an ink drawing made by the poet himself: “The Minevres in Krasnoe Selo.”
Opposite the entrance door, on the wall, hangs a painting depicting the place of the poet’s duel with Major Martynov, near Pyatigorsk, and photographs: the chapel where the poet is buried; the house of the Verzilins, in which Lermontov’s quarrel with Martynov took place, and the monument at the poet’s grave.
On the left wall there are drawings, works of the poet himself.
Here is a portrait of the prince. Vasilchikov - Lermontov's friend and Kondratenko's painting "Lermontov's Grotto".
In the corners of the hall, on rotating stands, are placed: photographs, drawings and illustrations for some of Lermontov’s works (Boyarin Orsha, Demon, Princess Mary, The Tale of the Merchant Kalashnikov) and photographs of areas related to some events in the life of the poet.
The Museum contains: all of Lermontov's works; magazines where his articles are published; musical works with text from his poems; Lermontov's manuscripts and notebooks, some of his letters; projects of monuments to him, portraits of him, starting with children, and ending with the last portrait of him, with the rank of lieutenant Tenzinsky infantry regiment; albums with portraits of his relatives, contemporaries and comrades; a complete case about the duel with the French subject Barant, for which the poet was removed from the hussar regiment. One of the display cases contains things that belonged to the poet: a dagger, a saber donated to the Museum by the Prince of Leuchtenberg, a cane, a Circassian belt and a silver powder flask with the letter L. There is also an album of the poet’s mother, a small book in red morocco, red morocco boots, a brush, wallet.
Near the left wall is Lermontov’s table, on which lies a half-length image of the late poet. On a small table by the window lies a briefcase made by the poet’s grandmother. At another window is a plaster bust of the poet, by Zichy.
In the middle of the Museum there is a large model of the monument to Lermontov, made of oak; On one side are carved the year and date of the poet’s birth and death, and on the other are the names of the regiments where he served. The monument represents, decorated with a lyre and palm branches made of bronze, a truncated pyramid on which a bust of the poet is placed.
(Guide to St. Petersburg. Published by the St. Petersburg City Public Administration. St. Petersburg. 1903. P. 289-290., lovepeter)
In 1917, the school was disbanded, and the collection of the Lermontov Museum was almost entirely transferred to the Pushkin House. (nasledie-rus.ru Our heritage No. 111 2014 10/22/2017)
In 1907, on the initiative of the head of the Nikolaev Cavalry School, Major General De Witt, a Committee for the construction of the monument to M.Yu. Lermontov in front of the school building on Novo-Peterhofsky Prospekt.
The poet was graduated from the School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers in 1834 as an ensign in the Life Guards Hussar Regiment
On October 1, 1913, the laying of the monument took place according to the design of B. M. Mikeshin. The casting of the sculpture was carried out at the bronze foundry of Karl Robecki in St. Petersburg.
The opening of the monument was scheduled for October 1, 1914, but this was prevented by the outbreak of war; the grand opening and consecration of the monument took place on May 9, 1916.
Also in 1916, bronze bronzes of other graduates were discovered: composer M. P. Mussorgsky, geographer P. P. Semenov-Tien-Shansky and general N. P. Sleptsov (all three by sculptor V. V. Lishev) (, C .232)
As reported in the State Museum of City Sculpture, monuments-busts to M. P. Mussorgsky and P. P. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky - graduates of the Cavalry School - were made by sculptor V. V. Lishev and installed in 1916 . on Lermontovsky Prospekt, near the building of the former Cavalry School. In the 20s, the busts were removed and have not survived to this day. The artistic expert council for monumental sculpture of the Main Directorate of Culture of the Executive Committee of the Leningrad City Council decided to create new busts of Mussorgsky and Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. The work on the busts was entrusted to the Leningrad sculptor A.P. Timchenko.
In 1914 Bolshaya Masterskaya St., Mogilevskaya St. and Novo-Petergofsky Ave. were merged into Lermontovsky Ave.
1940: Kindergarten Leninsky district No. 22 - Lermontovsky pr., 54 (Leningrad - 1940. P. 333)
1965: Printing house No. 4 - Socialist, 14, color printing shop - Sadovaya, 55/57,
workshop of small-circulation books - st. Marata, 58, paper unwinding area - B. Moskovskaya, 4,
Printing house branch No. 4 - Lermontovsky pr., 54 (p. 177.)
Nicholas Cavalry School is a privileged military school of the Russian Empire. Founded May 9, 1823. Many prominent representatives of the military and cultural elite were graduates of the school. Russia XIX- beginning of the 20th century.
On May 9, 1823, by order of Emperor Alexander I in St. Petersburg, in the barracks of the Life Guards Izmailovsky Regiment (Fontanka embankment, 120), the School of Guards Ensigns was founded to train young nobles who entered the Guard from universities or private boarding schools and did not have military training. Its staff included a chief, 1 class inspector, 8 chief officers with the rank of lieutenant and 120 students. The School trained young men from noble families, and then released them into the guards cavalry regiments. 1826 - A squadron of guards cavalry cadets was formed at the school, the educational institution was renamed the School of Guards ensigns and cavalry cadets. Since 1825, the school was located in the former palace of the Chernyshev counts. 1859 - In connection with the abolition of the rank of ensign, the School was renamed the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers. In 1864, the School was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School, which until the end of its existence was located in the building at 54 Lermontovsky (Novo-Peterhofsky) Avenue. In 1890, a Cossack hundred was formed at the school - the so-called Tsar's hundred. In October 1917, the school was disbanded. In February 1921, the school was revived in Gallipoli on the basis of the Training Division that existed in Crimea. Subsequently it was evacuated to Bila Tserkva (Yugoslavia), where it operated until 1923. There were 4 graduations (November 5, 1922, July 12 and September 2, 1923, before closing - the release of estandard cadets promoted to cornets on March 7, 1924) - a total of 357 people. Chief - Lieutenant General A.V. Govorov. Currently, a radio equipment plant is located in the school building in St. Petersburg. In 2014, after the demolition of the building of a neighboring furniture factory, a view of the school’s house church with a bas-relief on the facade opened up, the uniqueness of which is that it is the only monument to those killed in the First World War in St. Petersburg
Device and curriculum
Subsequently, the school accepted the most successful graduates of the cadet corps: it was necessary to have at least 9 points in science and 8 points in behavior. The Nikolaev Cavalry School trained officers for both regular cavalry and Cossack troops. In accordance with this, the cadets were divided into a squadron and a hundred: 250 cadets in a squadron, 120 in a Cossack hundred. Duration of training - 2 years. Upon completion of training, cadets were issued cornets to the cavalry. The course of study was a two-year course, and its ultimate goal was to prepare graduates for regimental service. Main academic subjects there were tactics, military affairs, topography, management, artillery, fortification, law, hygiene and drawing; the Law of God was taught from general education subjects...
Nikolaev Cavalry School
The building of the Nikolaevsky Cavalry School was located on Lermontovsky Avenue in St. Petersburg. The glorious “School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers” was founded in 1823. During its 94-year existence, it gave the Imperial Russian Army more than one hundred excellent cavalry officers. From 1832 to 1834 M.Yu. studied here. Lermontov.
In 1859, the school was renamed the Nikolaev Cavalry School of Guards Junkers, and in 1864 it was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School with a contingent of cadets of 200 people and, in memory of its founder, Emperor Nicholas I, received the Sovereign's monogram on shoulder straps.
The general education classes of the Guards Junkers School were turned into a preparatory boarding school for young people entering the same school. The creation of the Nikolaev Cavalry School ensured the replenishment of cavalry units, while before that, officers entering the cavalry were recruited from individuals who graduated from infantry schools and did not receive any special education.
The school's curriculum was similar to that of infantry schools, but it also included special subjects: hippology and horse-sapper engineering. Every step of the cadet, both within the walls of the school and outside it, every little detail of everyday life was strictly regulated by customs and traditions, sometimes harsh, but necessary for a cavalry officer.
In terms of combat, the school consisted of a squadron and a Cossack hundred. The Cossack hundred, the so-called Tsar's, was established at the school in 1890 for cadets of the Don Cadet Corps. With regard to training and drills, rewards, penalties, and internal regulations, the hundred were guided by the rules of the school. In St. Petersburg, the hundred were housed in a three-story school building, where a riding arena and Cossack stables were built especially for them. The cadets of the Tsar's Hundred were known in St. Petersburg as a combat unit that was exceptional in its bravery and daring.
Together with the Cossack hundred, the staff of the Nikolaev Cavalry School at the beginning of 1914 numbered 335 cadets: 215 in the squadron and 120 in the hundred.
Nikolaev Engineering School. Sapper work.
Junkers wore scarlet shoulder straps, along the edges of which there was a silver braid.
After the outbreak of the First World War, the staff was expanded to 465 cadets, and the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of training. The school did not have time to take part in the cadets' speech in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded along with other military schools. Already by February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet cavalry Petrograd command courses were opened in his building and at his expense.
Tver Cavalry School
The Tver Cavalry Junker School was opened in 1866. By 1908, the Tver Cavalry School was a three-year school; young people with a 6-year education were accepted here. In 1908, the school organized military school courses with a two-year course for graduates of cadet corps and secondary educational institutions.
The cadets were housed in half-squadron formations in large dormitories. Classroom sessions lasted from 8 a.m. to 3 p.m. Drill classes included riding, regulations, gymnastics, vaulting, gun and checker techniques, and work in a forge. Every two weeks the cadets had to “pass rehearsals.”
On the day of the school holiday, after the prayer service and parade, a competition was held: figure riding, vaulting and cutting for senior cadets (they purchased their own horses). The Tverdys often went to parades in Moscow, staying at the Alekseevsky Military School. At the beginning of June, the squadron went to the camp in Moscow, to the Khodynskoye field. Their neighbor in the camp was the Alekseevsky Military School. There, instrumental shooting, on foot, on horseback, squadron exercises, shooting were carried out, and guards were posted at the standard and cash box.
In terms of combat, the school was a squadron with a staff of 150 cadets. The school holiday was celebrated on December 6.
The school's cadets had light blue shoulder straps, with black piping, trimmed with silver braid.
With the outbreak of World War I, the school switched to the practice of eight-month accelerated graduations.
After the disbandment of military schools in November 1917, the 1st Soviet Tver Cavalry Command Course was opened in the building of the school and at its expense.
Elisavetgrad Cavalry School
On September 25, 1865, the opening of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School took place in the Kherson province, consisting of one squadron of cadets of 90 people. The course was set for two years. The school was intended to recruit officers for cavalry units of the Kyiv, Odessa and Kharkov military districts.
In 1868, the school's staff was increased to 150 people. After 6 years, in 1874, the staff increased to 300 people. The cadets were divided into 2 squadrons: the first for the dragoon regiments, and the second for the Uhlan and Hussar regiments, 150 cadets in each squadron. In terms of combat, the school was a cavalry division. In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was established at the school, which was not part of the squadrons.
In 1880, the school built its own camp. Until this time, cadets were assigned to cavalry regiments for the summer. At the same time, a preparatory class was opened, and after 6 years the Cossack department was transferred to the Novocherkassk school. In 1888, the school occupied the premises of the abolished Military Gymnasium - three buildings that were located in the very center of Elisavetgrad, at the end of Palace Street.
In 1901, according to the new regulations, the cadet departments were transferred to a three-year course of study with a more extensive program. Those who completed a two-year course at the school before the reform were renamed estandard cadets by order of the district troops and were candidates for promotion to officers. Those who graduated in the first category were promoted to cornets on the recommendation of their immediate superiors in the last 4 months of the year of their graduation. In 1902, this educational institution was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School. After the reform, young people were graduated with the rank of cornet.
Junker of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School in the arena. 1906
Until 1903, cadets were listed on the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, with only a narrow cadet braid on their shoulder straps. In 1908, the school's cadets were granted Uhlan uniforms.
The shoulder straps of the students of the Elisavetgrad School were scarlet with black piping.
The school was disbanded in November 1917. Junkers from Elisavetgrad took an active part in the Civil War.
The Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School was inaugurated on September 26, 1865.
Previously in Elisavetgrad in 1859-1865. There was an officer cavalry school designed for the special education of cavalry officers, which taught tactics, horse riding, vaulting, artillery, fortification, veterinary medicine, blacksmithing, fencing and gymnastics. The training course lasted 2 years. According to the Decree of the Minister of War of August 2, 1866 and the statement of the Military Council, it was attached to the training cavalry squadron, with placement in the town of Selishchenskiye Barracks, Novgorod province. This officer cavalry school can be considered the predecessor of the Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school - it left its premises and teachers to the EKYU.
The Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School was intended to recruit officers for the cavalry units of the Kyiv, Odessa and Kharkov military districts.
At first the school had one squadron (of 90 cadets). The school curriculum was designed for 2 years and, in addition to general subjects (the law of God, the Russian language, mathematics, geography, history, drawing, natural history), included special tactics, military topography, field fortification, artillery, military administration, military legislation, hippology, military hygiene, methods of teaching soldiers school literacy, practical classes in tactics, topography and sapper work.
Gradually, the number of cadets in the EKUU increased: in 1868 - 150, in 1871 - 200, in 1874 - 300 people. In 1874, the cadets were divided into 2 squadrons: the 1st - to complete the dragoon regiments, the 2nd - for the hussars and uhlan regiments.
In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was opened at the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School. By that time, in the Russian Empire there was only one exclusively Cossack school - the Novocherkassk military school (founded in 1869) and the training of future officers of the Cossack troops, besides it, was also carried out in 3 mixed cadet-military schools: Orenburg (founded in 1867 ), Stavropol (founded in 1870) and Irkutsk (founded in 1872), as well as at the Cossack departments of the Vilna and Warsaw cadet military schools. In 1878, the Orenburg and Stavropol schools became completely Cossack schools. In 1886, the Cossack department of the EKUU was transferred to the Novocherkassk Cossack School.
By 1880, there were 16 cadet schools in the Russian Empire - 10 infantry, 3 Cossack, 1 mixed and 2 cavalry - Elisavetgrad and Tverskoe. TKYU (like EKYU) was founded in 1865 with 60 junkers. In 1868, the Tver Cavalry Junker School increased its staff to 90, and in 1880 150 cadets were trained there.
In addition to these two cadet schools (TKYU and EKYU), officers for the cavalry were trained by the Nikolaev Cavalry School in St. Petersburg (founded in 1865 on the basis of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers). In the modern understanding, it had more high level accreditation - its graduates of the 1st and 2nd categories (who passed “successfully”) were sent to units as officers, while graduates of cadet schools received the rank of estandard cadets (in the infantry - cadet belts) and were released only after camp training in their regiments The 1st category were promoted to officers on the recommendation of their superiors without any vacancies in the regiment, and graduates of the 2nd category waited for a vacancy to appear. The student body of the NKU consisted of 200 cadets, and only in 1890, when the Cossack hundred appeared at the school, the total number of cadets increased to 320.
In 1866, due to the existence of the NKU, Elisavetgrad and Tver cavalry cadet schools, graduation to the cavalry from other schools was stopped.
Thus, it can be argued that the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School already from 1874 became the main supplier of officer personnel for the cavalry of the Russian Empire - its graduates were one third more than those of the Nikolaev Cavalry School, and twice as many as those of the Tver Cavalry Junker School.
The cadet schools accepted graduates of military gymnasiums or corresponding civilian educational institutions, as well as volunteers. From 1869, non-commissioned officers conscripted could also enlist. In 1868-1886. in Elisavetgrad there was a military gymnasium - a four-year educational institution, the main purpose of which was elementary education future cadets of the EKYUU. In addition, former students of the Elisavetgrad Zemstvo Real School, classical and other gymnasiums, as well as the Kiev and Poltava military gymnasiums closest to Elisavetgrad (reformed in 1865 from cadet corps, and in 1882 again transformed into cadet corps) entered the school.
The main composition of the students of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was diverse. Hereditary nobles (among whom there were also titled ones - princes and barons) made up no more than 20%, and even together with the children of junior officers and officials, they barely reached half the course in the 19th century, and from the beginning of the 20th century, most of the cadets were peasants, bourgeois and Cossacks origin.
On May 20, 1898, the Elisavetgrad City Duma adopted a Decree on the acceptance of the City Council’s report on the rationale for the need to open a cadet corps in Elisavetgrad and authorized the Council to begin lobbying the Chief of Military Educational Institutions and the Commander of the Odessa Military District to ensure that the planned foundation of In the south of Russia, a new cadet corps was built in Elisavetgrad, for which in Kovalevka, between the railway and Sladkaya Balka, specialists selected a site with an area of about 10 acres. In addition to Elisavetgrad, several other southern cities, including Odessa, showed a desire to open this cadet corps. The “competition” was won by Odessa, where a cadet corps was opened in 1899.
Military gymnasiums (cadet corps) were intended for future cadets of military schools to receive general secondary education, but those cadets who, for one reason or another, did not complete the course, entered cadet schools.
The course at the cadet school consisted of two classes - junior general and senior special. The volume and content of special education was dictated by the knowledge and skills necessary to command a battalion (in military schools the level of training was focused on commanding a regiment).
With the development of the network of cadet schools, the provision of officer ranks without a course of study was discontinued. But volunteers could become officers without enrolling and completing a college course, after passing the final exams, that is, as an external student. Officers who received ranks during hostilities without passing exams also underwent retraining at the EKUU.
In order to educate future officers at the level of military schools, in 1886, departments with a military school course began to be opened at cadet schools. At EKUU such a department was opened in 1888 (according to other sources, the first department of the junior class of the military school course at EKUU was opened in 1892).
In 1893, cadets at military schools were provided with the same uniform.
In 1901-1904. The cadet departments of the school were turned into military schools. In 1902, the EKUU was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School (EKU) and in 1904 carried out the last graduation from the cadet departments. Thus, EKU became the second (after the St. Petersburg Nikolaev Cavalry School) cavalry school in the Russian Empire (the Tver Cavalry Junker School was reorganized into a military school only in 1911, in which all cadet schools, by reforming into military schools, ceased to exist as type of military educational institutions).
On January 21, 1903, the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was awarded the highest standard.
In 1908, all ranks of the school were issued Uhlan uniforms.
On January 19, 1913, the badge of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was approved, which was made of silver or white metal and represented a double-headed eagle from the time of Elizabeth Petrovna with a torch and a wreath in its paws, above the heads of which there is a silver radiance with the monogram of Emperor Alexander II (the honorary founder of the school ), between the heads and wings - the numbers 18 and 65 (year of foundation), on the chest of the eagle - a red enamel shield with the image of St. George the Serpent Fighter, on the tail of the eagle - the monogram of Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich Sr. (inspector general of cavalry and engineering troops).
At the end of 1917, the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was disbanded.
In 1918, during the period of the hetmanate, the work of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was resumed and it trained personnel for the hetman’s army. The fate of the school from the times of the UPR (Ukrainian People's Republic) is unknown. In 1919, accelerated courses for Red commanders were held in Elisavetgrad. Later, the Soviet military educational institution that occupied the premises of the EKU was called the 5th Ukrainian Cavalry School named after. CM. Budyonny, as well as the Zinoviev Cavalry School, which existed here until 1935, after which it was transferred to Penza, where it merged with the Penza Cavalry School, which became the only cavalry school in the USSR.
Many graduates of the school became outstanding military leaders, and its teachers and directors were also famous.
The head of the Elisavetgrad Officer Cavalry School (1859-1866) was Colonel Eduard Abramovich Gaili. Perhaps this is the same Eduard Gaili, who (with the rank of captain) was a comrade in the service of A.A. Feta in the Order Cuirassier Regiment. This is how the poet described him: “He was the type of former hussar. Of average height, with a reddish tint of hair on his head and a mustache hanging over his entire chest, Gaili personified good-natured, mocking carefreeness. The golden head of a man's earring remained in the left mustache as a sign of past dandyism. Guiley’s favorite saying was: “For young man there is nothing more honorable than military formation.”
Order No. 1 for the school about its grand opening at 11 o'clock on September 26, 1865 was signed the day before by Major Rousseau.
The order to dissolve the school in accordance with the decision of the Council of Workers', Rural and Soldiers' Deputies was given on August 30, 1917 by Major General Savelyev.
It was somewhere
Far from the Seine:
The sun smelled like summer
The breeze is lilac.
Was at the parade
Under the April sky
In Elizavetgrad,
On the training ground:
Light checkers comb,
Horses, banners.
Listened to a prayer service
Both squadrons
About Christ-loving
Imperial army,
And with a holy impulse
The heart responded.
Music started playing.
The cadets are with her
In the name of - the Great -
They burst out - hurray!
The hymns have sounded
The parade rang out -
And the name disappeared:
Elizavetgrad.*
There are hearts on the sand -
Horse tracks...
And go into eternity
Horse rows.
Clear and rainy
It will be - as always,
And those who love Christ
Never armies!
*) Elisavetgrad (1754-1924),
Zinovievsk (1924-1934),
Kirovo (1934-1939),
Kirovograd (1939-2016)
Kropyvnytskyi (since 2016)
Anatoly Evgenievich Velichkovsky (1901-1981), White warrior, poet of the Russian Abroad.
(Face to face. - Paris: Rhyme, 1952)
[poem inserted by the site author]
The most famous boss (1896-1904) was Alexander Vasilyevich Samsonov (1859-1914). The funeral train with his body, brought from East Prussia, was met on the platform of the Elisavedgrad railway station by a line of cadets and school teachers led by the chief, Major General Vladimir Grigorievich Lishin.
Among the EKU teachers were a participant in the revolutionary democratic movement Nikolai Dementievich Novitsky (1833-1906), cultural and educational figure Nikolai Fedorovich Fedorovsky (1838-1918), a talented military theorist, and after the revolution - a major Soviet military leader Pavel Pavlovich Sytin (1870-1938). The teacher and treasurer of the JKU in his last years was captain Evgeniy Vasilyevich Velichkovsky, the father of the Elisavetgrad high school student, and eventually a wonderful poet, Anatoly Evgenievich Velichkovsky (1901-1981). By the way, the father of the famous Soviet writer Leonid Panteleev, I.A. Eremeev, was a graduate of EKU when it was headed by A.V. Samsonov.
At school in different years Interesting personalities were trained who, over time, distinguished themselves well in the field of their activities. The range of talents formed within the walls of the cavalry school is very wide - from the invincible ace of the First World War (Colonel Alexander Aleksandrovich Kazakov, holder of the St. George's Arms, 1889-1919) to the cavalry general who took monastic vows and became a bishop (Major General Nikolai Konstantinovich Ushakov , tonsured - Neil, 1868-1933).
Notable among the graduates are: the famous gendarmerie general Vasily Dementievich Novitsky, leaders of the White movement, Lieutenant General Ivan Gavrilovich Barbovich (1874-1947) and Major General Vladimir Nikolaevich Vygran (1889-1983), Ukrainian military general-horunzhiy Ivan Vladimirovich Omelyanovich-Pavlenko (1881 -1962) and ataman of the free Cossack army Ivan Vasilyevich Poltavets-Ostryanitsa (1890-1957).
Several EKU graduates became original artists - Ambrosy Zhdakha, Konstantin Podushkin, Georgy Gursky, Viktor Arnautov. Former JCU cadets can also be found among writers - Joseph Varfolomeevich Shevchenko (1854 - until 1900), Yuri Aleksandrovich Slezkin (1890-1977). Transfer famous people, associated with the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School is not difficult to continue, but even so we can conclude that it was a significant state educational institution of the second half of the 19th century- beginning of the 20th century.
[Ippolit Mikhailovich Rogge from September 1872 to June 1874 studied at the Elisavetgrad Cavalry Junker School and graduated from it in the 2nd category with a “successful” rating and was promoted to harness cadet.]
Application
Heads of EKUU - EKU*
1865: Colonel Russo Osip Gavrilovich.
1878-1885: Colonel Rynkevich Efim Efimovich (1846 - after 1896).
1885-1891: Major General Vladimir Viktorovich Sakharov (1853-1920).
1891-1896: Colonel Litvinov Alexander Ivanovich (1853-?).
1896: Major General Sukhotin Nikolai Nikolaevich 1847 - after 1917.
1896-1904: Colonel Samsonov Alexander Vasilievich (1859-1914).
1904-1905: Major General De Witt Lev Vladimirovich (1861 - after 1919).
1905-1907: Major General Moritz Alexander Arnoldovich (1861-1936).
1907-1910: Major General Novikov Alexander Vasilyevich (1864-after 1931).
1910-1914: Major General Peters Vladimir Nikolaevich (1864 - after 1919).
1914-1917: Major General Vladimir Grigorievich Lishin (1857-?).
1917: Major General Savelyev Viktor Zakharovich (1875-1943).
1918: Major General Gerngross Boris Vladimirovich (1878 - after 1939).
1919: Major General Prokhorov Sergei Dmitrievich (1870-1953).
Church of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School in honor of St. Archangel Michael
Elisavetgrad is a district town in the Kherson province, on the Ingula River, at the Elisavetgrad station of the South-Western Railway. dor. Trade city. 72 thousand population (Russians, Jews, Germans, etc.). Educational institutions: Cavalry school, men's gymnasium, women's state and two private gymnasiums, one women's pro-gymnasium, real school, religious school, commercial and city 6th grade. colleges and several parish schools. There are nine churches in the city; military - at the Cavalry School.
The cavalry school and its church are located in a majestic building (the former palace of Prince Potemkin-Tavrichesky). The school was founded in 1865. The church was built in 1904 using economic funds from the school, on the lower floor of the school. The throne is movable - in the name of St. Archangel Michael. This house church of the school was previously located in Kiev and was built in 1862 in the building of the former Kyiv Military School, which was later renamed its military gymnasium. With the transfer of the said pro-gymnasium from Kiev to Elisavetgrad in 1869, the iconostasis of this church and part of the utensils were transferred to the Kiev Military Cathedral, and the rest of the church supplies with temple icons were transferred along with the educational institution to Elisavetgrad. Upon the abolition of the military gymnasium and with the transfer of the building to the jurisdiction of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School, the church and church property were also transferred to this school. Initially, it was located on the third floor of the main building of the school, and in 1904, on September 19, with the permission of Protopresbyter Zhelobovsky and with the blessing of His Eminence Justin, Archbishop of Kherson and Odessa, it was moved to the lower floor. Accommodates 800 people. There are many artistic icons in the church.
Based on the decree of the Holy Synod, dated September 6, 1890, No. 3403, and in accordance with the order of the Main Headquarters of the Military Ministry, the church of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School was transferred from the Kherson Diocesan Department to the supervision of the protopresbyter of the military and naval clergy.
According to the staff of the church, there is one priest and a psalm-reader.