Types of phraseological units

The study of the entire set of phraseological units of the Russian language involves their classification according to a wide variety of criteria. V.V. Vinogradov proposed one of the most famous and widespread classifications in linguistics, based on varying degrees of idiomaticity (unmotivated) of the components in the phraseological unit.

There are three types of phraseological units.

1. Phraseological adhesions- stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is not derived from the meaning of their constituent components, i.e. is not motivated by them from the point of view current state vocabulary: to get into trouble, to be foolish, without hesitation, to eat a dog, out of nowhere, out of nowhere, no matter what, was not there, no matter what and under. We don’t know what a “prosak” is (that’s what a machine for weaving nets was called in the old days), we don’t understand the word thumbs up(wooden blanks for spoons, the production of which did not require skilled labor), we do not think about the meaning of outdated grammatical forms nothing (not at all), doubting (doubting). However, the holistic meaning of these phraseological units is clear to every Russian person. Thus, etymological analysis helps to clarify the motivation for the semantics of modern phraseological fusion. However, the roots of phraseological units sometimes go back to such distant times that linguists do not come to an unambiguous conclusion about their origin1.

Phraseological unions may include outdated words and grammatical forms: Just a joke (not a joke!), the boron cheese flared up (not raw!), which also contributes to the semantic indecomposability of turns.

2. Phraseological unities - stable combinations, the generalized holistic meaning of which is partly related to the semantics of their constituent components, used in a figurative meaning come to a dead end, hit the key, go with the flow, hold a stone in your bosom, take it into your own hands, bite your tongue. Such phraseological units may have “external homonyms,” i.e., phrases coinciding with them in composition and used in a direct (non-metaphorical) meaning: We had to to go with the flow rivers for five days. I was so thrown into a bump that I bit my tongue and suffered from pain.

1 See, for example, the differences in the interpretation of phraseology for a coward to celebrate by B. A Larin and N. A. Meshchersky in the book: Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. M., 1989. P. 18-19.

Unlike phraseological fusions, which have lost their figurative meaning in the language, phraseological unities are always perceived as metaphors or other tropes. So, among them we can distinguish stable comparisons (like a bath leaf, like on needles, like a cow licked its tongue, like a cow’s saddle), metaphorical epithets (tinned throat, iron grip), hyperboles (mountains of gold, a sea of ​​pleasure as far as the eye can see), litotes (like a poppy seed, grasping at a straw). There are also phraseological units that are periphrases, i.e. descriptive figurative expressions that replace one word: far away lands- "far", there are not enough stars in the sky- "close-minded" oblique fathoms in the shoulders- "mighty, strong."

Some phraseological units owe their expressiveness to the pun or joke that forms their basis: hole from a donut, from a sleeve vest, not himself, a week without a year, stabbed to death without a knife. The expressiveness of others is based on the play of antonyms: neither alive nor dead, neither give nor take, neither a candle to God nor a damn poker, more or less; on a collision of synonyms: from the frying pan into the fire, the mind has gone beyond the mind, pouring from empty to empty, around and around. Phraseological unities give speech special expressiveness and folk-colloquial coloring.

3. Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, the meaning of which is motivated by the semantics of their constituent components, one of which has a phraseologically related meaning: to lower one’s gaze (head) (there are no stable phrases in the language “to lower one’s hand”, “to lower one’s foot”). The verb to lower in the meaning “to lower” has a phraseologically related meaning and is not combined with other words. Another example: a sensitive issue (situation, position, circumstance). Adjective ticklish means “requiring great caution, tact,” but the possibilities of its compatibility are limited: it is impossible to say “ delicate proposal", "delicate decision" and so on.

The phraseologically related meaning of the components of such phraseological units is realized only in a strictly defined lexical environment. We are speaking the Velvet season but we won't say" velvet month", - "velvet autumn"; general epidemic, but not “endemic morbidity”, “endemic runny nose”; widespread arrests, but not "total rehabilitation", "total condemnation" etc.

Phraseological combinations often vary scowl brows - frown brows; affect feeling of pride - to hurt a feeling of pride; win victory- win top, be patient collapse- be patient fiasco (defeat); fear takes - anger (envy) takes, burn out of impatience- burn out out of shame etc.

In speech there are cases of contamination of the components of phraseological combinations: "plays a role" - "has a role"(instead of matters - plays a role), "take action" - "take steps"(instead of take action - take steps), "give importance"(from pay attention - give importance), "to render meaning"(from give attention - give importance). Such errors are associative in nature and are perceived as a sharp violation of the norm.

This classification of phraseological units is often supplemented by highlighting, following N. M. Shansky, the so-called phraseological expressions, which are also stable, but consist of words with free meanings, that is, they are distinguished by semantic division: Happy hours are not observed; To be or not to be; It's a fresh idea, but hard to believe. This group of phraseological units includes idioms, proverbs, sayings. In addition, many phraseological expressions have a fundamentally important syntactic feature: they are not phrases, but entire sentences.

The desire to separate phraseological expressions from phraseological units themselves encourages linguists to look for a more accurate name for them: sometimes they are called phraseological combinations, phraseological expressions. Clarifying the concept, sometimes it is proposed to include not all proverbs and sayings in combinations of this type, but only those that have acquired a generalized figurative metaphorical meaning and are perceived as units close to phraseological units themselves: man in a case, from the ship to the ball, after the rain on Thursday, finest hour and so on.

Thus, in identifying the fourth, last of the considered, groups of phraseological units, scientists have not achieved unity and certainty. The discrepancies are explained by the diversity and heterogeneity of the linguistic units themselves, which are traditionally included in phraseology.

Another classification of phraseological units is based on their general grammatical features. At the same time, the following typologies of phraseological units of the Russian language are proposed.

1. Typology based on grammatical similarity of component composition phraseological units. The following types are distinguished:

• 1) a combination of an adjective and a noun: cornerstone, enchanted circle, swan song;
• 2) a combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the genitive case: point of view, stumbling block, reins of power, bone of contention;
• 3) a combination of a noun in the nominative case with nouns in indirect cases with a preposition: blood and milk, soul to soul, the trick is in the bag;
• 4) a combination of the prepositional case form of a noun with an adjective: on a live thread, according to old memory, on a short leg;
• 5) a combination of a verb and a noun (with and without a preposition): take a glance, sow doubts, pick up, take hold of the mind, lead by the nose;
• 6) combination of a verb with an adverb: get into trouble, walk barefoot, see right through;
• 7) combination of a gerund and a noun: carelessly, reluctantly, headlong.

2. Typology based on correspondence syntactic functions phraseological units and parts of speech with which they can be replaced. The following types of phraseological units are distinguished:

• 1) nominal phraseological units: cornerstone, swan song. In a sentence they perform the functions of subject, predicate, and object; by the nature of connections with other words, in combination they can control any member and be controlled;
• 2) verbal phraseological units: lead by the nose, look around. In a sentence they act as a predicate; in combination with other words can agree, control and be controlled;
• 3) adjectival phraseological units: slanting fathoms in the shoulders, on one’s mind, blood and milk, on fish fur. They have the meaning of a qualitative characteristic and, like adjectives, appear in a sentence as a definition or a nominal part of the predicate;
• 4) adverbial, or adverbial, phraseological units: on a living thread, carelessly, reluctantly, face to face. They, like adverbs, characterize the quality of an action and play the role of circumstances in a sentence;
• 5) interjection phraseological units: break a leg!; hell no!; neither bottom nor tire!; V good hour! Like interjections, such phraseological units express will and feelings, acting as separate undivided sentences.

It is possible to systematize phraseological units according to other criteria. For example, from the point of view sound organization all phraseological units are divided into those ordered by their phonics and neutral. The first combine phraseological units with a pronounced rhythmic organization: neither a stake nor a yard, quieter than water below the grass, not a single crow; with rhyming elements: Fedot is not the same, naked as a falcon; with audio repeats(assonance and alliteration): little girl and little girl, keep your mouth shut, this way and that, here and there.

An interesting classification of phraseological units according to their origin. In this case, it is necessary to highlight the original Russian phraseology, which will include common Slavic phraseological units (goal like a falcon, neither fish nor fowl, take it to the quick), East Slavic (neither stake nor yard, under Tsar Pea, plant a pig), Russians themselves ( with gulkin's nose, with the whole world, put it on the back burner, in full Ivanovo, reel in the fishing rods, pull the gimp). The first have correspondences in the others Slavic languages, the second - only in Ukrainian and Belarusian, and the third are characteristic only of the Russian language.

A special group includes phraseological units borrowed from the Old Church Slavonic language: the forbidden fruit, the promised land, the fiend of hell, manna from heaven, a byword, daily bread, by the sweat of the brow, bone from bone, the voice of one crying in the wilderness, the Babylonian pandemonium. Their source was Christian books (Bible, Gospel), translated into Old Church Slavonic.

A significant part consists of phraseological units that came into the Russian language from ancient mythology: Achilles' heel, Gordian knot, Procrustean bed, sword of Damocles, Augean stables, Dragon's laws, tantalum's torments, between Scylla and Charybdis, wheel of fortune, gardens of Babylon. Most of these phraseological units are also known in other languages, so it is worth emphasizing the international nature of winged combinations, which have their roots in antiquity.

Many phraseological units were borrowed from European languages ​​at a later time. These are mainly famous quotes from world-famous works of art: To be or not to be(W. Shakespeare); Abandon hope, everyone who enters here.(A. Dante); storm in a teacup(C. Montesquieu), Princess on the Pea(G. H. Andersen). Some winged words are attributed to great scientists and thinkers: But still she spins(G. Galileo); All I know is that I don't know anything(Socrates); I think, therefore I exist(R. Descartes).

Some phraseological units are calques - a literal translation from the source language: blue stocking, time is money, kill time (fr. tuer le temps), Honeymoon(French: la lune de miel), break on the head (German: aufs Haupt schlagen), this is where the dog is buried (German: Da ist der Hund begraben).

Phraseological adhesions These are lexically indivisible phrases whose meaning is not determined by the meaning of the individual words they contain. For example, the meaning of the phrases to kick the bucket is “to mess around”, from the brink of floundering - “rashly”, sodom and gomorrah - “turmoil, noise”, carelessly - “carelessly”, of course - “certainly” and others are not motivated by the meaning of the components components, since, firstly, in the lexical system modern language there are no independently existing words with full meaning boobs, bays, floundering, sodom, gomorrah; secondly, the meaning of words beat, lower (later), sleeves, give, drink under the conditions of this phrase turns out to be lexically weakened, even devastated (cf.: the main meanings of beat - “to strike”, lower - “to move from top to bottom”, sleeves - “a piece of clothing covering the hand”; give - “to hand”, drink - “ absorb liquid").

Thus, the main feature of phraseological fusion is its lexical indivisibility, absolute semantic cohesion, in which the meaning of the whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meaning of its constituent words.

Semantically, the fusion in most cases turns out to be the equivalent of a word (“a kind of syntactically compound word,” in the terminology of Academician V.V. Vinogradov). For example: inside out- "vice versa", hand on heart- “frankly, sincerely”, out of hand - “bad”, coward (or coward) to celebrate- “to be afraid, to be wary”, etc.

The grammatical forms of the words that make up the phraseological unit can sometimes change. For example, in sentences Prokhor also invited Protasov: he is universally educated and has eaten the dog in mining(Shishk.) or: - As for fabrics, I’m not an expert in them; ask Queen Marya about them. The women ate the dog on that one(A.K.T.) - the relationship between the word ate and the subject of the action is preserved: he ate, they ate etc. However, on general meaning splices, such a change in grammatical forms has no effect.

In some splices, the grammatical forms of words and grammatical connections can no longer be explained or motivated from the point of view of the modern Russian language, i.e. they are perceived as a kind of grammatical archaism. For example: from young to old, on bare feet, in broad daylight, without hesitation(or hesitant), so-so, wherever it goes, on your own mind, to say a joke, to be amazed etc. Outdated grammatical forms of words (and sometimes the word as a whole) and unmotivated syntactic connections only support the lexical indivisibility of the phrase, its semantic unity.

Syntactically, phraseological fusions act as a single member of a sentence. For example, in the sentence He reproached me all the way for the fact that we... do nothing, work carelessly(S. Antonov) the highlighted phraseological fusion performs the function of an adverbial manner of action. In a sentence With your speech confuses you(Vyazemsky) fusion is a predicate.

Note. Phraseological combinations are otherwise called idioms (Greek idiōma - an indecomposable phrase peculiar only to a given language, from Greek idios - peculiar).

Phraseological combinations These are called stable phrases, the overall meaning of which completely depends on the meaning of the constituent words. Words as part of a phraseological combination retain relative semantic independence, but are not free and manifest their meaning only in combination with a certain, closed circle of words, for example: the word tearfully is combined only with words ask, beg. Consequently, one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be more stable and even constant, the other - variable. The presence of constant and variable members in combination significantly distinguishes them from adhesions and unities. The meaning of constant members (components) is phraseologically related. For example, in combinations burn with shame and melancholy takes constant will burn out and takes, since these words will turn out to be the main (core) elements in other phraseological combinations: to burn - from shame, from disgrace, from disgrace; burn - from love; burn out - from impatience, envy; takes - melancholy, meditation; takes - annoyance, anger; takes - fear, horror; takes - envy; beret - hunting; takes - laughter. The use of other components is impossible (cf.: “burn with joy”, “takes a smile”), this is due to the existing semantic relationships within the language system. The meanings of such words are phraseologically related in the system of these phrases (see § 2), i.e. are implemented only with a certain range of words.

Phraseological combinations differ from phraseological adhesions and unities in that they are not absolutely lexically indivisible. Despite the phraseological closedness of phrases of this type, even lexically non-free components can be replaced by a synonym without prejudice to the general phraseological meaning (cf.: lower your head - lower your head; sit in a puddle - sit in a galosh; frown - frown etc.). This creates favorable conditions for the emergence of variants of phraseological unities, and often synonyms.

The syntactic connections of words in similar phrases correspond to existing standards, according to which free phrases are created. However, unlike the latter, these connections are stable, indecomposable and are always reproduced in the same form, semantically inherent in a particular phraseological unit.

Trishkin's caftan, a man in a case, from a ship to a ball, an idealistic crucian carp, etc. The same can be said about proverbs that have lost their edifying part, for example: hunger is not an aunt (the continuation has already been forgotten - won't slip the pie), dog in the manger (second part omitted: she doesn’t eat and doesn’t give it to others) etc. Most sayings are included in different groups phraseological turns.

Of the complex terms, phraseological expressions include those that have acquired a new meaning, for example: absolute zero - about the low importance of a person, etc.

Phraseology is a branch of the science of language that studies stable combinations of words. Phraseologism is a stable combination of words, or a stable expression. Used to name objects, signs, actions. It is an expression that arose once, became popular and became entrenched in people's speech. The expression is endowed with imagery and may have a figurative meaning. Over time, an expression can take on a broad meaning in everyday life, partially including the original meaning or completely excluding it.

The phraseological unit as a whole has lexical meaning. The words included in a phraseological unit individually do not convey the meaning of the entire expression. Phraseologisms can be synonymous (at the end of the world, where the raven did not bring bones) and antonymous (raise to heaven - trample into the dirt). A phraseological unit in a sentence is one member of the sentence. Phraseologisms reflect a person and his activities: work (golden hands, playing the fool), relationships in society (bosom friend, putting a spoke in the wheels), personal qualities (turning up his nose, sour face), etc. Phraseologisms make a statement expressive and create imagery. Set expressions are used in works of art, in journalism, in everyday speech. Set expressions are also called idioms. There are many idioms in other languages ​​- English, Japanese, Chinese, French.

To clearly see the use of phraseological units, refer to their list or on the page below.

Phraseologism

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Phraseologism (phraseological turn, phraseme) - a phrase or sentence that is stable in composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in meaning, performing the function of a separate lexeme (dictionary unit). Often a phraseological unit remains the property of only one language; the exception is the so-called phraseological tracing paper. Phraseological units are described in special phraseological dictionaries.

A phraseological unit is used as a whole that is not subject to further decomposition and usually does not allow rearrangement of its parts within itself. The semantic cohesion of phraseological units can vary within fairly wide limits: from the non-deducibility of the meaning of a phraseological unit from its constituent words in phraseological conjunctions ( idioms) to phraseological combinations with meaning arising from the meanings that make up the combination. Transforming a phrase into a stable phraseological unit is called lexicalization.

The concept of phraseological units (fr. unité phraséologique) as a stable phrase, the meaning of which cannot be derived from the meanings of its constituent words, was first formulated by the Swiss linguist Charles Bally in his work Precis de stylistique, where he contrasted them with another type of phrases - phraseological groups (fr. series phraséologiques) with a variable combination of components. Subsequently, V.V. Vinogradov identified three main types of phraseological units: phraseological adjuncts(idioms), phraseological unities And phraseological combinations. N. M. Shansky also identifies an additional type - phraseological expressions.

Different scientists interpret the concept of a phraseological unit and its properties in different ways, however, the properties of a phraseological unit most consistently identified by various scientists are

• reproducibility,
• sustainability,
• superverbal (separately formed).
• belonging to the nominative inventory of the language.

Phraseological adjunctions (idioms)

Phraseological fusion, or idiom (from Greek. ἴδιος “own, characteristic”) is a semantically indivisible phrase, the meaning of which is completely indeducible from the meanings of its constituent components. For example, sodom and gomorrah- "turmoil, noise."

Often, the grammatical forms and meanings of idioms are not determined by the norms and realities of the modern language, that is, such fusions are lexical and grammatical archaisms. For example, idioms kick your ass- “to mess around” (in the original meaning - “to split logs into blanks for making household wooden objects”) and carelessly- “carelessly” reflect the realities of the past that are absent in the present (in the past they were characterized by metaphor). In unions from small to large, without hesitation archaic grammatical forms are preserved.

Phraseological unities

Phraseological unity is a stable turnover, each of its words is used in a literal and parallel figurative meaning. The figurative meaning constitutes the content of phraseological unity. Phraseological unity is a trope with a metaphorical meaning. For example, “go with the flow”, “cast a fishing rod”, “reel in a fishing rod”, fall for the bait”, “get caught in the net”. Phraseological unity includes all expressions of all the sacred scriptures of the world. Since the absolute Most people perceive the direct meaning of expressions, then they do not understand the ideas of the sacred scriptures. For example, “Pigs love to bathe in mud.” This expression is a statement of an observable sensory fact - the truth of science. However, as in all scriptures world, this expression in its content does not have a rational thought, but an irrational idea. Rational thought is based on the perception of feelings, and irrational idea draws knowledge from the spirit. An irrational idea is a pure idea. It is cleared of information from sensory perception. Ideas of phraseological unities are inaccessible to information from sensory perception. This is what the main problem understanding - hermeneutics. Unlike idioms, unities are motivated by the realities of modern language and can allow the insertion of other words between their parts in speech: for example, bring (oneself, him, someone) to a white heat, to pour water into the mill (of something or someone) And pour water into (one's own, someone else's, etc.) mill. Examples: reach a dead end, be in full swing, to go with the flow, keep a stone in your bosom, lead by the nose.

Phraseological combinations

A phraseological combination (collocation) is a stable phrase that includes words with both a free meaning and those with a phraseologically related, non-free meaning (used only in this combination). Phraseological combinations are stable phrases, but their holistic meaning follows from the meanings of the individual words that make them up.

Unlike phraseological adhesions and unities, combinations are semantically divisible - their composition allows limited synonymous substitution or replacement of individual words, while one of the members of the phraseological combination turns out to be constant, while the others are variable: for example, in phrases burn with love, hatred, shame, impatience word burn out is a constant member with a phraseologically related meaning.

A limited range of words, determined by semantic relationships within the language system, can be used as variable members of a combination: for example, a phraseological combination burn with passion is a hypernym in relation to combinations like burn from..., and due to varying the variable part, the formation of synonymous series is possible burn with shame, disgrace, disgrace, burn with jealousy, thirst for revenge.

Phraseological expressions

Phraseological expressions - stable in their composition and use phraseological units, which are not only semantically distinct, but also consist entirely of words with a free nominative meaning. Their only feature is reproducibility: they are used as ready-made speech units with a constant lexical composition and certain semantics.

Often a phraseological expression is a complete sentence with a statement, edification or conclusion. Examples of such phraseological expressions are proverbs and aphorisms. If there is no edification in a phraseological expression or there are elements of understatement, then it is a proverb or a catchphrase. Another source of phraseological expressions is professional speech. The category of phraseological expressions also includes speech cliches - stable formulas like best wishes, see you again and so on.

Many linguists do not classify phraseological expressions as phraseological units, since they lack the basic features of phraseological units. no suggestions for example

Melchuk's classification

1. The linguistic unit affected by phraseologization:
   • lexeme ( shepherd with the suffix - duh),
   • phrase ( inflated authority, English red herring),
   • syntactic phraseme (sentence options differing in prosody: You I have you read this book And You are in my house read it this book).
2. Participation of pragmatic factors in the process of phraseologization:
   • pragmathemes associated with the extra-linguistic situation ( best before date, English best before),
   • semantic phrasemes ( throw off the hooves).
3. Component of a linguistic sign subject to phraseologization:
   • signified ( kick your ass),
   • meaning (supplemental units in morphology: person people),
   • syntactics of the sign itself (eng. He sort of laughed).
4. Degree of phraseologization:
   • complete phrasemes (=idioms) (English) kick the bucket),
   • semiphrases (=collocations) (English) land a job),
   • quasi-phrases (English) ham and eggs).

In general, as a result of such a calculation, Melchuk identifies 3×2×3×3=54 types of phrasemes.

see also

• Semantic classification of phraseological units of the English language

Notes

Literature

• Amosova N. N. Fundamentals of English phraseology. - L., 1963
• Arsentyeva E. F. Phraseology and phraseography in a comparative aspect (based on the material of the Russian and English languages). - Kazan, 2006
• Valgina N. S., Rosenthal D. E., Fomina M. I. Modern Russian language. 6th ed. - M.: “Logos”, 2002
• Kunin A.V. Course of phraseology of modern English. - 2nd ed., revised. - M., 1996
• Mokienko V. M. Slavic phraseology. 2nd ed., Spanish and additional - M., 1989
• Telia V.N. Russian phraseology: Semantic, pragmatic and linguocultural aspects. - M., 1996
• Baranov A.N., Dobrovolsky D.O. Aspects of the theory of phraseology / A.N. Baranov, D.O. Dobrovolsky. – M.: Znak, 2008. – 656 p.
• Vereshchagin E.M., Kostomarov V.G. Language and culture. Three linguistic and cultural concepts: lexical background, speech-behavioral tactics and sapientema / E.M. Vereshchagin, V.G. Kostomarov; under. ed. Yu.S. Stepanova. – M.: Indrik, 2005. – 1040 p.
• Vinogradov V.V. Phraseology. Semasiology //Lexicology and lexicography. Selected works. – M.: Nauka, 1977. – 118-161 p.
• Shansky N.M. Phraseology of the modern Russian language / N.M. Shansky. – 3rd ed., rev. and additional – M., 1985. – 160 p.

Links

• Phraseologisms (idioms) in the English language. Archived (English) . Archived from the original on November 27, 2012. (Russian) . Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Michelson's large explanatory and phraseological dictionary. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Dictionary of phraseological units and set expressions. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Wiki dictionary of phraseological units. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Dictionary of phraseological units of the Russian language. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.
• Dictionary of phraseological units with illustrations. Archived from the original on November 27, 2012.

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Synonyms:

Phraseologisms are already difficult in themselves: in addition to them characteristic features, we need to remember them meaning, which, by the way, is not always “derived” from the meanings of the component words. It is by the “confluence” of meanings that phraseological units are divided into phraseological fusions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations And phraseological expressions.

Phraseological adhesions, or idioms, - these are lexical indivisible phrases, the meaning of which is not determined by the meaning of the individual words included below.Phraseological adhesions, Thus, they are a striking example of the maximum “cohesion” of the components of a phraseological unit. As the most characteristic signs of adhesions, we note the following: lexical indivisibility, semantic cohesion, one member of a sentence. In general, phraseological fusions most clearly demonstrate the concept of “phraseologism”.

Perfectly illustrates the category of phraseological fusions phraseological unit "beat the buck". Beat your head- Means, idle, spend time idle. This expression is clear to everyone, but its “literal” meaning has little connection with the “ultimate” meaning: thumbs up called logs, respectively, kick the bucket - cut logs, process them in a special way(it was from this wood that spoons were later made). In other words, kicking the bucket was not such an easy task. As we can see, the meaning of the entire expression is not derived from the meaning of its individual components, hence – voila! - really before us phraseological fusion.

Among other examples of idioms, we note the most significant units for us:

from the bay, floundering, Sodom and Gomorrah, topsy-turvy, hand on heart, out of hand, a coward to celebrate, from young to old, on bare feet, Wednesdayin broad daylight, without hesitation, so-so, wherever it goes, on your own mind, say a joke, marvel and etc.

Phraseological unities- This lexically indivisible phrases, the general meaning of which is to some extent already motivated figurative meaning words that make up this phrase. Distinctive features phraseological units are the ability to “understand” meaning both directly and figuratively, and possibility of insertionbetween components of phraseological units of other words.

Consider the expression "pour grist to the mill", What means " to indirectly help someone by one's actions or behavior" This expression “gets along” well with direct value (i.e. literally grist for the mill– on a water mill, which rotates under the influence of the force of water), and with the value portable, with which we are already familiar. In addition, this expression is often found with inserts of pronouns and adjectives: pour water on St. oh mill, pour water on mine mill, pour water on his mill, pour water on someone else's mill and under.

Vivid examples of phraseological unities are the expressions: splurge, keep a stone in your bosom, go with the flow, go into your shell, suck blood and milk out of your finger; first violin, freezing point, inclined plane, center of gravity, specific gravity and etc.

Phraseological combinations- This stable revolutions, the value of which depends entirely on the value of their constituent components. In other words, such phraseological units retain relative semantic independence , showing its significance in extremely closed circle of words . As a rule, in such phraseological units we can distinguish permanent member, which does not change, is a kind of basis for expression, and variable term, i.e. capable of change, vary. For example, the expression "tearful to ask" might look like "tearfully beg" etc. This means that “tearfully” is a constant component, and “beg”, “ask” and other interpretations are variable components. Likewise: burn out Can from shame, from disgrace, from disgrace, from love, impatience, envy and etc.; take Maybe melancholy, meditation, annoyance, anger, fear, horror, envy, hunting, laughter etc. Despite the variety of options for the variable component, phraseological combinations require only a certain set of words - quite closed: for example, you cannot say “ takes on loneliness" or " takes the disease" As a rule, such expressions are “friends” with their synonyms: touch a sense of honor = hurt a sense of honor.

Phraseological expressions- This combinations of words that are reproduced as ready-made speech units. The lexical composition and meaning of such phraseological units is constant. The meaning of phraseological expressions depends on the meaning of the words included in their meaning. becoming Traditionally, phraseological units of this type do not contain words with limited meaning. Also in phraseological expressions replacement of components is not possible. Phraseological expressions include proverbs, sayings, quotes, sayings, which acquired features of generalization, figurative typification, those. turned into metaphors.

These are lexical units known to many: if the enemy does not surrender, he is destroyed; you need to eat to live, not live to eat; the dog barks - the wind blows; a rolling stone gathers no moss; like a dog in the manger: it doesn’t eat itself and won’t give it to the cattle; you can't see the forest for the trees; that's where the dog is buried; man in a case; Trishkin caftan; wise minnow; and the casket simply opened; to be or not to be: that is the question; No matter how you feed the wolf, the forest is still watching and etc.

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