is a syntactic unit containing a thought and consisting of one or more words. Using a sentence, you can express thoughts and feelings, an order, a request, etc. For example: Morning. The sun rises from the horizon. Open the window! What a wonderful morning!

The offer is minimum unit of utterance . In sentences, words are interconnected by syntactic connections. Therefore, sentences can be defined as chains of syntactically related words . Thanks to this, even in a text without punctuation marks (for example, in monuments of ancient Russian writing), you can guess where one sentence ends and another begins.

Distinctive features of the offer:

1. A sentence is a statement about something in the form of a message, a question or an incentive.
2. The sentence is the basic unit of communication.
3. The sentence has intonation and semantic completeness.
4. The sentence has a certain structure (structure). Its core is the grammatical basis.
5. The sentence has lexical and grammatical meaning.

Lexical meaning sentences are its specific content. The winter turned out to be snowy and frosty.

Grammatical meaning proposals are general meaning sentences of the same structure, abstracted from their specific content. She went on an excursion (face and its action). The travelers are cold and tired (face and its condition).

In meaning and intonation there are offers narrative (contain a message), interrogative(contain a question) exclamation marks (pronounced with strong feeling, with exclamation), incentive(encourage action), for example: Golden Moscow is the best. Do you find it funny? And what stars! Raise your sword higher! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the presence of minor members both one-part and two-part sentences can be undistributed (no minor members) and common (minor members yes), for example: I'm dozing (simple two-part unextended sentence). The ice has grown in lumps on the glass (simple two-part common sentence).

By the presence or partial absence of members of the sentence proposals may be complete and incomplete , For example: In the cold hall the Christmas tree mysteriously sleeps a (full sentence). Glass - penny (incomplete sentence, predicate released costs ). (According to I. Shmelev)

Grammatical (predicative) basis of a sentence

Offers have grammatical basis consisting of a subject and a predicate or one of them. For example: Freezing. White beauty birch. I'm scared. There is a rainbow over Moscow. (According to I. Shmelev)

The grammatical basis may include both both main members proposals and one of them- subject or predicate. The stars fade and go out. Night. It's freezing. (I. Nikitin)

According to the structure of the grammatical basis simple sentences are divided into two-part (with two main terms) and one-piece (with one main member): The pipes are rattling in the hallway. It smells like polished floors, mastic, and a Christmas tree. It's frosty! (According to I. Shmelev)

By the number of grammatical bases offers are divided into simple(one grammatical stem) and complex(two or more stems related to each other in meaning, intonation and using lexical means). For example: Our Christmas is coming from afar (simple sentence). The priests are singing under the icon, and the huge deacon screams so terribly that my chest trembles (complex sentence). (According to I. Shmelev)

Subject and predicate

Subject- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the predicate and answers questions in the nominative case Who? or What?

Ways to express the subject:

1. A noun in the nominative case or another part of speech used in the meaning of a noun. Meanwhile sky(noun) continued to clear. Our fallen(prior) - like sentries.
2. The pronoun is in the nominative case. You you bloom alone, and I won’t be able to return these golden dreams, this deep faith (A. Blok).
3. Infinitive. Work it was not difficult, and most importantly, it was fun (P. Pavlenko).
4. Phraseologisms. Skillful fingers visited this master (P. Bazhov).
5. Indivisible phrase. My friend and I We left before sunrise (M. Sholokhov).

Predicate- the main member of the sentence, which is associated with the subject and answers questions what does the item do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he?Dissuaded golden grove (S. Yesenin).

An educated person is distinguished, first of all, by his ability to competently express his thoughts both orally and on paper. In order to follow the rules of punctuation, you need to know everything about the main parts of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence (aka predicative) consists of the main members of the sentence, which are subject And predicate . Usually the subject is written out and highlighted with one line, and the predicate with two.

The article answers the most important questions:

1. How to find the grammatical basis of a sentence?
2. Which parts of a sentence form its grammatical basis?
3. What does the grammatical basis consist of?

The subject is a word that indicates the subject to which the predicate refers. For example: The sun came out from behind the mountains. The sun is the subject expressed by a noun. A wide variety of parts of speech can act as the subject.

The subject can be expressed not only in single words, but also in phrases.

• A combination of a noun in the nominative case with a noun in the instrumental case. For example: Katya and Arina love to do figure skating.
• A pronoun, as well as a numeral and an adjective in superlatives.For example: The bravest came forward.
• A pronoun or noun in the nominative case combined with a participle or adjective. For example: Someone bad tore up her album with drawings.
• A combination of a numeral in the nominative case and a noun used in the genitive case. For example: Seven guys went out into the yard.

I wonder what the subjects can may even be a phraseological unit.

Predicate

The predicate is connected with the subject and answers questions such as “what does the object do?”, “what happens to it?”, “what is it like?” The predicate in a sentence can be expressed through several parts of speech:

Compound predicates

The predicate often consists of several words. Such predicates are called compound. Compound predicates can be verbal or nominal.

Composite verbal predicates are expressed in the following ways:

Compound nominal predicate may consist of:

• Linking verbs to be and short adjectives. For example: Today Margarita was especially beautiful.
• Verbs become, appear, be considered and other semi-nominal verbs combined with a noun. He finally became a doctor!
• Verbs that mean the state of an object. Marina works as a teacher.
• Verb combined with adjective in different forms.His dog was more beautiful others.

In a two-part sentence, both main members are present. However, there are also sentences in which only one main member is used. They are called one-component.

The subject of one-part sentences is most often a noun in the nominative case.

It can be expressed by means of a verb in its different forms.

In one-piece definitely personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed by a verb in the first/second person, singular/plural and present/future tense in the indicative mood or by a verb in the imperative mood. Today I'm going for a walk. Don't touch a dirty dog!

In a single-component indefinite-personal predicate, the verb is in the third person and plural, present, future or past tense in the indicative mood. Also, the predicate can be expressed by a verb in the imperative or conditional mood. There's a knock on the door! Let him call Aunt Dasha. If I had been informed earlier, I would not have been late.

IN generalized-personal In a sentence, the predicate is expressed either by a verb in the second person singular or plural, or by a verb in the third person and plural. This is how they now talk to visitors.

In one-piece impersonal The predicate is a verb in the third person singular and present or future tense. The predicate can also be a neuter verb in the past tense or conditional mood. I feel sick. It was getting dark.

It is important to remember that the number of grammatical stems in a sentence is not limited. How to determine the grammatical basis of a complex sentence? The grammatical basis of a complex sentence is as easy to determine as the stem simple sentence. The only difference is their quantity.

The grammatical basis of the sentence. The concept of the main members of a sentence

The grammatical basis of a sentence consists of a subject and a predicate.

The grammatical basis expresses the grammatical meanings of a sentence. They are associated with the meanings of moods and tense of the predicate verb.

The troops are moving to the front.

(The action actually happens and takes place in the present tense).

Yesterday he came to see us.

(The action actually happened, but in the past tense).

You should talk to your mother, Ivan!

(The action is not realized in reality, but is desired by the speaker).

The subject and predicate are called the main members of a sentence because all the minor members in a sentence directly or indirectly extend them.

Let us show the dependence of the minor terms on the main ones in the following diagram:

The astonished Varenukha silently handed him an urgent telegram.

Subject as a member of a sentence. Subject expression forms

The subject is the main member of the sentence, which denotes the subject of speech and answers the questions of the nominative case who? or what?

The subject in Russian can be expressed in different ways, sometimes in “unusual” forms. The following table will help you correctly determine the subject.

Basic ways of expressing the subject.

Part of speech in subject position
Noun in i. P.	Language reflects the soul of the people.
Pronoun in i. P.	He left. Who was there? This is right. This is my brother (for questions: who is this?) The house, which was barely standing, belonged to a forester. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) The sparks that flew from the fire seemed white. (Here, pay attention to the subject of the subordinate clause.) Someone has come. Everyone fell asleep.
Infinitive	Being honest is half the battle. To understand means to sympathize. Smoking is harmful to health.
Combination of words (one of which is in i.p.)	He and I visited there often. Two clouds float across the sky.
A combination of words without and. P.	About an hour passed.

Predicate as a member of a sentence. Types of predicate

The predicate is the main member of a sentence, which is connected with the subject by a special connection and has a meaning expressed in the questions what does the subject of speech do? what's happening to him? what is he like? what is he? who is he? and etc.

The predicate in Russian can be simple or compound. A simple (simple verbal) predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

Compound predicates are expressed in several words, one of them serves to connect with the subject, and falls on the others semantic load. In other words, in compound predicates the lexical and grammatical meanings are expressed in different words.

(Verb was Colonel

(Verb started serves to connect with the subject, to the word work the semantic load of the predicate decreases.)

Among compound predicates, a distinction is made between compound verbal and compound nominal predicates.

Learn more about predicate types. Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate is expressed by one verb in the form of some mood.

It can be expressed by the following verb forms:

Present and past tense forms of the verb.
Future tense form of the verb.
Forms of the conditional and imperative mood of the verb.

We emphasize that in the case of you will be expected tomorrow, the simple verbal predicate is expressed by the compound form of the future tense of the verb to wait.

Compound verb predicate

A compound verbal predicate consists of two components - an auxiliary verb, which serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and an indefinite form of the verb, which expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here I started - this is auxiliary, and gnaw is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

(Here I don’t want is an auxiliary verb, and to offend is an indefinite form of a verb that carries a semantic load.)

The role of an auxiliary verb can be a combination of some short adjectives (must, glad, ready, obligated, etc.) and an auxiliary verb-linking be in the form of one of the moods (in the present tense this linking is omitted).

(here the copula will be omitted).

So, let’s imagine the structure of a compound verbal predicate with the formula:

CONDITION VERB SKAZ. = AUXILIARY VERB + UNDEFINED FORM

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate consists of two components: a copular verb that serves to connect with the subject and expresses the grammatical meaning of the predicate, and a nominal part that expresses its main lexical meaning and carries the main semantic load.

(Here the copular verb becomes, and the nominal part is expressed by the adjective viscous.)

(Here the copular verb will be, and the nominal part of the predicate is expressed by the noun handball player.)

Let us imagine the structure of a compound nominal predicate with the formula:

CONDITION NAME SKAZ. = CONNECTION. VERB + NAME PART

The nominal part of a compound nominal predicate is expressed by the following parts of speech: noun, adjective (full and short, various forms of degrees of comparison), participle (full and short), numeral, pronoun, adverb, word of the state category, verb in the indefinite form.

In the Russian language, at least four main types of one-part sentences can be distinguished.

Basic types of two-part sentences

Form of expression of subject and predicate	Examples
The subject is expressed by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a specific form of the verb.
The subject is expressed by a noun or pronoun in the nominative case, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental.
Subject expressed indefinite form verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate is also an indefinite form of the verb. Particles are possible between the subject and the predicate, this means.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by an adverb.
The subject is expressed by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it, the predicate - by a noun in the nominative case or a phrase based on it. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears and the case of the predicate changes to instrumental.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by the indefinite form of the verb or a phrase based on it. A linking verb appears in the past and future tenses.
The subject is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, the predicate - by an adjective or participle (full or short) in the nominative case. In the past and future tenses, a linking verb appears in the predicate.

Knowing the main types of two-part sentences, it is easier to find grammatical basics in them.

Basic types of one-part sentences

	Typical form and meaning
Nominative (nominal) sentences	These are sentences where the main member is expressed by a noun or a pronoun-noun in the form of the nominative case. This main member is considered the subject and indicates that there is no predicate in the nominative sentence. Nominative sentences usually report that some phenomenon or object exists (are) in the present.	Large area in the city. Here's a bench.
Definitely personal proposals	The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 1st or 2nd person form. The ending of the verb in these cases clearly indicates the person and number of the pronoun (I, we, you, you). There is no need to use these pronouns as subjects.
Vaguely personal proposals	The predicate is expressed by a verb in the 3rd person form plural(in present and future tense) or in plural form (in past tense). In such sentences, the action itself is important, and the doer is either unknown or unimportant to the speaker, so there is no subject in them.
Impersonal offers	These are sentences in which there is not and cannot be a subject, since they denote actions and states that are thought to occur “by themselves,” without the participation of an active agent. According to their form, these sentences are divided into two types: with a verbal predicate and with a predicate - a word of the state category. The verbal predicate can be expressed by a verb in the 3rd person singular form (in the present and future tense) or in the neuter singular form (in the past tense). This role is usually played by impersonal verbs or verbs in impersonal use. The verb predicate can also be expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.	To avoid freezing, she captured jacket
	In addition, the predicate in an impersonal sentence can be the word No.	The owners are not at home.

Secondary members of the sentence: definition, addition, circumstance

All members of the sentence, except the main ones, are called secondary.

The secondary members of the sentence are not included in the grammatical basis, but extend (explain) it. They can also explain other minor members.

Let's demonstrate this with a diagram:

According to their meaning and role in the sentence, minor members are divided into definition, addition and circumstance. These syntactic roles are recognized by questions.

Appreciated (to what extent?) high- circumstance.

Appreciated (what?) canvases- addition.

Canvases (whose?) his- definition.

Supplement as part of a sentence. Types of add-ons

A complement is a minor member of a sentence that answers questions of indirect cases (i.e., all except the nominative) and denotes the subject. The object usually extends the predicate, although it can also extend other members of the sentence.

I enjoy reading (what?) magazines. (Here the addition logs extends the predicate.)

Reading (what?) magazines is a fascinating activity. (Here the journals complement extends the subject.)

Objects are most often expressed by nouns (or words in the function of nouns) and pronouns, but can also be represented by an indefinite form of a verb and complete phrases.

During the campaign he shaved with (what?) a bayonet. (Here the complement bayonet is expressed by a noun.)

This is understandable only to connoisseurs of (what?) beauty. (Here the complement of beauty is expressed by an adjective in the role of a noun.)

And I will ask you (about what?) to stay. (Here the complement to remain is expressed by the infinitive form of the verb.)

He read (what?) a lot of books. (Here the addition of many books is expressed by a combination that is integral in meaning.)

Additions can be direct or indirect.

Direct objects belong to transitive verbs and denote the object to which the action is directly directed. Direct objects are expressed in the accusative case without a preposition.

I don’t know when I’ll see my relatives now (v.p.).

These furnaces used to melt steel (v.p.).

All other additions are called indirect.

Play the piano (p.p.).

I put the bread on the table (v.p. with a preposition).

I was forbidden to worry (expressed in the infinitive form of the verb).

Task formulation:

Indicate the number of grammatical bases in sentence 51. Write the answer in numbers:
(51) Anna Fedotovna closed her blind eyes and listened intently, but her soul was silent, and her son’s voice no longer sounded in her.

Correct answer: 3

A comment: 1st basis - Anna Fedotovna closed her eyes and listened; 2nd - the soul was silent; 3rd - the voice did not sound.

Task 11 related to task 8OGE in Russian, in which you need to write out the grammatical basis. Therefore, you should first repeat (Link will open in a new window). Considering the specifics of task 11, your main task is to count the number of stems in a sentence. Therefore, in this article we will consider the theoretical material in more detail.

What you need to know:

Subject

SUBJECT- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an object, the action or attribute of which is expressed by the predicate, and answering the questions “who?”, “what?”. You can ask a question that will help you in any situation: “Who (or what) is doing the action?” When parsing a sentence, the subject is emphasized by one line.

Most often, the subject is expressed by a noun or personal pronoun in the nominative case (I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they).

Example: The book was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - book. She was lying on the table. In this sentence the subject is - she.

The subject can be:

1. any part of speech used in the meaning of a noun: Smart won't go uphill smart will go around the mountain(adjective meaning noun). Asleep didn't notice that the train had left for the depot (participle as a noun) They walked towards him three (numeral).

2. infinitive form of the verb: Observe for the birds - favorite hobby our cat.

3. pronouns of other categories (relative-interrogative, attributive, demonstrative) in the nominative case: Who feed the cat? You can't help but love a cat which lives in our house.

Subject expressed by phrase

The subject can be expressed as integral in meaning phrase:

1. proper name: At first sight Maria Sergeevna he didn't like it, Black Sea Wonderful;

2. a stable combination of words: Ugly duck was actually a swan. Railway goes along the shore of the Black Sea;

3. phraseological unit: Disservice in the form of a cheat sheet planted by a friend, prevented him from passing the exam the first time;

4. combination of a numeral with a noun in the genitive case:Sitting on the bench three old men ;

5. a combination of a noun that has a quantitative meaning (most, row, part, etc.) with a noun in the genitive case: Part of the class went on an excursion;

6. a combination of an adjective, numeral or pronoun in the nominative case and a noun in the genitive case with a preposition from: Each of us wanted to become an excellent student;

7. combination of an indefinite pronoun with an adjective: Each of us has something special;

8. a combination of a noun or pronoun in the form of the nominative case with a noun or pronoun in the form of the instrumental case with the preposition with: Tamara and I We go as a couple. (A. Barto)

In all these cases, the subject is the entire phrase, and not individual words in its composition.

Note

1. It is necessary to distinguish nouns in the accusative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “What?” and are dependent words, acting as complements in a sentence) from nouns in the nominative case (they answer the questions “who?”, “what?” and act as the subject).

Example: The wind shakes the ear. In this sentence, two words answer the question “what?”: wind and ear. But only the word wind is the subject, because it correlates with the predicate, therefore, it is in the nominative case. And the word ear is an addition. All new interested in young people. The subject here is “everything new,” since its action is interesting. And the word youth is an addition.

2. There are sentences that have no subject. These are two-part incomplete or one-part sentences.

Example: It blew from somewhere. To me gave the opportunity fix the two.

Predicate

PREDICATE- this is the main member of the sentence, denoting an action or attribute of the subject and answering the questions “what does it do?” or “what uhIs that what it is?” When parsing a sentence, the predicate is emphasized by two features.

Example: The guys emphasized the predicate with two features

At school, three types of predicates are studied: simple verb, compound verb, compound nominal.

Simple verb predicate

A simple verbal predicate can be expressed:

1. With one verb in the form of the indicative, imperative or conditional mood: Masha does his homework. Masha doesn't do her homework (negative particle Not is always part of the predicate). Masha will do her homework. (will do is a compound form of the future tense of the verb do.) Do your homework! Let him do his homework (let him do his homework) imperative mood, formed with the help of a particle, albeit shaped 3 l. unit of the verb). Masha would do her homework if she felt well (would do - this is a form of the verb in the conditional mood).

2. A stable combination of verb character: The student came to the conclusion (= understood) that the predicate consists of several words. I I will take part(= will participate) in testing.

3. Phraseologism (in such cases, the predicate is the entire phraseological unit as a whole, and not individual words included in the phraseological unit) : Enough of the bullshit! (= to idle). Rivals often put a spoke in each other's wheels (= get in the way).

Compound verb predicate

A compound verb predicate can consist of:

1. An auxiliary verb denoting the beginning, continuation or end of an action, and an indefinite form of the verb: Wind continued to howl. I started studying literary theory.

2. An auxiliary verb denoting the desire, opportunity, ability or intention to perform an action, and the indefinite form of the verb:Mom wants to go to the sea.

3. Short form of the adjective (glad, must, obliged, ready, etc.) and indefinite form of the verb : Everyone should study well. Children able to rejoice life. I was glad to help you.

4. Stable combination and indefinite verb form A:I didn't feel like going for a walk down the street in such cold weather.

5. Predicative adverbs: it is possible, it is impossible, it is necessary, it is necessary, it is necessary and the indefinite form of the verb: I need to finish the job. You can't help but think about future. Sometimes need to think not only about myself. It was necessary to tell about this right away.

Note

A compound verb predicate always contains an infinitive form of the verb. At the same time, the indefinite form of the verb is not always part of the predicate.

Etc imer:
- Vasya began to sing.
- Petya asked Vasya

sing more quietly.
In the first sentence, sing is part of a compound verbal predicate, and in the second it is an addition (asked for what?).
I want to rest. She sat down (for what purpose?) to rest

Compound nominal predicate

A compound nominal predicate can consist of:

1. Linking verbs and nouns, adjectives, participles, adverbs, pronouns, etc.: The sky was gloomy. Outside the window it was getting dark. Sun on the horizon seemed huge. Sea it was blue.

2. Noun, adjective, participle, adverb, pronoun, etc. and zero connective: He doctor (he is a doctor). Mom is an engineer (mother is an engineer). Walking in the fresh air is useful (is useful). Although the predicate in these examples consists of one word, it is still called a compound noun.

Complicated compound nominal predicate:

I I want to become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate consists of the union of two predicates: a compound nominal ( To become a doctor) and compound verb ( I want to be). Sometimes such a predicate is called complex or mixed.

I should have become a doctor.

In this case, the predicate can be represented as a combination of three predicates: a compound nominal ( had), compound verb ( should have been) and compound nominal ( To become a doctor).

Note

If you are looking for the grammatical basis of a sentence, check

A) Is the predicate compound? If you are dealing with a compound predicate, then the predicate includes both an auxiliary verb and a main semantic verb or other part of speech.

b) whether the predicate is expressed by a stable combination or phraseological unit. In this case, all words in a stable combination or phraseological unit are included in the predicate.

Particles in the predicate

The predicate contains some particles. The most common of them is the particle Not.

I I don't like fatalities.
I never get tired of life.
I don't like any time of year
When I don't sing happy songs. (V. Vysotsky)

Modal particles ( yes, let, let, come on, come on, it was as if, as if, as if, as if, exactly, hardly, almost, just etc.) are also included in the predicate.

let's talk compliment each other. (B. Okudzhava)

Let them talk!

He almost cried from resentment.

In addition, the predicate includes particles so, yes, know (to yourself), well, so and to yourself.

Well you I'm so late I'm so late, I've been waiting for half an hour already. (As a rule, the verb is repeated like this with a particle.)

There is noise and commotion in the house, but our cat is asleep.

Grammar basis

The subject and predicate together form the grammatical basis of the sentence.

The grammatical basis of a sentence - the main part of a sentence, consisting of its main members: subject and predicate or one of them.

Each of us wanted to become more educated. The grammatical basis in this sentence is each of us wanted to become more educated.

Sometimes a sentence may only have a subject or only a predicate. Then the sentence is one-part.

A sentence may have several homogeneous subjects or several homogeneous predicates. In this case, they are all included in the grammatical basis.

How boys, so girls passed the sports standards. (Boys and girls are homogeneous subjects). Trees in a large forest during a storm moan, are crackling, break down. (Moan, crack, break - homogeneous predicates).

In a sentence, as a unit of connected speech, all words differ in function and are divided into primary and secondary. The main members express the key table of contents of the statement and are its grammatical basis. Without them, the proposal makes no sense and cannot exist.

Instructions

1. In order to highlight the grammatical basis all sorts of things offers, you need to discover and emphasize its main members. These include subject and predicate.

2. The subject is what is being said in the sentence. It invariably stands in the original form (nominative case or infinitive) and, as usual, answers the questions: “who?”, “what?”. The subject is expressed by approximately all parts of speech if they appear in the meaning of a noun in the nominative case. By the noun itself: “what?” the truth does not always lie on the surface. Pronoun: “who?” I am not a follower of drastic measures. Adjective or participle: “who?” the well-fed does not understand the hungry; "Who?" vacationers were waiting for the bus. Numeral: “who?” three were responsible for cleaning the area. Infinitive (indefinite form of the verb): singing is her passion. Any word that has the meaning of a noun in the nominative case: “what?” oohs and ahs came from the street. Phraseologism: “who?” from small to large went out into the field. Compound name: “what?” The Milky Way stretches out in a wide strip. A syntactically integral phrase: “who?” My grandmother and I went to our home.

3. The predicate denotes what exactly is being reported about the subject and answers the questions: “what does it do?”, “what is it like?”, “what happens to it?” etc. Depending on the method of expression, the predicate may be a simple verb; compound nominal; compound verb and difficult.

4. A primitive verbal predicate is expressed by a verb in the form of one of the moods: the letter “what did?” arrived on time. The combined nominal predicate consists of 2 parts (the copula and the nominal part): he “what did he do?” was a builder (“was a builder” is a predicate). A combined verb is made up of a connective and an infinitive: children “what did they do?” stopped quarreling. A difficult predicate is a combination of elements of a compound nominal and a compound verbal predicate: my brother invariably “what did he do?” I wanted to work as a lawyer. the last part offers(“I wanted to work as a lawyer”) is a difficult predicate, since only all the words as a whole provide the necessary information about the subject.

5. To determine the grammatical basis, read the entire sentence and determine whether it is primitive or difficult, consisting of 2 or more primitives. If a sentence belongs to the first type, then it will have one grammatical basis, and if it belongs to the second, then several. It depends on the number of primitives offers, included in the difficult. Let's say: we were late because it was pouring rain. “We were late” and “it was pouring rain” - grammatical bases of the complex offers .

6. Find the subject in the sentence. To do this, ask the questions “who?”, “what?” and identify the word or phrase that answers them. After this, from the discovered subject, ask questions “what does he do?”, “What is he like?” and discover the predicate.

7. If there is only one of the main members, then it is a one-part sentence. Please note that it does not require reference to context to understand and interpret it. In the Russian language, there are five types of one-part sentences: nominative (with a subject) “Hot July day”; definitely-proper, indefinite-proper, generalized-proper and impersonal (with a predicate). "Get busy." "They're asking you." “You can recognize a reasonable person right away.” "Darker."

8. During syntactic parsing, the subject is emphasized by one line, and the predicate by two.

In Russian language lessons, schoolchildren are required to master not only the skills of competent writing, but also the knowledge to see the structure of a sentence and identify its members. To do this, you need to learn to distinguish the main and minor members. How to find the subject in a sentence? What are its main signs?

Instructions

1. Before everyone else, you must know that all members of a sentence are divided into two groups: main and secondary. The main members are the subject and the predicate. They form the grammatical basis of a sentence. In order to find the subject, try asking a question about the word. It answers the question in the nominative case (“who?” or “what?”). For example, in the sentence “Spring will come soon” to the question “what?” The word “spring” answers. This is what the sentence is talking about. Remember that the subject is the main member of the sentence, the one that denotes who or what the sentence is talking about. These words are traditionally expressed in the nominative case form.

2. Subjects can be nouns (most often), pronouns, participles, numerals, and even an indefinite form of a verb. So, in the sentence “To live is to serve the homeland,” the subject will be the word “to live.” It is an indefinite form of the verb. Please note that in this sentence there is a dash between the main members. This happens, among other things, when the subject and predicate are expressed in the indefinite form of the verb. In the sentence “We had a great rest,” the main member of the sentence, answering the question “who?” is the pronoun “we”.

3. In a sentence that contains a verb, the subject is easier to detect. It is a word that denotes the one who does the action. Look at the sentence: “The children happily rushed to the river.” You see that it contains the verb “rushed.” Determine who is doing this action. This word will be the subject. Consequently, the word “children” answers the question of the nominative case, indicates the one who does the action and is the main member in this sentence, namely, the subject.

4. The subject can also be an indivisible combination of words. For example, in the sentence “A man and a child swam along the river,” the subject is the phrase “man and child.” Pay attention to the verb “swam.” It is used in the plural form. Consequently, the subject will be more than one word, but a phrase. This allows us to say that the action is performed not by one, but by two persons.

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From school curriculum It is known that impersonal sentences are one-part sentences that indicate an action or state that arises and exists independently from the bearer of the state or the producer of the action.

Impersonal offers very colorful, short. They have significant significance in dialogues works of art. Often used in colloquial speech. In texts this kind of thing is often offers We express the states of nature, environment, a person’s well-being, his mental and physical state. Impersonal offers It is easier for us to formulate the impracticability, inevitability of actions, denial. Also, according to Dietmar Rosenthal, this syntactic constructions inherent shade of inertia, passivity. According to another renowned linguist, Alexander Peshkovsky, with the support impersonal offers It is allowed to express: - ease of action. This construction helps the author show that the action occurs on its own, without human effort (“It was sown freely...”); - a state with which a person himself cannot cope (“She couldn’t sit still”); - suddenness of an act. When people do not expect such actions from themselves (“Here I am going to them...”, Brykin said naturally”); - the time when an action is performed on its own, against human freedom. Some reasons, sometimes unclear (here and an impersonal form of expression), stop him, force him to act differently (“What, you couldn’t say?” Tanya asked. “It didn’t have any effect,” he answered her"); - the work of memory, its clarification and other features of the body (“Suddenly my head began to work very clearly. I remembered: I was driving along a faded field.”); - cardiac processes associated with the activity of the imagination (“Now I’m dreaming: I wish I could get sick for weeks two, three"); - a person’s hope in something that has no basis. A person believes because wants this to happen (“For some reason I believed that spring would be early”); - a work of thought that occurs independently depending on whether a person wants to think about it or not (“And I also thought that now everything would go differently”) Thus, the universal meaning of impersonal sentences is a statement of an independent action (sign), not correlated with the agent.

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When parsing a sentence, you first need to discover it basis. In this way, the construction of the phrase becomes clear, and often also where and how punctuation marks should be placed. Consequently, any person who wants to write competently would like to be able to determine this basis .

Instructions

1. Determine what the grammatical basis is. More often than not, it is represented by a subject, expressing the object or subject of the action, and a predicate, describing the action. Such offers are called 2-combined. A base becomes one-component if it lacks one of the 2 elements.

2. Find the subject in the sentence. It must mean something about someone or something we're talking about. It should also answer the question “who?” or “what?” The subject can be expressed by different parts of speech. More often than not, this is a noun in the nominative case. The subject may also be a pronoun, not only personal, but also indefinite, interrogative or negative. It must also be in the nominative case. If the intended subject is part of an inseparable phrase, say, “The Ural Mountains,” then each phrase becomes part of the stem of the sentence.

3. Select the predicate in the analyzed phrase. It must denote an action done by or on the subject. More often than not, this member of a sentence is expressed as a predicate, and verbal adjectives are also found in this role. The predicate must agree with the subject in person, number and gender.

4. When completing a written task, underline the subject with one and the predicate with two strokes.

5. When you find several subjects and predicates, analyze the construction of the sentence. If you see before you two or more semantically independent combinations of sentence members, then we are talking about a difficult sentence with a coordinating or subordinating connection. In the case when several predicates refer to one subject and vice versa, then you have a primitive sentence with an extended base. However, such repeated elements must still be connected by the conjunction “and” or separated by commas.

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The grammatical basis of a sentence is its most important structural part, which largely determines the meaning of each phrase. The grammatical basis in linguistics is often called the predicative core. The term “predicative basis” is also often used. This grammatical phenomenon exists in many languages.

Instructions

1. Determine whether the phrase you need to parse is truly a sentence. Some phrases in the Russian language are both sentences and statements, but there are also those that can only be classified into the 2nd category. In the first case, it is possible to highlight the members of a sentence in a phrase or determine their syntactic positions. As usual, statements consisting of several words are sentences.

2. Find the subject. This member of the sentence denotes an object whose action is described in the phrase itself. The subject is grammatically independent, it answers questions in the nominative case. However, the subject can also be expressed by another part of speech, which in this case will perform the functions of a noun. Consequently, determine the active object, even if it is expressed by a not entirely familiar part of speech or by a noun not in the nominative case. For example, in the sentence “VKontakte invites you to register,” the subject will be “VKontakte.” At the same time, in the sentence “The public network “VKontakte” invites you to register,” the subject will be the word “network.”

3. Define the predicate. It denotes the action of the subject and answers the questions of verbs. Remember that a predicate cannot always be expressed by a verb. The verb predicate can be simple or compound. In the second case, the grammatical basis includes both verbs, that is, standing in the individual form and in the infinitive. The combination of subject and predicate is the predicative core.

4. One of the main members of the sentence may be missing. In this case, the statement remains a sentence if it is possible to determine the position of the missing member of the sentence. Sometimes this can only be determined by context. For example, participants in a dialogue can discuss someone’s actions and answer each other’s questions in one word. It is clear to the interlocutors who or what we are talking about; they can only name the actions of the subject. In this case, there is a grammatical basis, but it consists of one member of the sentence. For example, if the interlocutors were previously talking about public networks, then one of them may ask which one is preferable. The result of "VKontakte" is a sentence, from the fact that there is a subject and the predicate is implied.

Note!
In some cases, syncrete members of the sentence are part of the grammatical core. They are grammatically connected with both the subject and the predicate and can simultaneously be a subject and, say, a circumstance.

Helpful advice
Be extremely careful in cases where phraseological cycles occur in a sentence. The subject can be expressed in such a cycle, and then the grammatical basis will not be two words, but several, and dividing them is unthinkable.

A large amount of time is devoted to grammatical analysis of sentences in Russian language lessons; it is certainly included in the final control program. Schoolchildren need to be able to correctly determine the grammatical basis of a sentence; in case of an error, the entire task will be considered incomplete.

You will need

• -offer;
• -ruler;
• -pencil.

Instructions

1. Study the offer carefully. Remember that determining the grammatical basis is the first stage from which its review begins. Every sentence has a basis! In most cases, it consists of a subject and a predicate, but can be represented by only one of them. Such sentences are called two-part and one-part, respectively. Difficult sentences often contain two grammatical stems or more.

2. Find the subject in the sentence you are comprehending and underline it. In order not to confuse the subject and the object, you should remember that the subject answers the questions “who?” What?". It can be expressed either by a noun or a pronoun in the nominative case, or by other parts of speech: an adjective, a numeral, a verb. If the pronoun in a sentence is in a different case, then with a high probability it will be an object. The subject may consist of one or several words and is emphasized during parsing with one horizontal line. He is hot. (There is no subject in this sentence, the predicate is hot). The walls were decorated with beautiful paintings. (Pictures - subject, decorated - predicate). The strongest of the children quickly ran to the finish line. (The strongest of the children is the subject; ran is the predicate).

3. Find the predicate and underline it. To do this, you need to ask questions from the subject “what is he doing?” what is he like? Most often, the predicate is expressed by a verb, but, as in the case of the subject, other parts of speech can be used: noun, adjective, adverb. The verb predicate can be represented by one or more words. When parsed, it is emphasized by two parallel horizontal lines. The students did not find the notebook. (Students - subject, did not find - predicate). The mental game is chess. (Chess is the subject, game is the predicate). It got dark. (The sentence consists of one predicate). I need to get off at the next stop. (Combined predicate - need to go out)

Tip 7: How to determine the grammatical basis of a sentence

In order to understand the grammatical structure of a sentence, you need to discover its basis before everyone else. To do this, use methods developed by linguists. When you understand the basis of a sentence, you will be able to, say, place punctuation marks correctly.

Instructions

1. Find out what the grammatical basis is. These are the main members of the sentence - the subject and the predicate, which traditionally constitute the core meaning of the sentence. In some cases, sentences may contain only a subject or only a predicate, as well as several words that perform identical functions of the main members of the sentence.

2. Find the subject. Most often it is expressed as a noun or pronoun. In this case, it is certainly in the nominative case and answers the question “who?” or “what?” In rare cases, the role of object or subject of action in a sentence is played by a numeral or even a whole phrase. If you see a proper name in the nominative case in a sentence, it is extremely likely that it will be the subject.

3. Determine the predicate in the sentence. It denotes the action of the subject, the one that is the subject. In most sentences, the predicate is a verb coordinated with the subject in number and gender. Also, this member of the sentence can be expressed by verb phrases, verbal adjectives and even nouns. The verb should answer the question “who does?” or “what does it do?”, grammatically coordinated with the first part of the sentence stem.

4. Mark the found stem in the sentence. Underline the subject with one constant horizontal line, and the predicate with two.

5. If there are several subjects and predicates, clarify the grammatical structure of the sentence. If all subjects and predicates are consistent with each other grammatically and in meaning, then this indicates a primitive sentence. On the contrary, if they are independent and have an independent meaning, then you have sentences with two or more stems, between which there is a coordinating or subordinating relationship.

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Note!
Be careful if the sentence contains the words “to be”, “to appear”, “to appear”. By emphasizing only them, it is easy to make a mistake and miss another part of the predicate.

Helpful advice
The words “allowed”, “necessary”, “impossible”, “necessary” are included in the combined predicate.