It is amazing. My son, Pasha, is only four and a half years old, but he is already on his own:

• reads books (5-10 pages),
• writes entire sentences (though sometimes with errors),
• learns notes, sings songs he likes,
• cleans up toys in the room (just to please us),
• behaves obediently in all classes in kindergarten,
• and other things that other children his age find it difficult to even half-do.

It's hard to believe, but six months ago
he couldn't do any of this.

Worse yet– Pasha was unbearable. Was not assiduous, could not concentrate on one thing longer than one minute. For example, you sit down to read a book with him, read 1-2 pages, and he is already playing with the cat or drawing in his hands. Or, for example, you try to work with him: you say, this is the syllable “ma” and you ask again almost immediately: “Pasha, read this syllable,” and the answer is silence.

And what happened in kindergarten is generally scary to tell. He did not know how to communicate with other children. He threw wooden blocks at other children, fought, pushed, etc. Somehow he actually managed to bite the other boy on the forehead. Although I almost laughed out loud when I saw the victim. That boy was 2 heads taller than him. How Pasha managed to bite him is a mystery. But the fact remains that he was completely uncontrollable.

What helped to change so radically
I'll give it to you for this short term time?

What do you think? Many people immediately ask: “What kindergarten do you go to?” Allegedly, it was the teachers who had such an effect on the child. Not them at all. They are, of course, good and wonderful. But when there are more than 20 children per teacher in a group, what kind of individual work you can speak?

What's next? Maybe doctors? And here again you guessed wrong. We went to the pediatrician, and to the psychologist, and to the speech therapist - everyone’s answers were formulaic. Some say to take pills (sedatives, vitamins, etc.), others say to go to expensive supplements 3 times. classes, and still others accuse us of poor upbringing.

To be honest, we didn’t take sedative pills, I think it’s unacceptable at that age... but we went to classes (we paid about 10,000 rubles), educated him using a special book recommended by a psychologist, and the result is that he wants to cry.

By the way, we started doing this when we were 3 years old. That is, this whole “correction” took a whole year. In my opinion, during this time there should have been at least some result. Or am I wrong?

And the box just opened...

As often happens in life, what we least expected helped us. If you have similar problems with your child, you should definitely try this.

I learned about this technique from TV(even though I rarely watch it). A woman performed there, her name is Svetlana Yulianovna Shishkova. So, she said that the development of children’s abilities (reading, writing, thinking and manifestation of talents) depend on a high-quality “foundation”.

I cannot retell exactly what she said, so I strongly advise you to read the description of this technique and its capabilities. But I’ll copy some of it here for you anyway.

• IMPACTS AT THE SENSORMOTOR LEVEL (actions and sensations);
• ACTIVATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF ALL HIGHER MENTAL FUNCTIONS (attention, memory, spatial relationships);
• AUTHOR'S DEVELOPMENT (candidate of psychological sciences, associate professor Shishkova S. Yu.);
• THE PROGRAM WORKS FOR BOTH HEALTHY AND FOR CHILDREN WITH DISABILITIES (ADHD - attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; MMD - minimal brain dysfunction; mental retardation - delay mental development; autism, etc.);

I ordered this program online as soon as I saw it on TV. I went to the site, read it, watched Svetlana Yulianovna’s video about this technique, read the reviews even from the children themselves - it’s amazing.

Speaking of results, in the end, after 2 months we:

• We are happy to go to kindergarten and we obey our teachers perfectly
• The child has become more diligent, learned to concentrate in classes, remembers poems well and reads them better than others in the group
• We are almost always given the main roles in all matinees
• We are writing! We write, of course, with mistakes, but we write! From the series: “Thank you mommy”, “daddy”, “malako”, etc. But the letters, how correct his handwriting becomes... mmmm. This is just a miracle! It feels like his fine motor development has moved to a completely different level.

And now - attention...

• In the extended version, one of the bonuses is “ English language with ease” and Pasha and I have already started studying! Just a year ago I couldn’t say a word in “our”, but now I’m already beginning to comprehend English. Of course, we are not talking about spoken English)) For now, we are studying the correct spelling of letters...

*The program, by the way, is intended for children from 2 to 15 years old. You can use it to prepare for kindergarten and school. It very well develops fine motor skills, perseverance, concentration, memory, spatial thinking, logic - in general, it develops the child’s brain and the child has a desire to learn.

Dear friends, parents, mothers
and dads, grandparents!

If you dream of your child being the best, most talented and successful in everything, you simply must at least look at this program. Buy or not, decide for yourself. But at the very least, I strongly recommend reading more about this program and looking at the reviews that the children themselves leave after classes using this method. By the way, there are also them creative works that the children made different ages- at 3 years old, and at 6 years old, and at 12 years old. Believe me, your child can be tens and hundreds of times smarter, faster, more talented than he is now - you just need to reveal him with the help of some kind of tool. I think the “Letterogram” technique is an excellent tool for developing a child’s foundation.

Personally, I ordered and read everything about. Follow the link (it is virus-free, everything is fine))) and read it right now.

Health to your children

Sincerely, Sergey (Paul's father).

Currently, the problem of preserving the information accumulated by humanity is acute. Information on electronic media is subject to various risks: equipment breaks down, the media themselves, the connectors for them are constantly changing, from an electromagnetic pulse, solar flares, etc. information may completely disappear from electronic media.

Therefore, we need to come up with a more durable way of storing information, duplicating the existing one in this way. Perhaps you should create printed books on heavy-duty paper, plastic books, etc. It is known that information can be stored in a crystal, water, or lightning charge.

After all, past civilizations came up with successful ways to store information: papyri, clay tablets, images carved on rocks and stones, the location and geometry of pyramids, ancient cities, encoding information in myths and legends, signs, symbols, etc.

Modern humanity needs to take conscious, targeted actions to preserve the electronic information that is already being accumulated by museums, libraries, archives and other memory institutions and which, for various reasons, remains beyond their attention.

It's about both about electronic information generated by cultural institutions themselves as a result of the digitization of their funds, the creation of databases and catalogues, the preparation of electronic publications, etc., and about purely virtual information that originates and exists only on the Internet.

Just like books and paintings, newspapers and works of decorative and applied art, photographs and films, documentary heritage, electronic informational resources must be kept up to date and preserved for future generations.

The purpose of electronic information preservation is to ensure long-term (or eternal) availability of digital materials, preserving all the semantic and functional characteristics of the source materials, search capabilities, presentation and interpretation for subsequent access and use.

Without special efforts to preserve digital cultural heritage, the volume and diversity of which is constantly increasing, it will inevitably and quite quickly be lost.

With the sharp increase in the volume of electronic information resources, serious problems new quality that must be taken into account when making decisions about creating digital data sets. We are talking about the tasks of archiving and preserving documents in new generation digital libraries.

The rapid (avalanche-like) growth in the volume of information resources can be explained by the following reasons:

• the number and variety of content custodians and producers has not just increased, it has become almost unlimited;
• the variety of types and types of content has increased;
• thanks to audiovisual technologies, a new type of cultural heritage was created (audio, video recordings, films, etc.);
• the emergence of new physical installations capable of recording huge amounts of information at very high speed;
• most information appears immediately in digital form;
• data is generated either semi-automatically or fully automatically;
• The avalanche-like growth in the amount of information is associated both with the development of methods for storing it and with the success of communication.

Arose before the world new problem- in addition to traditional information, it is necessary to save electronic:

• information on analogue media;
• information obtained as a result of digitizing information from analogue media;
• information born in in electronic format and existing only on the Internet, and in some cases software and equipment.

Preserving digital information requires ongoing effort and significant additional financial investment.

Catastrophically increasing volumes of information, technological and technical difficulties associated with registration and the need to preserve these volumes, difficulties in contextual analysis and selection of information, huge financial costs to ensure the safety of electronic information, and most importantly, the lack of awareness by the world community of the importance and urgency of solving the problems of preserving electronic information - all this is bringing the world closer to an information crisis, the consequences of which can become much more serious than the consequences of the economic crisis.

Responsibility of producers and custodians has decreased digital content. Custodians do not complete all types of electronic information of socio-cultural significance; they often cannot ensure the safety of electronic information resources and are not responsible for their loss.

At the international level, UNESCO pays great attention to the problems of long-term preservation of electronic information and access to it.

Gradually, the efforts made are beginning to bring some results. IN Lately Programs for preserving electronic information in libraries are being developed.

Electronic information can be lost at the stage of its creation and use, even before there is a need to switch to new technology platforms. Therefore, preserving and providing access to electronic objects and systems must be divided into:

• operational, i.e. preservation of digital information in the process of its creation and use (in original formats);
• long-term, i.e. transition (migration) to new unified formats and technological platforms while maintaining all search and access capabilities.

Modern methods of preserving digital objects:

• update: copying to the same media;
• replication: creating one or more complete copies (clones) of digital materials;
• emulation: creating an image of the source material on another medium while preserving all functional characteristics;
• encapsulation: a technique for grouping, placing in a “capsule,” a digital object along with everything that is necessary to provide access to the object;
• migration, i.e. transfer of original digital material to a new technological environment;
• web archiving, i.e. archiving a specific network segment using robot programs.

The set of organizational measures for storing electronic information in the process of creation and use should include:

• planning activities for the preservation of electronic information;
• identifying those responsible for storing electronic information;
• development and implementation of conservation regulations and actions in emergency situations;
• administrative control over the implementation of methods and regulations;
• availability of separate rooms.

Long-term preservation of electronic information should include the creation of special storage facilities or separate premises that provide:

• security, burglar and fire alarms, modern technical fire extinguishing equipment;
• reliable power supply;
• limited access of personnel in accordance with official duties;
• necessary physical and climatic conditions storage;
• technical equipment and software for organizing the technological cycle (saving, access, rewriting in unified formats, etc.);
• availability of qualified personnel;
• Availability project documentation(project approach).

The preservation of electronic materials requires much greater continuous effort, time, and money than the preservation and restoration of traditional media, and the problems of preservation are of a fundamentally different nature. Documents created thousands of years ago can still be read, but digital objects created just a decade ago are in danger of disappearing completely, and the result may be an electronic "dark age."

Traditional storage media are being destroyed gradually, and this gives time to carry out conservation and restoration. Electronic information disappears instantly (for example, when there is a power outage or media failure), and most often it is no longer possible to restore it. Therefore, having assessed the risks and possible losses, it is necessary to take preventive measures on saving information.

Factors that could result in electronic information resources (including those of lasting value) being irretrievably lost for future generations include:

• liquidation of an institution or termination of funding necessary to support digital information resources;
• local disasters (power outage, fire, flood, media failure, viruses, etc.);
• physical aging of carriers;
• difficulty accessing information due to the fact that it cannot be found;
• obsolescence of equipment and technologies due to the invention of new technical and technological platforms;
• uncertainty of status and responsibility;
• lack of conservation regulations;
• non-compliance with regular copying and prompt saving regimes;
• lack of equipment and premises necessary for operational conservation;
• lack of qualified specialists;
• inability to carry out timely migration to new technologies.

The main reason for the possible loss of electronic information, and often real losses, is that there is a lack of awareness of the problem at all levels. As a result, proper organization of processes for storing electronic information at all stages of its life cycle and the presence of a critical mass of interchangeable specialists capable of implementing these processes.

Data storage. People store information either in their own memory (sometimes they say “in their mind”) or on some external media. Most often - on paper.

The information that we remember is always available to us. For example, if you memorized the multiplication table, then you don’t need to look anywhere in order to answer the question: what is five for five? Every person remembers his home address, telephone number, as well as the addresses and telephone numbers of loved ones. If we need an address or telephone number that we don’t remember, we turn to a notebook or telephone directory.

Human memory can be called operational memory. Here the word "operative" is synonymous with the word "fast". A person quickly reproduces knowledge stored in memory. We can still call our memory internal memory. Then the information stored on external media (in notebooks, reference books, encyclopedias, magnetic recordings) can be called our external memory.

People often forget something. Information on external media is stored longer and more reliably. It is with the help of external media that people pass on their knowledge from generation to generation.

Transfer of information. The dissemination of information between people occurs in the process of its transmission. Transfer can occur during direct conversation between people, through correspondence, using technical means communications: telephone, radio, television, computer network.

There are always two sides involved in the transfer of information: there is a source and there is a receiver of information. The source transmits (sends) information, and the receiver receives (perceives) it. When reading a book or listening to a teacher, you are a receiver of information, while working on an essay on literature or answering in class, you are a source of information. Each person constantly has to move from the role of a source to the role of a receiver of information.

The transfer of information from source to receiver always occurs through some kind of transmission channel. In a direct conversation, this is sound waves; in correspondence - this is postal communication; at telephone conversation- This is a telephone communication system. During the transmission process, information may be distorted or lost if the information channels are of poor quality or there is interference (noise) on the communication line. Many people know how difficult it can be to communicate with poor telephone connections.

Data processing. Information processing is the third type of information processes. Here is an example that is very familiar to you - the solution to a mathematical problem: the values ​​of the lengths of two legs are given right triangle, you need to determine its third side - the hypotenuse. To solve a problem, a student, in addition to the initial data, must know a mathematical rule that can be used to find a solution. In this case, this is the Pythagorean theorem: “the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs.” Applying this theorem, we obtain the desired value. Here the processing is that new data is obtained by calculations performed on the original data.

Computation is just one option for processing information. New information can be derived not only through mathematical calculations. Remember the stories of Sherlock Holmes, the hero of Conan Doyle's books. Having often very confusing testimony of witnesses and circumstantial evidence as initial information, Holmes, using logical reasoning, clarified the whole picture of events and exposed the criminal. Logical reasoning is another way of processing information.

The process of processing information is not always associated with obtaining some new information. For example, when translating text from one language to another, information is processed, changing its form, but not its content.

This type of processing includes information coding. Coding is the transformation of the representation of information from one symbolic form to another, convenient for its storage, transmission or processing.

The concept of coding began to be used especially widely with the development of technical means of storing, transmitting and processing information (telegraph, radio, computers). For example, at the beginning of the 20th century, telegraph messages were encoded and transmitted using Morse code. Sometimes coding is done in order to classify the content of the text. In this case, it is called encryption.

Another type of information processing is its sorting (sometimes called ordering). For example, you decided to write down the addresses and telephone numbers of all your classmates on separate cards. In what order should these cards be folded so that it is then convenient to look for the necessary information among them? Most likely you will put them in alphabetical order by last name. In computer science, organizing data according to some rule that links it into a single whole is called structuring.

Search for information. You and I very often have to search for information: look for a translation of a foreign word in a dictionary, a phone number in a telephone directory, the departure time of a train in a railway schedule, the required formula in a mathematics textbook, a route on a metro map, a travel route in a library catalogue. information about the book you need. Many more examples can be given. All these are processes of searching for information on external media: books, diagrams, tables, card indexes.

Information processes in living nature. Is it possible to say that only human life is connected with information and information processes? Of course not! Science knows many facts confirming the occurrence of information processes in living nature. Animals are characterized by memory: they remember the way to their habitat, where they get food; Pets distinguish familiar people from strangers. Many animals have a heightened sense of smell, which carries them valuable information. Of course, the ability of animals to process information is much lower than that of humans. However, many facts of intelligent behavior indicate their ability to make certain conclusions.

Questions and tasks

1. Give your examples of professions in which the main activity is working with information.
2. Name the three main types of information processes.
3. Why can information that we “remember by heart” be called operational? Give examples of operational information that you have.
4. Give examples of situations in which you are a source of information or a receiver of information. What role have you had to perform more often today?

Information storage is a way of distributing information in space and time. The method of storing information depends on its medium (book - library, painting - museum, photograph - album). Methods for storing information This process is as ancient as the life of human civilization. Already in ancient times, people were faced with the need to store information: notches in trees so as not to get lost while hunting; counting objects using pebbles and knots; depictions of animals and hunting episodes on cave walls. With the birth of writing, a special means of recording and disseminating thoughts in space and time arose. Documented information was born - manuscripts and handwritten books, and unique information and storage centers appeared - ancient libraries and archives. Gradually, the written document also became a management tool (decrees, orders, laws). The second information leap was printing. With its emergence, the largest amount of information began to be stored in various printed publications, and to obtain it, a person turns to places where they are stored (libraries, archives, etc.). In human life, the process of long-term storage of information plays an important role and is subject to constant improvement. When the volume of accumulated information increases so much that it becomes simply impossible to store it in memory, a person begins to resort to the help of various kinds of notebooks, indexes, etc. Different information requires different storage times:

the ticket must be kept only for the duration of the trip;

television program - current week;

school diary - school year;

matriculation certificate - until the end of life;

historical documents - several centuries.

A computer is designed for compact storage of information with the ability to quickly access it. Storing very large volumes of information is justified only if the search for the necessary information can be done quickly enough and the information can be obtained in an accessible form. An information system is a repository of information equipped with procedures for entering, searching, placing and issuing information. The presence of such procedures is the main feature of information systems, distinguishing them from simple accumulations of information materials. For example, a personal library, which only its owner can navigate, is not an information system. In public libraries, the order in which books are placed is always strictly defined. Therefore, searching and issuing books, as well as posting new acquisitions, are standard, formalized procedures. People have different approaches to storing information. It all depends on how much it is and how long it needs to be stored. If there is little information, it can be remembered in the mind. It is not difficult to remember your friend's first and last name. And if we need to remember his phone number and home address, we use a notebook. When information is remembered (saved) it is called data. It takes more time to write data into a book than to remember it. Retrieving data from a notebook or notebook is also not as easy as remembering, but if the information is not stored in your head, then the notebook and notebook turn out to be more reliable sources of data. Data storage The most durable means of storing data are books. They store data for hundreds of years. Thanks to books, information spreads not only in space, but also in time. You know that ancient handwritten books created hundreds and thousands of years ago can still be used to acquire knowledge today. Information in books is stored so much because there are special organizations tasked with collecting all published books and storing them securely. We know such organizations - these are libraries and museums. Any knowledge recorded in a book is necessarily preserved by someone for other generations; for this purpose, each state has special laws.

A person’s memory stores information about everything he saw, heard, felt or experienced. People store information on different media and create libraries and media libraries to store information. What is this all for? Storing information is one of the actions with information necessary, first of all, to ensure human life and safety. Let's turn to history. A long time ago, man did not know how to make fire and use it. When forest fires started during the summer drought, people paid attention to the fire and realized that fire is hot! If you move further away, it’s warm and pleasant. People have retained in their memory information about the properties of fire and how fire can be used and what to be wary of. People began to warm themselves by the fire, cook food on the fire, heat and illuminate their home with fire, but always tried to ensure their safety. Only thanks to a person’s ability to store information in his memory for a long time can he be taught to read, write and count. If a person did not have memory, he would not be able to find his house after a walk, his things in the house, or prepare food. He wouldn't know the names of his parents and friends and much, much more. Information that is stored in the memory of an individual not available to other people. If what a person knows, he expresses in some way: the sounds of oral speech, writing or drawing, other people can use the information. The information presented on the medium is no longer “connected” with the memory of an individual, specific person. The information stored, that is, presented on a medium, can be used by anyone. It is important that the information presented on the medium can be stored and transferred to other people. Both to those who are far away and to those who will live after us. Information presented on a medium in pictures, numbers or text can be stored for a long time and transmitted over long distances. Every home has a photo album in which photographs of family and friends are stored. Texts and drawings are stored in notebooks, books, magazines, and diaries. You can say about a journal, notebook, diary or book - this is a repository of encoded information. Books are designed for long-term storage of information. Books are kept in libraries. A library usually contains many books. Libraries can be home and school, city and district, children's and technical. A library is a repository of books, that is, a repository encoded information. Nowadays, people have learned to store not only texts and drawings. Methods have emerged for encoding and storing audio and video information. There already exist books, textbooks, reference books, and encyclopedias that are not made of paper, but, for example, in the form of magnetic and laser disks. Discs are stored not in the library, but in the media library. A media library is a repository of electronic books, reference books, encyclopedias, computer games, and educational programs. The computer also stores information in its memory. Sounds, images, texts, numbers, and videos can be encoded and stored in computer memory in the form of digital data. While the computer is running, information is stored in its internal memory. Before turning off the computer, you should save the information on disks (in external memory), otherwise it will be lost.

The main thing that we must understand and remember

1. Storing information is one of the actions with information. 2. A person stores information in his memory to ensure his life and safety. A person's memory ensures his ability to learn and work. 3. Books are designed for long-term storage of information. 4. A computer is a very convenient tool for storing encoded information. 5. Sounds, images, texts, numbers, and videos can be encoded and stored in computer memory.

A person stores in his memory information about the surrounding reality in the form of various images: visual, sound, taste, etc. For long-term storage of information, its accumulation and transmission from generation to generation, material materials are used. information carriers. The material nature of information carriers can be different:

DNA molecules that store genetic information;

paper on which texts and images are stored;

magnetic tape on which audio information is stored;

memory chips,

magnetic and laser disks on which programs and data are stored on a computer, etc.

Information carriers are characterized by information capacity, i.e. the amount of information they can store. The most information-capacious molecules are DNA molecules, which are very small in size and tightly packed. This allows you to store a huge amount of information (up to 10 21 bits per 1 cm 3), which allows the body to develop from one single cell containing all the necessary genetic information. Modern memory chips make it possible to store up to 10 10 bits of information in 1 cm 3, but this is 100 billion times less than in DNA. We can say that modern technologies are still significantly inferior to biological evolution. However, if we compare the information capacity of traditional storage media (books) and modern computer storage media, the progress is obvious. Each floppy disk can store a book of about 600 pages, while a hard disk can store an entire library of tens of thousands of books.

Storage medium- a material object designed to store information.

Information media can be distinguished not only by the material from which they are made, but also by the method of their production (for example, handwritten, typewritten, etc.), by the specific purpose (microphotocopies; drawings; books for the blind, printed in Braille).

If you cut down a tree, then by the rings on the trunk you can determine how old it is, whether each year of its life was rainy or dry, and much more. This means that the tree stores information about its entire life. A long time ago, when there were people on Earth primitive people, there was a need to store various information about methods of hunting and farming. To do this, people used drawings, notches on sticks, and knots on ropes. From this information we learn how they lived. With the advent of writing, people began to store information on papyrus, clay tablets, birch bark scrolls, and paper. Modern people use photographic film, film, magnetic tapes and disks, laser discs and other media to store information. Technical devices and other devices on which information is stored are called information carriers. Everyone is familiar with the information carrier – the book. A notebook, a diary in which the student writes down his lesson schedule and homework are also information carriers. The doorpost, on which parents annually mark the growth of their child, is also an information carrier. You already know that you have to deal with storing information very often, but it’s not enough to just store information, you need to make sure that later, when you need it, it can be quickly found. This is why people came up with storage organization information. For example, you decided to save the addresses and phone numbers of your classmates. What's the best way to proceed? That's right, you need to write down the names in a notebook on pages marked with letters - indexes in alphabetical order. If you store information in this order, you can very quickly find the right surname, because we know the alphabet well. How to find the right place in a book? You can, of course, simply flip through the book page by page until you find the page you need, but this method will take a lot of time. It is much faster to look at the table of contents. What method was used to record students in the class register? The train schedule indicates which city each train leaves for and at what time. In what order should this information be arranged to make it convenient for the passenger? What would be more convenient for the railway station dispatcher? In what order are words arranged in the dictionary? In the telephone book, the names of institutions are also arranged in a certain order. In which? What ways are there to organize information? These are tables, diagrams, catalogs, etc. You have already worked with diagrams and tables in lessons. While visiting the children's library and reading room, we saw library catalogs in which the cards are arranged in alphabetical order. Various information is recorded on the cards, for example: author, title of the book, year of publication of the book, etc. There are also computer electronic catalogs. The same information can be presented in different ways