Date of birth: January 12, 1907
Date of death: January 14, 1966
Place of birth: Ukraine, Zhitomir

Korolev Sergey Pavlovich– designer of the Soviet period, Korolev S.P.- stood at the origins of theoretical and practical shipbuilding. Space technology, missile weapons - in these areas he was undoubtedly the first figure of his time.

Sergei was born on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir in a bourgeois family. His father, Pavel Yakovlevich, taught Russian literature to children. Mother Maria Moskalenko, according to the traditions of that time, ran the household.

At the age of 8, Sergei begins his studies at the Kyiv gymnasium. In 1917 he was transferred to the Odessa gymnasium. Due to the closure of the gymnasium, the boy has to transfer to a labor school. Then he leaves school completely and begins studying at home under the guidance of his stepfather and mother. His stepfather's engineering education greatly helped Korolev.

A fateful meeting with aviators takes place in 1921. Sergei begins to communicate with representatives of the Odessa hydraulic squad and understands that aircraft manufacturing will become his life’s work.

Very at a young age– 17 years old – he was able to justify his own project of a motorless aircraft before a special commission.

6 years later, Sergei is already a student at the Polytechnic Institute in Kyiv. The young man literally grasps the exact disciplines on the fly and two years later he continues his studies in the capital. Moscow higher military school added another gifted student.
In 1931, having collaborated with F. Zander, Sergei created a special group dedicated to studying jet propulsion. In practice, young scientists created and tested their models.

In 1933, the young specialist became deputy head of the Jet Research Institute. He is in charge of the missile department. The department's goal is to test all types of weapons-related missiles.

In June 1938, the scientist was charged seriously. He was arrested for sabotage. Korolev's interrogations were carried out with particular cruelty. The court sentence imposed 10 years of labor camps in Kolyma. The inventor spent a year in prison, since the USSR needed to build up military power and the government desperately needed designers and scientists.

In connection with this, many scientists were collected into specially organized design bureaus for forced work. Korolev was no exception.

He began his work under the patronage of Tupolev in Moscow. Then he was transported to Kazan, where he became the chief in the field of design rocket launchers.

In 1944, the scientist received his freedom and began work on rockets designed to fly along a ballistic trajectory. The first creation was the R-1, but it was not its own design, but was made according to the drawings of the German V-2.

Subsequently, work begins on rockets strategic purpose. In the post-war years, in 1957, missiles designed to fly along a ballistic trajectory for water and land were demonstrated for the first time.

At the same time, research is being carried out in astronautics. The launch of an artificial Earth satellite, which was launched into Earth orbit for the first time, could not have happened without Korolev. The development of astronautics is proceeding by leaps and bounds and two years later three aircraft are already visiting the Moon.

Despite the successes in peaceful space exploration, Korolev and his colleagues do not give up their work war machine THE USSR. The R-7 rocket is his brainchild. This missile could reach another continent and hit a target there.

But the peak of the career of a designer and scientist was probably the first manned flight into space. It was Korolev who was both the ideological inspirer and the executor of this gigantic project. Following the flight of Yu. Gagarin, Vostok-2 and Soyuz went into orbit. Began preparatory work for the design and assembly of a heavy interplanetary spacecraft.

Korolev did not have time to complete all these projects. During intestinal surgery, his heart stopped permanently. This happened on January 14, 1966.

Achievements of Sergei Korolev:

He was the first scientist in Soviet Russia who was engaged in theory and practice in almost all areas of rocket technology for peaceful and military purposes.
Before him, no one had done so much in the field of manned spacecraft designed to be launched into space.
During the beginning of the “arms race,” he stood at the origins of the USSR’s nuclear defense.
The most eminent and fruitful scientist in theoretical and practical astronautics.
The scientist’s merits were awarded the Lenin Prize, the title of Hero of Socialist Labor twice, and the title of Academician of Sciences.

Dates from the biography of Sergei Korolev:

January 12, 1907 born in Zhitomir.
1915 began his studies at the Kyiv gymnasium
1917 transferred to the Odessa gymnasium
1924 began his studies at the Kiev Polytechnic Institute.
1926 transferred to Moscow VTU.
1931 initiator of the creation of GIRD.
The 1933 rocket launch confirmed the correctness of all the theoretical calculations of the group of scientists. Experimental work has begun to create a combat weapon missile weapons
1938 suddenly arrested. The punishment was severe - the designer had to spend 10 years in a camp.
1939 sent to a labor camp in Siberia.
1940 forced to work in specially organized design bureaus.
1944 released without preconditions. Started working on missiles flying along a ballistic trajectory.
1957 created a rocket flying along a ballistic trajectory. The Earth satellite, controlled from the control center, was sent into flight.
1961 Vostok-1 was sent into orbit.
January 14, 1966 - Sergei Pavlovich’s heart stopped during intestinal surgery.

Interesting facts of Sergei Korolev:

To get the drawings and calculations for the V-2, he was sent to England. The spy project failed because the artillery captain allegedly had no military decorations.
While studying at school, he showed absolutely no talent. Didn't shine in any of the subjects.
A story well known among cosmonauts says that Gagarin and Komarov insisted on sending the scientist’s ashes to the Moon.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev is considered the founder of practical astronautics.

In the 20th century, he was the man who determined the strategy and tactics of practical space exploration.

Created by him missile systems and the spacecraft that made the Soviet Union a pioneer in space exploration.

Biography, education

Sergei Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in Zhitomir, which is 130 kilometers from the city. His parents were teachers. For several years he lived in Nizhyn with his grandparents. In first grade I went to a gymnasium in Odessa, which was soon closed. This was in the stormy year of 1917.

His mother and stepfather, who received an engineering degree in Germany, took care of his home education. In 1924, Sergei became a student at the Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, intending to be an aeronautical engineer. There he became interested in gliding.

Two years later, he continued his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School named after N. E. Bauman (MVTU).

Through aviation to missiles

At the Moscow Higher Technical School he creates designs for original gliders and aircraft. He was actively involved in gliding and participated in gliding rallies in the Crimean Koktebel. He designed aircraft that received high marks from specialists. After meeting the great K.E. Tsiolkovsky devoted himself to rocket science.

In 1931, together with another enthusiast, F.A. Zander, he created a Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion on a voluntary basis. The following year it became a government agency for missile development. The results obtained interested the military, and in 1933 a special research institute for the development of missiles was created.

With the rank of divisional engineer, Sergei Pavlovich became deputy head of the institution, deputy head of the institute. Under his leadership, three years later, anti-aircraft and long-range cruise missiles were developed and tested. By 1938, projects appeared: cruise and ballistic missiles with liquid-propellant engines, missiles for aircraft, hitting targets in the air and on the ground, surface-to-air missiles using solid fuel.

A prisoner

However, a denunciation was written against him. An arrest followed in June 1938. Two months later, on charges of subversion, he was sentenced to ten years in prison and a five-year disqualification. Went through Butyrskaya and transit prisons, Kolyma. In the spring of 1940, he was unexpectedly transported to Moscow, where in the summer of that year he was sentenced to eight years in prison.

However, instead of the camp, they are sent to a special NKVD prison in Moscow called TsKB-29. Here he, under the leadership of also prisoner A.N. Tupolev participates in the creation of bombers and develops unique types of missile weapons. In 1942, he was transferred to the prison design bureau at the aircraft plant in Kazan, where he designed rocket boosters for aircraft and installations for launching missiles from a bomber.

In July 1944, he was released early and his criminal record was cleared. He was rehabilitated only in 1957 due to the lack of evidence of a crime.

Rocket shield constructor

Soon after the Great Patriotic War needed to create long-range missiles, capable of hitting targets thousands of kilometers away. In 1946 S.P. Queens are appointed by them general designer. Missiles of various modifications were developed, including those with a nuclear charge.

In 1956, an intercontinental ballistic missile was created, capable of delivering a charge, first 8, and a little later 11 thousand km. A year later, sea-based and mobile ground-based missiles appeared.

Path to space

Sergei Korolev led the development of satellites and space stations, more advanced rockets to launch them. The first result of this work was the launch in October 1957 of the first artificial satellite into low-Earth orbit. This fantastic success provided the USSR with enormous prestige in the world.

Work was carried out at an accelerated pace to create satellites for military, national economic and scientific purposes. Automatic stations are launched towards the Moon, the reverse side of which is photographed. The development of a device for landing on this satellite of the earth begins, which could photograph its surface and transmit images to Earth.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev amazes the world with the creation of the first manned spacecraft, which for the first time circled the globe in space. Then there were other flights of Soviet cosmonauts, including joint ones, the flight of a female cosmonaut, and a man’s spacewalk. He developed the idea of ​​​​creating a long-term orbital station in which one could work without spacesuits and change crews.

Unfortunately, he did not live to see the practical implementation of this project.

Confession. Memory

Sergei Korolev was awarded the country's highest awards, including twice receiving the star of the Hero of Socialist Labor. The USSR Academy of Sciences elected him as a full member. S.P. died Korolev on January 14, 1966 during an operation that his heart failed. Buried in the wall of the Moscow Kremlin.

His name is borne by:

• several space-related businesses;
• city ​​near Moscow - Korolev;
• several universities;
• streets in many localities;
• one of the most high peaks Pamir;
• lunar and Martian craters;
• research ship;
• departmental medals and other awards.

Films were made and written about him literary works. Thousands of people visit memorial house museums in Moscow and Zhitomir.

• Name S.P. The Queen during his lifetime was a mystery. He was not mentioned either after the launch of the first satellite, or in connection with the first flight of an earthling into space;
• People who knew him closely recalled that he never cursed anyone and never complained. He looked gloomily at the future, was a skeptic and a cynic. He liked to say: “They’ll slam you without an obituary”;
• when he was transferred from Kolyma to Moscow, he was late for the ship, which sank during a storm on the way to Vladivostok;
• Among the first launches in the world was the flight of a satellite with a dog named Laika and the launch ballistic missile from under water;
• a year before his rehabilitation, Korolev in 1956 became a Hero of Socialist Labor for the creation of an intercontinental ballistic missile.

Natasha Koroleva (real name Natalya Vladimirovna Poryvay) is a pop singer who received popular love after the release of the album “Yellow Tulips”, recorded jointly with Igor Nikolaev. Among her songs are such hits as “Little Country”, “A Little Bit Doesn’t Count”, “Blue Swans” and dozens of other lyrical ballads and fiery dance compositions.

Childhood of Natasha Koroleva

Natasha Poryvay, who was born in Kyiv, grew up in a creative family: the girl’s father was a choirmaster, and her mother, Honored Artist of Ukraine Lyudmila Poryvay, conducted the Svetoch choir. My 5-year-older sister, Irina, was a musically gifted child and subsequently performed solo under the pseudonym Rusya. It is not surprising that already at the age of 3 Natasha Poryvay made her debut on stage together with the Big Choir of Radio and Television of Ukraine, performing the song “Cruiser Aurora”.

At the age of 7, the girl was enrolled in a music school for piano class and, at the same time, in the choreographic studio named after Grigory Verevka. An important event What predetermined the baby’s fate was her acquaintance with the composer Vladimir Bystryakov, who took the gifted Natasha under his wing. At the age of 12, she began performing with his songs (“Where did the circus go”, “World of miracles”), thanks to which she quickly became the star of all city holidays: children's matinees, government congresses, New Year's lights, city days - every event was accompanied by the clear voice of Natasha Poryvay . In 1987, the girl became a winner of the Golden Tuning Fork folk music competition.

In the same year, Natasha made her first appearance on television, in the “Wider Circle” program (a kind of prototype of the “Minute of Fame” show), which gave a ticket to fame to many aspiring performers: Dmitry Malikov, Leonid Agutin, the group “Secret”... But for real significant event for the young singer it was a performance at a vocal competition in Evpatoria. She did not take any prizes, but attracted the attention of Elvira, the assistant of the famous Moscow television producer Marta Mogilevskaya. Natasha gave the woman a cassette with her own material, not knowing that this act would later play a huge role in her life.

Natasha Koroleva in the program “Wider Circle” (1986)

Some time passed, but no news came from Moscow, and Natasha continued to build a career in her native Ukraine, entering the Kiev Variety and Circus School to major in “Variety Vocals.” In the summer of 1989, she went on tour to the States.

The vocal girl produced strong impression to American vocal teachers who invited her to become a student at the Eastman School of Music at the prestigious University of Rochester. But Natasha, who by that time had been contacted by representatives of Martha Mogilevskaya, rejected this tempting offer and set off to conquer Moscow.

Casting Natasha Koroleva

The heyday of Natasha Koroleva’s career. "Dolphin and the Mermaid"

In the fall of 1989, Marta Mogilevskaya advised Igor Nikolaev, Alla Pugacheva’s former arranger and an aspiring singer who was in a creative stupor, to find a suitable girl to record together. The choice fell on Natasha for two reasons: firstly, her vocal abilities were an order of magnitude higher than those of the other contenders, and secondly, the short girl looked ideal next to the 172-centimeter singer.

At the first meeting, Igor was quite skeptical about this idea: the 16-year-old plump “Khokhlushka” did not look like a spectacular pop diva, and besides, she was embarrassed by the singer, who seemed to her like a king and a god of music. However, after listening, he was pleasantly surprised and soon wrote the song “Yellow Tulips” for the young protégé, which became the title track of the album of the same name, released in 1990. On the cover of the record there was an inscription: “Natasha Koroleva sings the songs of Igor Nikolaev.”

Natasha Poryvai turned into Koroleva in a completely natural way: the pseudonym was invented by Nikolaev, who was sure that the audience would not be able to remember the surname “Poryvai”, and it sounds somehow plebeian, another thing is the proud, impressive “Koroleva”.

After the release of the album, Natasha Koroleva’s popularity began to literally go off scale. “Yellow Tulips” brought the girl to the final of the main event music competition countries - “Songs of the Year”. The stadiums and concert venues were overcrowded, fans brought armfuls of yellow tulips to their favorite artist, and when Natasha, who had broken her leg, took a short time out, admirers of her work asked to carry the plastered girl onto the stage.

“Song of the Year 1990”: Natasha Koroleva – “Yellow Tulips”

In 1991, Natasha Koroleva graduated from the Variety and Circus School. In 1992, the album “Dolphin and the Mermaid” was released, and the creative tandem of Igor and Natasha went on a grandiose tour of the cities of Russia with the program of the same name, which over the next three years conquered not only the remote corners of our homeland, but also big cities USA, Israel and Germany.

In 1994, the singer released a solo album called “Fan” (the music and lyrics were still the credit of Igor Nikolaev). However, she had to win the trust of listeners who did not want to believe in the end of “The Dolphin and the Mermaid” and recognize Natasha as an independent creative unit. Thanks to long hard work, the singer was able to regain the public's favor. For example, in the spring of 1995, she held three charity concerts in the Far East as a show of support for victims of the devastating earthquake on Sakhalin.

In 1995, Koroleva’s second exclusively solo album, “Confetti,” was released, consisting of eleven songs. Among them was the composition “Little Country,” which soon conquered federal television and radio airwaves, turning into an immortal hit for children and adults who continue to believe in the fairy tale.

Natasha Koroleva: “I’m a random person in show business”

At this time, Natasha Koroleva made her debut as an actress in the musical “Old Songs about the Main Thing,” where she played the daughter of the chairman and, together with Lada Dance and Alena Apina, sang the song “Someone Came Down the Hill.” Over time, she appeared in the next three parts of the musical film: in the second she parodied the image of the heroine Svetlana Svetlichnaya from “The Diamond Arm”, in the third she sang a duet with Chris Norman, and in the final one with Alexander Tsekalo.

In 1997, Natasha was cast in the role of Malvina in the musical “The Newest Adventures of Pinocchio” (it is noteworthy that Pinocchio himself was played by Kristina Orbakaite). In between filming, Natalya worked on new material, and in December of the same year, Koroleva’s fans greeted her new album, “Diamonds of Tears,” with jubilation. Many listeners noted that Natasha had changed both externally and spiritually - from the cover it was no longer a girl who looked slyly at the buyers, but a fully formed lady. The lyrics have also become more mature: the “small country” has been replaced by “a girl dreaming of big love.”

WITH new program she went on a world tour, during which she was applauded by the audiences of London, New York, Berlin and Athens, and in 1999 she went on tour again with Igor Nikolaev and the concert program “The Dearest”.

In 2000, the Queen thought about specialized education and entered the acting department of GITIS, which she graduated from three years later.

New creativity of Natasha Koroleva

In 2000, the union of Natasha Koroleva and Igor Nikolaev broke up both creatively and personally. The singer lost the support of her loved one and the help of a talented composer. The album “Heart”, released shortly after the breakup, did without Nikolaev’s participation. Natalya was helped by composer Alexander Konovalov and songwriter Vladimir Vulykh - they wrote the iconic composition “It Was or Wasn’t.”

In 2002, the singer released a collection of her best hits entitled “Shards of the Past.” It included 14 of Koroleva’s hits, as well as a new song “A Little Bit Doesn’t Count.” “What has become of me now? But life goes on,” was heard from every radio in the country.

Natasha Koroleva – “A little bit doesn’t count”

Natasha Koroleva's next album was recorded together with her new chosen one Sergei Glushko, also known under the pseudonym Tarzan. The record was called "Believe it or not." Three years later, the couple presented another joint work called “Heaven Is Where You Are.” The album of the same name was released with the support of the Dream Crystal jewelry house, whose face Natasha has been since August 2006.

In 2008, Natasha was invited to the show “Dancing with the Stars,” pairing the singer with choreographer Evgeniy Papunaishvili. Behind short term The queen had to learn many complex dance steps, but her efforts were rewarded only with third place.

“Dancing with the Stars”: Natasha Koroleva and Evgeniy Papunaishvili

And the next year, Natasha presented her writing debut, a largely autobiographical novel, “Male Striptease.” The singer’s experiments did not stop there: she soon became the owner of a beauty salon, which was called “Natasha Koroleva’s Beauty Salon.”

In the summer of 2010, the singer, together with Oleg Gazmanov, went to a festival of Russian culture in Germany. All proceeds from the sale of tickets to the star's concert were transferred to the Red Cross charity fund. In November 2013, the star announced the termination of touring activities.

From 2012 to 2014, Natasha, together with her mother, Lyudmila Poryvai, hosted the program “Time for Lunch” on Channel One. The show compared home and restaurant kitchens - ordinary housewives challenged professional chefs.

Personal life of Natasha Koroleva: between a dolphin and a stripper

It cannot be said that the so-called “natural chemistry” was discovered at first glance between Natasha Koroleva and Igor Nikolaev. However, while working on the “Dolphin and Mermaid” program, the man fell in love with the girl, which grew stronger every day, turning into something more intimate, inspiring him to create melodic, slightly sad ballads.

Natasha’s acquaintances noticed that she, although she desperately denied it, also fell in love with Nikolaev: with open mouth I caught his every word, copied his gestures and manner of speech. They began to live together, but Natasha, brought up in strictness, immediately confronted the singer with a fact: no civil marriage, only legalized relationships: “I had very strict rules and believed that everything should only happen after the wedding. True, now I have changed my mind - I think that you should first check your partner, and then marry him... When I realized that Igor’s courtship was going too far, I said: “Either officially, or not at all.” He had to think..."

Still, the musician did not want the relationship to be made public, so Natasha had to take everything into her own hands and make a cunning knight move. She and her parents came home to Nikolaev and invited the registry office employees there - no feasts, magnificent dresses and rings, only stamps in the passport.

In 2000, Natasha Koroleva left her husband. According to the singer, the reason for this was Nikolaev’s constant betrayal. Although the separation occurred without scandals and scenes of jealousy, both took this break very hard.

In an attempt to distract herself from the oppressive wound in her heart, Natasha plunged headlong into work. For one of the performances, she invited a group of dancers of the “original genre”, in other words, strippers. Among them was the blond, broad-shouldered handsome Tarzan, who was to discuss with Natasha the details of future payment.

Arkhip, the first-born of Natasha and Tarzan, was born in February 2002, and in August 2003 the lovers officially got married. This time everything was for real: the bride dressed in White dress, noisy company the guests were driven along the Neva by a motor ship, doves were released into the sky, and Natasha's unmarried friends caught the bride's lush bouquet.

The public received the news ambiguously. Not everyone was able to rejoice at Natasha’s happiness, reproaching her for “the broken heart of the maestro [Igor Nikolaev].” Tarzan himself commented on the situation like this: “I didn’t take Natasha away from him. When we started our relationship, she had already been living separately for a year, he had his own life. How to creative person, I have a very good attitude towards him, I like his songs.”

In 2008, Igor Nikolaev, who had ignored everything for several years creative success girls and called his former protégé exclusively by real name, took the first step towards reconciliation with his ex-lover. Natasha accepted the apology, and since then the former partners began to communicate as close friends.

Through a short time they again appeared on stage together to delight their loyal fans with an original performance of “The Dolphin and the Mermaid”; Nikolaev also wrote a new song for Natasha (“Dream Crystal”).

Natasha Koroleva and Alexander Marshal - “I am defamed by you”

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Born December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907) in Zhitomir - died January 14, 1966 in Moscow. Soviet scientist, designer, main organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and rocket weapons of the USSR, founder of practical cosmonautics.

Father - Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877-1929), teacher of Russian literature, originally from Mogilev.

Mother - Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko (by her second husband - Balanina) (1888-1980), daughter of a merchant from Nizhyn.

When Sergei Pavlovich was 3 years old, his mother left the family. He was sent to Nezhin to his grandmother Maria Matveevna and grandfather Nikolai Yakovlevich Moskalenko.

In 1915 he entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv.

In 1917, he went to the first grade of a gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna Balanina, and stepfather, Grigory Mikhailovich Balanin, moved.

I didn’t study at the gymnasium for long - it was closed. Then there were four months of unified labor school. Then he received his education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education.

Also in school years Sergei was interested in the then new aviation technology, and showed exceptional abilities for it.

In 1922-1924 he studied at a construction vocational school, participating in many clubs and taking various courses.

In 1921, he met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and actively participated in aviation public life: from the age of 16 - as a lecturer on eliminating aviation illiteracy, and from the age of 17 - as the author of the project for the K-5 non-motorized aircraft, which was officially defended before the competent commission and recommended for construction.

Having entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1924 with a specialization in aviation technology, Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines there in two years and became a glider athlete.

In the fall of 1926, he was transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N. E. Bauman.

During his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School, S.P. Korolev already gained fame as a young, capable aircraft designer and an experienced glider pilot. On November 2, 1929, on the “Firebird” glider designed by M.K. Tikhonravov, Korolev passed the exams for the title of “glider pilot”, and in December of the same year, under the leadership of Andrei Nikolaevich Tupolev, he defended his thesis - the project of the SK-4 aircraft.

The aircraft he designed and built - the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight range - showed Korolev’s extraordinary abilities as an aircraft designer. Thus, the SK-3 “Red Star” glider, for the first time in the USSR, was specially designed for performing figures aerobatics and, in particular, a loop, which was successfully demonstrated by the pilot V.A. Stepanchonok during the VII All-Union Glider Meeting in Koktebel on October 28, 1930. However, especially after meeting with K.E. Tsiolkovsky, Korolev was carried away by thoughts of flying in stratosphere and principles of jet propulsion.

In September 1931, S.P. Korolev and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F.A. Tsander achieved the creation in Moscow with the help of Osoaviakhim public organization- Jet Propulsion Study Groups (GIRD). In April 1932, it became essentially a state research and design laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, in which the first Soviet liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 were created and launched.

In 1933, on the basis of the Moscow GIRD and the Leningrad Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL), the Jet Research Institute was created under the leadership of I. T. Kleimenov. Korolev was appointed his deputy with the rank of development engineer.

In 1935, he became head of the rocket aircraft department.

In 1936, he managed to bring cruise missiles to testing: anti-aircraft - 217 with a powder rocket engine and long-range - 212 with a liquid rocket engine.

In his department, by 1938, designs for liquid-fueled cruise and ballistic missiles had been developed long range, aircraft missiles for firing at air and ground targets and anti-aircraft solid-fuel missiles. However, differences in views on the prospects for the development of rocket technology forced Korolev to leave the post of deputy director, and he was appointed to the ordinary position of senior engineer.

Arrest and imprisonment of Sergei Korolev

Sergei Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 on charges of sabotage, after the arrest of Ivan Terentyevich Kleimenov and other employees of the Jet Institute. According to some reports, he was tortured - both jaws were broken. The author of this version is journalist Ya. Golovanov. In his book, he emphasizes that this is only a version: “In February 1988, I talked with corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences S.N. Efuni. Sergei Naumovich told me about the 1966 operation, during which Sergei Pavlovich died. Efuni himself took part in it only at a certain stage, but, being at that time the leading anesthesiologist of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health, he knew all the details of this tragic event.

“Anesthesiologist Yuri Ilyich Savinov encountered an unforeseen circumstance,” said Sergei Naumovich. - In order to give anesthesia, it was necessary to insert a tube, but Korolev could not open his mouth wide. He had fractures of two jaws... - Were Sergei Pavlovich’s jaws broken? - I asked Korolev’s wife, Nina Ivanovna.

“He never mentioned it,” she answered thoughtfully. “He really couldn’t open his mouth wide, and I remember that when he had to go to the dentist, he was always nervous...

Korolev writes clearly: “investigators Shestakov and Bykov subjected me to physical repression and abuse.” But I cannot prove that Nikolai Mikhailovich Shestakov broke the jaws of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Unfortunately, no one can prove this anymore. You can't even prove that you hit him. That he just pushed. I repeat again: I cannot prove anything, there is no such evidence in nature. I can only try to see. There is no other evidence confirming that Korolev’s jaw was broken during interrogations.”.

On September 25, 1938, Korolev was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On the list he was in the first (execution) category. The list was endorsed by Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Kaganovich.

Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 27, 1938, charge: Art. 58-7, 11. Sentence: 10 years of labor camp, 5 years of disqualification. On June 10, 1940, the term was reduced to 8 years in the ITL (Sevzheldorlag), released in 1944. According to his application to the Military Prosecutor's Office dated May 30, 1955, he was rehabilitated “for lack of evidence of a crime” on April 18, 1957.

Sergei Korolev went through Butyrka in Moscow and a transit prison in Novocherkassk.

On April 21, 1939, he arrived in Kolyma, where he was located at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Administration and was engaged in so-called “general work.” On December 23, 1939, he was sent to the disposal of Vladlag.

He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried a second time by a Special Meeting, sentenced to 8 years in prison and sent to the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, he took an active part in the creation Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor.

This was the reason for the transfer of S.P. Korolev in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at the Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16 (now the Open Joint-Stock Company "Kazan Engine-Building Production Association" /JSC KMPO/), where work was carried out on missile engines of new types for the purpose of using them in aviation. Here S.P. Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, devotes himself to the idea practical use rocket engines for the improvement of aviation: reducing the length of the aircraft's takeoff run during takeoff and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat.

At the beginning of 1943, he was appointed chief designer of the rocket launch group. Was engaged in improvement technical characteristics Pe-2 dive bomber, whose first flight with the current rocket launcher took place in October 1943.

According to the memoirs of L. L. Kerber, S. P. Korolev was a skeptic, a cynic and a pessimist, who looked absolutely gloomily at the future, “They will slam without an obituary,” was his favorite phrase. At the same time, there is a statement by cosmonaut Alexei Leonov regarding S.P. Korolev: “He was never embittered... He never complained, never cursed or scolded anyone. He didn't have time for that. He understood that embitterment does not cause creative impulse, but oppression."

In July 1944, S.P. Korolev was released early from prison with his criminal record expunged but without rehabilitation (minutes of the July 27, 1944 meeting of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR) on personal instructions, after which he worked in Kazan for another year.

Daughter Queen said: "Dad miraculously survived. I flew to the Maldyak mine in the summer of 1991. It was small village, where two barracks were preserved in which the authorities lived. But the camp doctor Tatyana Dmitrievna Repyeva was still alive. She, of course, did not remember the prisoner Korolev, but she told how people were saved from scurvy: they brought it from home raw potatoes, rubbed the gums of the sick, made decoctions from fir cones. The father was able to survive. Mikhail Aleksandrovich Usachev, director of the Moscow Aviation Plant before his arrest, also played a major role in the rescue of Sergei Pavlovich. The plane on which Chkalov crashed was built. Usachev was a master of sports in boxing, and he decided to restore order in the camp where criminals ruled. He called the headman: “Show me your farm!” They went into the tent where my dying father lay. Usachev asked: “Who is this?” - “This is the King, one of yours, but he won’t get up!” When Usachev threw away his rags and saw my father, whom he knew before, he realized that something incredible had happened and he needed to be saved. He got his father transferred to the infirmary and forced the criminals to share their rations. And soon an order came to send the pope to Moscow to review the case. A second trial took place, which sentenced him to eight years in prison. After the Maldyak mine, my father hated gold all his life.".

On January 12, 2007, a high relief of S.P. was inaugurated on the building (entrance) of OJSC KMPO. Queen of work sculptor M. M. Gasimov.

Ballistic missiles of Sergei Korolev

On May 13, 1946, Resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR No. 1017-419ss “Issues of Jet Weapons” appears. S.P. Korolev is not directly mentioned in the text of the Resolution, but in accordance with this document he was appointed to a new place of work.

In August 1946, he was appointed Chief Designer of Special Design Bureau No. 1 (OKB-1), created in Kaliningrad near Moscow, to develop long-range ballistic missiles, and head of Department No. 3 of NII-88 for their development. Almost immediately, the Council of Chief Designers appeared.

Speaking about the design of Soviet missiles that followed the R-1, it is difficult to distinguish between the time periods for their creation. So, Korolev thought about the R-2 back in Germany, when the R-1 project had not yet been discussed, he was developing the R-5 even before the delivery of the R-2, and even earlier, work began on the small mobile rocket R-11 and the first calculations for the intercontinental R-7 rocket.

The first task set by the government to S.P. Korolev, as the Chief Designer of OKB-1, and all organizations involved in missile weapons, was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from Soviet materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a greater flight range than the V-2 - up to 3000 km.

In 1948, S.P. Korolev began flight design tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogue of the V-2) and in 1950 he successfully put it into service.

During 1954 alone, Korolev simultaneously worked on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1B, R-1D, R-1E), completed work on the R-5 and outlined five different modifications of it , completed complex and responsible work on the R-5M missile - with a nuclear warhead. Work was underway on the R-11 and its marine version R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 acquired increasingly clear features.

In 1956, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile R-7 was created with a detachable warhead weighing 3 tons and a flight range of 8 thousand km. The rocket was successfully tested in 1957 at Test Site No. 5 in Kazakhstan (the current Baikonur Cosmodrome) built for this purpose.

For combat duty of these missiles in 1958-1959, a combat launch station (Angara facility) was built in the area of ​​​​the village of Plesetsk ( Arhangelsk region, the current Plesetsk cosmodrome). A modification of the R-7A missile with a range increased to 11 thousand km was in service with the USSR Strategic Missile Forces from 1960 to 1968.

In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles using stable fuel components (mobile land and sea based) - he became a pioneer in these new and important areas of development of missile weapons.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth by Sergei Korolev

In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket), S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space using the R-7 rocket ). The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was appointed S.P. Korolev.

To implement manned flights and launches of automatic space stations, S.P. Korolev developed a family of perfect three- and four-stage launch vehicles based on a combat rocket.

On October 4, 1957, the first artificial Earth satellite in human history was launched into low-Earth orbit. His flight was a stunning success and created high international authority for the Soviet Union.

“He was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but his sonorous call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of mankind’s daring dream.”, - said S.P. Korolev later.

In parallel with preparations for manned flights, work is underway on satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes. In 1958, the geophysical Sputnik-3 was developed and launched into space, and then the paired Elektron satellites to study the Earth's radiation belts.

In 1959, three automatic stations to the Moon were created and launched: “Luna-1” flew near the Moon, “Luna-2” was the first in the world to fly from Earth to another cosmic body, “symbolically” delivering a pennant to the Moon Soviet Union(after hitting the surface, the satellite with the pennant instantly turned into gas), Luna-3 for the first time photographed the far (invisible from Earth) side of the Moon.

Subsequently, S.P. Korolev began developing a more advanced lunar apparatus for soft landing on the surface of the Moon, photographing and transmitting a lunar panorama to Earth (the so-called object E-6).

Launch of the first man into space

April 12, 1961 S.P. Korolev again amazes the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft "Vostok-1", he realized the world's first human flight into space - a citizen of the USSR in low-Earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich is in no hurry to solve the problem of human exploration of outer space. The first spaceship made only one revolution: no one knew how a person would feel during such a long period of weightlessness, what psychological stress would affect him during unusual and unexplored times. space travel.

For preparing the first manned flight into space, S.P. Korolev was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor for the second time (the decree was not published).

Following the first flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovich Titov made a second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted one day. Again - a scrupulous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolaev and P.R. Popovich, from August 11 to 12, 1962, direct radio communication was established between the cosmonauts.

The following year - a joint flight of cosmonauts V.F. Bykovsky and V.V. Tereshkova to spaceships"Vostok-5" and "Vostok-6" from June 14 to 16, 1963 - the possibility of a woman's flight into space is being studied. After the flight, S. Korolev told his wife that there was no place for women in space.

From October 12 to 13, 1964, the more complex Voskhod spacecraft was in space with a crew of three people various specialties: ship commander, flight engineer and doctor.

The world's first spacewalk took place on March 18, 1965 during the flight of the Voskhod 2 spacecraft with a crew of two. Cosmonaut A. A. Leonov in a spacesuit exited through the airlock and was outside the ship for about 20 minutes.

Continuing to develop the program of manned near-Earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich begins to implement his ideas about the development of a manned DOS (long-term orbital station). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more advanced than previous ones, Soyuz spacecraft. This ship included a living compartment where astronauts could for a long time be without spacesuits and conduct Scientific research. During the flight, automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transfer of cosmonauts from one spacecraft to another through outer space in spacesuits were also envisaged. Sergei Pavlovich did not live to see his ideas implemented in the Soyuz spacecraft.

Also back in the mid-1950s Korolev hatched the idea of ​​putting a man on the moon. The corresponding space program was developed with the support. However, this program was never implemented during Sergei Pavlovich’s lifetime due to the lack of unity of command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V.P. Glushko, as well as a change in the leadership of the CPSU - did not attach the same importance to the lunar program as Khrushchev. After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the program for launching astronauts to the Moon was gradually curtailed. The Soviet lunar exploration program was subsequently carried out using unmanned spacecraft.

Sergei Pavlovich Korolev ( documentary)

Illness and death of Sergei Korolev

Korolev had polyps in the rectum, which it was decided to remove surgically. The operation seemed uncomplicated to the doctors.

Sergei Pavlovich was operated on by the Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky, and Petrovsky was assisted by the head of the surgical department, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D.F. Blagovidov.

It was not possible to stop the bleeding by removing the polyps. They decided to open the abdominal cavity. When they began to get to the site of the bleeding, they discovered a tumor the size of a fist. It was sarcoma - malignant tumor. Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. It was necessary to remove the remaining part through the peritoneum.

Due to an untreated injury received in exile (according to the version, see above, the investigator broke Korolev’s jaw by hitting Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter; due to unsuccessful bone fusion, Korolev could not open his mouth wide enough while eating), difficulties arose during intubation trachea. They could not insert a breathing tube into his trachea correctly.

Medical report on the illness and cause of death of a friend Korolev Sergei Pavlovich: "Comrade S.P. Korolev was sick with sarcoma of the rectum. In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders. S.P. Korolev underwent an operation to remove the tumor with extirpation of the rectum and part sigmoid colon. The death of Comrade S.P. Korolev was caused by heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia)", - stated in the conclusion, which was signed by: Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky; full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky; head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D. F. Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. I. Strukov; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A. M. Markov.

Boris Vasilievich Petrovsky told Y. Golovanov: “The biopsy really showed a polyp in the rectum, and I prescribed an operation to rid Sergei Pavlovich of this polyp. An attempt was previously made under anesthesia using an endoscope to take tissue again for analysis, but severe bleeding began , and the need for surgery became obvious."

Petrovsky says the same in his book: “Laparotomy (opening the abdominal cavity) showed the presence of a fixed malignant tumor growing into the rectum and pelvic wall. With great difficulty, we managed to isolate the tumor with an electric knife and take a biopsy, which confirmed the presence of the most malignant tumor - angiosarcoma.”

In 1973, the Washington Post newspaper published an article by a doctor who emigrated from the USSR, who claimed that there was no sarcoma, there was a polyp and Korolev died as a result medical error. The same version was supported by the famous surgeon, academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences F.G. Angle

The coffin with the body of the late S.P. Korolev was installed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. Access to farewell to the deceased was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm. The funeral with state honors took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00.

The urn with the ashes of S.P. Korolev is buried in the Kremlin wall.

Personal life of Sergei Korolev:

Was married twice.

First wife - Ksenia Maximilianovna Vincentini (1907-1991), surgeon. In 1935, the marriage gave birth to a daughter, Natalia Sergeevna, Doctor of Medical Sciences, professor, laureate of the State Prize.

“My mother’s grandfather was an Italian, his name was Maximilian. At the age of 25, he came to Bessarabia, converted to Orthodoxy and after baptism became Nicholas. I know about my great-grandfather that for fifteen years he was the director of the Chisinau School of Viticulture and Winemaking and received noble title. He named his son Maximilian. My mother is Vincentini Ksenia Maximilianovna. She did not change this surname and bore it all her life...

When my dad was arrested, I was only three years old. Mom, of course, said that she would work for her husband, but family council decided that she has no right to do this because she has Small child, and my father’s mother, Maria Nikolaevna, will intercede. The mothers were not touched. And my grandmother rushed to save her only son. She wrote letters and telegrams to Stalin, Yezhov, then Beria,” said the daughter of Sergei Korolev.

Second wife - Nina Ivanovna (10/20/1920 - 4/25/1999).

“She invaded our family, knowing that Sergei Pavlovich had a wife and child. So I am his only daughter. But we must pay tribute: Nina Ivanovna devoted her whole life to him,” said Koroleva’s daughter.

Sergei Korolev with his second wife Nina Ivanovna(in the role of Korolev -).

documentaries:

Empire Queen;
2004 - Sergey Korolev. Destiny - creative workshop “Studio A”, “Channel One”;
2006 - Liberation of the designer - television company "Civilization", cycle "Korolev's Empire". Film 1st. TV channel Culture;
2006 - Trophy space - television company "Civilization", cycle "Korolev's Empire". Film 2. TV channel Culture;
2006 - Inaccessible Moon - TV company “Civilization”, cycle “Korolev’s Empire”. Film 3. TV channel Culture;
2006 - Tsar Rocket. Interrupted flight - Roscosmos TV studio, TV Center;
2006 - The world consists of stars and people - TV Channel Culture;
2007 - First on Mars. The unsung song of Sergei Korolev - Roscosmos television studio;
2007 - Sergey Korolev. Reaching Heaven - television studio Prospekt TV, Channel One;
2007 - Sergiy Korolyov - NTU, 2007, (in Russian-Ukrainian language);
2009 - Five deaths of Academician Korolev - Studio “07 Production”, TV channel “Inter” (in Russian-Ukrainian language);
2010 - Korolev. Countdown - NTV channel;
2011 - Sergey Korolev. Life at cosmic speed - Roscosmos television studio, Russian Space program, Russia-2 TV channel.

Chief designer of OKB-1 1946 - 1966
Predecessor:	Position established
Successor:	Vasily Pavlovich Mishin
Date of Birth:
Place of Birth:	Zhitomir city, Volyn province, Russian empire
Date of death:
A place of death:	Moscow, USSR
	Russian empire USSR
Scientific field:	Rocket science
Place of work:
Academic title:	Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1958)
Alma mater:
Known as:	Founder of Soviet cosmonautics
Awards and prizes:

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

Man in space

Orbital station project

Lunar project

Medical history and death

Official version

Details from memoirs

Funeral

Awards and titles

In philately

Interesting Facts

(December 30, 1906 (January 12, 1907), Zhitomir - January 14, 1966, Moscow) - Soviet scientist, designer and organizer of the production of rocket and space technology and missile weapons of the USSR, founder of practical cosmonautics. The largest figure of the 20th century in the field of space rocketry and shipbuilding.

S.P. Korolev is the creator of Soviet rocket and space technology, which ensured strategic parity and made the USSR an advanced rocket and space power. Is key figure in human space exploration. Thanks to his ideas, the first artificial Earth satellite and the first cosmonaut, Yuri Gagarin, were launched.

Twice Hero of Socialist Labor, laureate of the Lenin Prize, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Member of the CPSU since 1953. Lieutenant colonel.

Biography

S. P. Korolev was born on January 12, 1907 in the city of Zhitomir (then the Russian Empire, modern Ukraine) in the family of Russian literature teacher Pavel Yakovlevich Korolev (1877-1929) and Maria Nikolaevna Moskalenko (1888-1980). He was about three years old when his parents divorced. By the decision of his mother, little Seryozha was sent to Nezhin to his grandmother Maria Matveevna and grandfather Nikolai Yakovlevich Moskalenko.

In 1915 he entered the preparatory classes of the gymnasium in Kyiv, in 1917 he went to the first grade of the gymnasium in Odessa, where his mother, Maria Nikolaevna, and stepfather, Georgy Mikhailovich Balanin, moved.

I didn’t study at the gymnasium for long - it was closed, then there were four months of a unified labor school. Then he received his education at home - his mother and stepfather were teachers, and his stepfather, in addition to teaching, had an engineering education.

Even during his school years, Sergei was distinguished by exceptional abilities and an indomitable craving for the then new aviation technology. In 1922-1924 he studied at a construction vocational school, participating in many clubs and taking various courses.

In 1921, he met the pilots of the Odessa hydraulic squad and actively participated in aviation public life: from the age of 16 as a lecturer on eliminating aviation illiteracy, and from the age of 17 - as the author of the project for the K-5 non-motorized aircraft, which was officially defended before the competent commission and recommended for construction.

Having entered the Kiev Polytechnic Institute in 1924 with a specialization in aviation technology, Korolev mastered general engineering disciplines there in two years and became a glider athlete. In the fall of 1926, he was transferred to the Moscow Higher Technical School (MVTU) named after N. E. Bauman.

During his studies at the Moscow Higher Technical School, S.P. Korolev already gained fame as a young, capable aircraft designer and an experienced glider pilot. In 1955, Korolev wrote: “Back in 1929, I met K. E. Tsiolkovsky, and since then I have devoted my life to new area Sciences". From this trip, Sergei Pavlovich brought several works by Tsiolkovsky with a dedicatory inscription. This year Korolev worked on diploma work- project of the SK-4 aircraft, and on November 2, on the Firebird glider, he passed the exams for the title of soaring pilot. The aircraft he designed and built: the Koktebel and Krasnaya Zvezda gliders and the SK-4 light aircraft, designed to achieve a record flight range, showed Korolev’s extraordinary abilities as an aircraft designer. However, especially after meeting with K. E. Tsiolkovsky, he was fascinated by thoughts about flights into the stratosphere and the principles of jet propulsion. In September 1931, S.P. Korolev and a talented enthusiast in the field of rocket engines F.A. Tsander sought to create in Moscow, with the help of Osoaviakhim, a public organization - the Group for the Study of Jet Propulsion (GIRD): In April 1932, it became essentially a state scientific- design laboratory for the development of rocket aircraft, in which the first domestic liquid-ballistic missiles (BR) GIRD-09 and GIRD-10 are created and launched.

In 1933, on the basis of the Moscow GIRD and the Leningrad Gas Dynamic Laboratory (GDL), the Jet Research Institute was created under the leadership of I. T. Kleimenov. Korolev was appointed his deputy. However, differences in views on the prospects for the development of rocket technology forced Korolev to leave this post. He, as the head of the rocket aircraft department, in 1936 managed to bring cruise missiles to testing: anti-aircraft-217 with a powder rocket engine and long-range-212 with a liquid rocket engine. By 1938, his department had developed designs for liquid-propelled cruise and long-range ballistic missiles, aircraft missiles for firing at air and ground targets, and solid-fuel anti-aircraft missiles.

Arrest and work in closed design bureaus

Korolev was arrested on June 27, 1938 on charges of sabotage after the arrest of Ivan Terentyevich Kleimenov and other employees of the Jet Institute. He was tortured. According to some reports, his jaw was broken during torture. The author of this version is journalist Ya. Golovanov. However, in his book he emphasizes that this is only a version:

In February 1988, I talked with corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences Efuni. Sergei Naumovich told me about the 1966 operation, during which Sergei Pavlovich died. Efuni himself took part in it only at a certain stage, but, being at that time the leading anesthesiologist of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health, he knew all the details of this tragic event. Anesthesiologist Yuri Ilyich Savinov encountered an unforeseen circumstance, said Sergei Naumovich. - In order to give anesthesia, it was necessary to insert a tube, but Korolev could not open his mouth wide. He had fractures of two jaws... Did Sergei Pavlovich have his jaws broken? - I asked Korolev’s wife, Nina Ivanovna. “He never mentioned it,” she replied thoughtfully. “He really couldn’t open his mouth wide, and I remember: when he had to go to the dentist, he was always nervous ... Korolev writes clearly: “investigators Shestakov and Bykov subjected me to physical repression and abuse.” But I cannot prove that Nikolai Mikhailovich Shestakov broke the jaws of Sergei Pavlovich Korolev. Unfortunately, no one can prove this anymore. You can't even prove that you hit him. That he just pushed. I repeat again: I cannot prove anything, there is no such evidence in nature. I can only try to see. There is no other evidence confirming that Korolev’s jaw was broken during interrogations.

On September 25, 1938, Korolev was included in the list of persons subject to trial by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR. On the list he was in the first (execution) category. The list was endorsed by Stalin, Molotov, Voroshilov and Kaganovich.

This was a time of change in the leadership of the NKVD and repressions had already reduced their scope. Therefore, court decisions did not so blindly follow the recommendations of the NKVD. Korolev was convicted by the Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the USSR on September 27, 1938, charge: Art. 58-7, 11. Sentence: 10 years of labor camp, 5 years of disqualification. On June 10, 1940, the term was reduced to 8 years in the ITL (Sevzheldorlag), released in 1944. Completely rehabilitated on April 18, 1957.

On April 21, 1939, he arrived in Kolyma, where he was located at the Maldyak gold mine of the Western Mining Administration and was engaged in so-called “general work.” On December 23, 1939, he was sent to the disposal of Vladlag.

He arrived in Moscow on March 2, 1940, where four months later he was tried a second time by a Special Meeting, sentenced to 8 years in prison and sent to the Moscow NKVD special prison TsKB-29, where, under the leadership of A. N. Tupolev, also a prisoner, he took an active part in the creation Pe-2 and Tu-2 bombers and at the same time proactively developed projects for a guided aerial torpedo and a new version of a missile interceptor.

This was the reason for the transfer of S.P. Korolev in 1942 to another prison-type design bureau - OKB-16 at the Kazan Aviation Plant No. 16 (now the Open Joint-Stock Company "Kazan Engine-Building Production Association" /JSC KMPO/), where work was carried out on missile engines of new types for the purpose of using them in aviation. Here S.P. Korolev, with his characteristic enthusiasm, devotes himself to the idea of ​​​​the practical use of rocket engines to improve aviation: reducing the length of the aircraft's takeoff run during takeoff and increasing the speed and dynamic characteristics of aircraft during air combat. At the beginning of 1943, he was appointed chief designer of the rocket launch group. He was involved in improving the technical characteristics of the Pe-2 dive bomber, the first flight of which took place in October 1943.

According to the memoirs attributed to L. L. Kerber, S. P. Korolev was a skeptic, a cynic and a pessimist, who looked absolutely gloomily at the future, “They will slam without an obituary,” was his favorite phrase. At the same time, there is a statement by cosmonaut Alexei Leonov regarding S.P. Korolev: “He was never embittered... He never complained, never cursed or scolded anyone. He didn't have time for that. He understood that it is not a creative impulse that causes anger, but oppression.”

In July 1944, S.P. Korolev was released early from prison with his criminal record expunged, after which he worked in Kazan for another year. On January 12, 2007, a high relief of S. P. Korolev by sculptor M. M. Gasimov was inaugurated on the building (entrance) of JSC KMPO.

Ballistic missile development

Speaking about the design of Soviet missiles that followed the R-1, it is difficult to distinguish between the time periods for their creation. So, Korolev was thinking about the R-2 back in Germany, when the R-1 project had not yet been discussed, he was developing the R-5 even before the delivery of the R-2, and even earlier, work began on the small mobile rocket R-11, and the first calculations for intercontinental missile R-7.

In August 1946, S.P. Korolev began working in Kaliningrad near Moscow (then renamed Korolev in 1996), where he was appointed chief designer of long-range ballistic missiles and head of department No. 3 of NII-88 for their development.

The first task set by the government to S.P. Korolev, as the chief designer, and all organizations involved in missile weapons, was to create an analogue of the V-2 rocket from domestic materials. But already in 1947, a decree was issued on the development of new ballistic missiles with a greater flight range than the V-2: up to 3000 km. In 1948, S.P. Korolev began flight design tests of the R-1 ballistic missile (analogous to the V-2) and in 1950 successfully put it into service.

During 1954 alone, Korolev was simultaneously working on various modifications of the R-1 rocket (R-1A, R-1B, R-1B, R-1D, R-1E), finishing work on the R-5 and planning five different modifications of it. , completes complex and responsible work on the R-5M missile - with a nuclear warhead. They're coming full swing work on the R-11 and its naval version R-11FM, and the intercontinental R-7 is acquiring increasingly clear features.

In 1956, under the leadership of S.P. Korolev, the first domestic strategic missile, which became the basis of the rocket nuclear shield countries. In 1957, Sergei Pavlovich created the first ballistic missiles (mobile land-based and sea-based) using stable fuel components; he became a pioneer in these new and important areas of missile development.

In 1960, the first one entered service. intercontinental missile R-7, which had two rocket stages. This was also a victory for S.P. Korolev and his employees.

The first artificial satellite of the Earth

In 1955 (long before the flight tests of the R-7 rocket), S. P. Korolev, M. V. Keldysh, M. K. Tikhonravov came to the government with a proposal to launch an artificial Earth satellite into space using the R-7 rocket ). The government supported this initiative. In August 1956, OKB-1 left NII-88 and became an independent organization, the chief designer and director of which was appointed S.P. Korolev.

To implement manned flights and launches of automatic space stations, S.P. Korolev developed a family of perfect three-stage and four-stage launch vehicles based on a combat rocket.

On October 4, 1957, the first satellite in human history was launched into low-Earth orbit. His flight was a stunning success and created high international authority for the Soviet Union.

“It was small, this very first artificial satellite of our old planet, but its ringing call signs spread across all continents and among all peoples as the embodiment of the daring dream of mankind,” S.P. Korolev later said.

Postal envelopes

Other satellites and launches of spacecraft to the Moon

In parallel with the rapid development of manned space exploration, work is underway on satellites for scientific, economic and defense purposes. In 1958, a geophysical satellite was developed and launched into space, and then paired Electron satellites to study the Earth's radiation belts. In 1959, three automatic spacecraft to the moon. The first and second are for delivering the pennant of the Soviet Union to the Moon, the third is for the purpose of photographing the far (invisible) side of the Moon. Subsequently, S.P. Korolev began developing a more advanced lunar apparatus for its soft landing on the surface of the Moon, photographing and transmitting a lunar panorama to Earth (object E-6).

Man in space

April 12, 1961 S.P. Korolev again amazes the world community. Having created the first manned spacecraft "Vostok-1", he realized the world's first human flight - USSR citizen Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin in low-Earth orbit. Sergei Pavlovich is in no hurry to solve the problem of human exploration of outer space. The first spacecraft made only one orbit: no one knew how a person would feel in such a prolonged weightlessness, what psychological stress would affect him during an unusual and unexplored space journey. Following the first flight of Yu. A. Gagarin, on August 6, 1961, German Stepanovich Titov made a second space flight on the Vostok-2 spacecraft, which lasted one day. Again - a scrupulous analysis of the influence of flight conditions on the functioning of the body. Then the joint flight of the Vostok-3 and Vostok-4 spacecraft, piloted by cosmonauts A.G. Nikolaev and P.R. Popovich, from August 11 to 12, 1962; Direct radio communication was established between the astronauts. The following year - a joint flight of cosmonauts V.F. Bykovsky and V.V. Tereshkova on the Vostok-5 and Vostok-6 spacecraft from June 14 to 16, 1963 - the possibility of a woman flying into space is being studied. Behind them - from October 12 to 13, 1964 - in space was a crew of three people of various specialties: a ship commander, a flight engineer and a doctor on a more complex Voskhod spacecraft. On March 18, 1965, during a flight on the Voskhod-2 spacecraft with a crew of two, cosmonaut A. A. Leonov makes the world's first spacewalk in a spacesuit through the airlock chamber.

Orbital station project

Continuing to develop the program of manned near-Earth flights, Sergei Pavlovich begins to implement his ideas about the development of a manned DOS (long-term orbital station). Its prototype was a fundamentally new, more advanced than previous ones, Soyuz spacecraft. This ship included a living compartment where cosmonauts could stay for a long time without spacesuits and conduct scientific research. During the flight, automatic docking in orbit of two Soyuz spacecraft and the transfer of cosmonauts from one spacecraft to another through outer space in spacesuits were also envisaged. Sergei Pavlovich did not live to see his ideas implemented in the Soyuz spacecraft.

Lunar project

Back in the mid-1950s, Korolev hatched ideas for launching a man to the Moon. The corresponding space program was developed with the support of N. S. Khrushchev. However, this program was never implemented during Sergei Pavlovich’s lifetime due to the lack of unity of command (the program was developed under the leadership of the USSR Ministry of Defense, in which Korolev did not work), disagreements with the chief designer of rocket engines V.P. Glushko, as well as a change in the leadership of the CPSU - L.I. Brezhnev did not attach the same importance to the lunar program as Khrushchev. After the death of Sergei Pavlovich, the program for launching astronauts to the Moon was gradually curtailed. The Soviet lunar exploration program was subsequently carried out using unmanned spacecraft.

Medical history and death

Official version

• The official medical report was published on January 16, 1966. Is it true. 1966. No. 16 (17333).

“Medical report on the illness and cause of death of comrade Sergei Pavlovich Korolev.”

Comrade S.P. Korolev was sick with sarcoma of the rectum. In addition, he had: atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis, sclerosis of the cerebral arteries, pulmonary emphysema and metabolic disorders. S.P. Korolev underwent surgery to remove the tumor with extirpation of the rectum and part of the sigmoid colon. Death of Comrade S.P. Koroleva suffered from heart failure (acute myocardial ischemia).

Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky; full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. A. Vishnevsky; head of the surgical department of the hospital, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D. F. Blagovidov; Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor A. I. Strukov; Head of the Fourth Main Directorate under the USSR Ministry of Health, Honored Scientist, Professor A.M. Markov.

Details from memoirs

• Sergei Pavlovich was operated on by the Minister of Health of the USSR, full member of the USSR Academy of Medical Sciences, Professor B.V. Petrovsky, and Petrovsky was assisted by the head of the surgical department, associate professor, candidate of medical sciences D.F. Blagovidov.
• It was not possible to stop the bleeding by removing the polyps. They decided to open the abdominal cavity. When they began to get to the site of the bleeding, they discovered a tumor the size of a fist. It was a sarcoma - a malignant tumor. Petrovsky decided to remove the sarcoma. At the same time, part of the rectum was removed. It was necessary to remove the remaining part through the peritoneum.
• Due to an untreated injury received in exile (according to the version, see above, the investigator broke Korolev’s jaw by hitting Sergei Pavlovich on the cheekbone with a decanter. Due to unsuccessful bone fusion, Korolev could not open his mouth wide enough even while eating), difficulties arose in tracheal intubation. They could not insert a breathing tube into his trachea correctly.

Funeral

The coffin with the body of the late S.P. Korolev was installed in the Hall of Columns of the House of Unions. Access to farewell to the deceased was opened on January 17, 1966 from 12 noon to 8 pm.

• The funeral with state honors took place on Red Square in Moscow on January 18 at 13:00. The urn with the ashes of S.P. Korolev is buried in the Kremlin wall.

Family

After Korolev's death the following remained:

• his mother is Maria Nikolaevna Balanina;
• first wife - Ksenia Maximilianovna Vincentini, who had a daughter from him - Natalya;
• second wife - Nina Ivanovna.

Contribution

Sergei Korolev was the generator of many extraordinary ideas and the progenitor of outstanding design teams working in the field of rocket and space technology; his contribution to the development of domestic and world manned astronautics is decisive. One can only be amazed at the versatility of Sergei Pavlovich’s talent and his inexhaustible creative energy. He is a pioneer in many main areas of development of domestic missile weapons and rocket and space technology. It is difficult to even imagine what level she would have reached if the premature death of Sergei Pavlovich had not interrupted the creative flight of his thoughts.

In 1966, the USSR Academy of Sciences established gold medal named after S.P. Korolev “For outstanding achievements in the field of rocket and space technology.” Scholarships named after S. P. Korolev were established for higher education students educational institutions. Monuments to the scientist were built in Zhitomir, Moscow, Baikonur, and other cities, and memorial house-museums were created. The Samara State Aerospace University, a city in the Moscow region, the streets of many cities, two research vessels, a high mountain peak in the Pamirs, a pass in the Tien Shan, an asteroid, a thalassoid on the Moon bear his name.

Awards and titles

• Twice Hero of Socialist Labor.
• He was awarded three Orders of Lenin, the Order of the Badge of Honor and medals.
• Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.
• Lenin Prize laureate.
• Honorary citizen of the city of Korolev.

Memory

Named in honor of Korolev and bear his name:

• Science city Korolev, Moscow region (renamed in 1996 from “Kaliningrad”). The central avenue of this city also bears the name of Korolev.
• Crater on Mars.
• Crater on back side Moons.
• Asteroid 1855 Korolev.
• Rocket and Space Corporation (RSC) Energia named after. S. P. Koroleva.
• SSAU - Samara State Aerospace University named after. Academician S.P. Korolev. In 2011, a bust of Sergei Korolev was installed near SSAU.
• Military Institute in Zhitomir.
• Medal named after S.P. Korolev, awarded by the Russian Cosmonautics Federation.
• Korolev Badge, departmental award of the Federal Space Agency.
• House of Culture named after S.P. Korolev in Kyiv.

In philately

Year of birth of Korolev postage stamps different - sometimes according to the old style, sometimes according to the new one.

Postage stamps and envelopes

• Following the stage from Butyrka prison to Kolyma, Korolev spent some time in Novocherkassk prison.
• Returning from Kolyma to Moscow, Korolev did not get on the Indigirka steamship in Magadan (due to all the seats being occupied). This saved Korolev’s life: while traveling from Magadan to Vladivostok, the steamship Indigirka was caught in a storm and sank off the island of Hokkaido.
• Soon after the war, the British demonstrated the launch of a German V-2 rocket (the launch was carried out by German specialists). On instructions from management, Korolev arrived under a false name, under the guise of an artillery captain Soviet army. But they forgot to provide him with the awards that front-line officers had. And representatives of British intelligence became very interested in this “captain”.
• Korolev were the first in the world to implement:
• launch of the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin into space
• launching an artificial earth satellite into space,
• launching a satellite into space with a living creature - dog Laika,
• launching a ballistic missile from a submarine.
• Korolev is the only person in the history of the USSR who received the title of Hero of Socialist Labor without being rehabilitated (the title was awarded on April 20, 1956, and rehabilitated on April 18, 1957).
• During his lifetime, Korolev’s name was considered secret. It was not mentioned either in the news during the launch of Sputnik or during Gagarin’s flight. Nevertheless, after his death, streets began to be named after Korolev, monuments were erected to him, and he himself was buried near the Kremlin wall. Soviet propaganda spoke of him as a brilliant scientist, the founder of astronautics, but kept silent about the fact of his arrest.

Movies

Feature and television

• Taming of Fire (film) - ("Bashkirtsev" - Kirill Lavrov).
• Running start - about the youth of S. P. Korolev, 1982.
• Alien ship (film) (Oleg Tabakov).
• Korolev (film) - (Sergei Astakhov).
• Battle for Space (TV series) (as Korolev - Steve Nicholson).
• “Cedar” pierces the sky (Igor Sklyar, 2011).
• Furtseva (TV series) (Alexey Yanin, 2011).

Documentary

• Sergey Korolev. Fate - creative workshop “Studio A”, “Channel One”, 2004.
• Liberation of the designer - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire Queen". Film 1st. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Trophy space - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire Queen". Film 2. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Inaccessible Moon - TV company "Civilization", cycle "Empire Queen". Film 3. TV channel Culture, 2006.
• Tsar Rocket. Interrupted flight - Roscosmos TV studio, TV Center, 2006.
• The world consists of stars and people - TV Channel Culture, 2006.
• The first on Mars. The unsung song of Sergei Korolev - Roscosmos television studio, 2007.
• Sergei Korolev. Knocking on Heaven - Prospekt TV studio, Channel One, 2007.
• Sergiy Korolov - NTU, 2007, (in Russian-Ukrainian language).
• Five deaths of Academician Korolev - Studio “07 Production”, TV channel “Inter”, 2009, (in Russian-Ukrainian language).
• Korolev. Countdown - NTV channel, 2010.
• Sergey Korolev. Life at cosmic speed - Roscosmos television studio, Russian Space program, Russia-2 TV channel, 2011.