Short description. A mushroom with large lamellar fruiting bodies that develop on the soil. The cap is 6-11 cm in diameter, semicircular, then flat-convex, with a wavy, sometimes lobed edge. The plates are frequent, free, and white. Stipe (6-10 x x 1.5-2.5 cm, cylindrical, fibrous. The whole mushroom is white, sometimes with small carmine or blue-green spots. Spores 5.5-7.0 x 4-5 microns.
Spreading. Found in the vicinity. village of Matoksa (Vsevolozhsk district) (1). In Russia, it is also recorded in the European part (2-5) and the Krasnoyarsk Territory (6). Outside Russia, it is widespread in Europe. North Africa and Japan (7-9).
Ecology and biology. Mycorrhizal symbiont of deciduous trees. Found in mixed forest in September.
Limiting factors. Deforestation, trampling.
Security measures. It is necessary to search for new locations.
Information sources: 1. Kovalenko. Morozova, 1999; 2. Kovalenko et al. 1998; 3. Psrevedstseva, 1997; 4. Ivanov, 1981a; 5. Levitskaya, 1995c; 6. Beglyanova, 1972; 7. Nordic macromycetes, 1992; 8. Courtecuisse. Duhem. 1995; 9. Imazeki et al.. 1988. O. V. Morozova
Status. 3(R). Rare.
Description. Large gill-bearing fungus developing on soil. Cap 6-11 cm in diameter.. hemispherical, then planoconvex. with undulate, sometimes lobatemargin. Gills crowded, free, white. Stipe 6-10 x 1.5-2.5 cm. cylindrical. fibrillose. The whole fruit body white, sometimes with small carmine or blue-green spots. Spores 5.5-7.0x4-5|im.
Distribution. In the Leningrad region found in the vicinity of Matoksa (Matoksi) (Vsevolozhsk district) (I). In Russia also recorded from the European part (2-5) and Krasnoyarsk tcrritory(6). Outside Russia distributed in Europe, Northern Africa and Japan (7-9).
Ecology and biology. Mycorrhizal symbiont of deciduous trees. Found in mixed forest in September.
Limiting factors. Forest felling, trampling.
Conservation measures. A search for new localities required.
Sources of information: I Kovalenko. Morozova, 1999; 2. Kovalenko et al. 1998; 3. Psrevsdenieva, 1997; 4. Ivanov. 1981a: 5. Levitskaya. 1995v:6. Bsglyanova. 1972; 7. Nordic macromycetes, 1992; 8. Courtecuisse, Duhem, 1995; 9. Imazeki et al.. 1988. O. V. Morozova
Etymology of the specific epithet
Columbetta Italian noun f, dove. From columba, ae, f, dove, dove.
Synonyms
- Agaricus columbetta Fr., Syst. mycol. (Lundae) 1:44 (1821)
- Gyrophila columbetta(Fr.) Quél., Enchir. fung. (Paris): 12 (1886)
- Tricholoma impolitum(Lasch) P. Kumm., Fuhr. Pilzk. (Zerbst): 131 (1871)
- Gyrophila impolita(Lasch) Quél., Enchir. fung. (Paris): 12 (1886)
Habit
hat
The cap is 40 - 100 (120) mm in diameter, initially hemispherical or wide-conical, with a downturned edge, when ripe it opens to flat-convex or prostrate with a wide tubercle in the center or concave. Over time, the edge unfolds, becomes wavy, often cracks, bursts in several places, making the cap lobed. The surface is dry, silky, radially fibrous or almost smooth; white, light cream, sometimes with an ocher tint in the center, yellowish-gray shadows; over time, coral-red, brownish or greenish-blue spots, very characteristic of this species, may appear on the fruiting body.
The plates are notched and adherent, wide, white or cream. In older mushrooms, the plates become quite wide, which, in combination with the wavy, lobed edge, gives the impression of open white wings and very accurately justifies the species name of this mushroom.
Leg
The leg is 60–150 mm long, 10–30 mm in diameter, cylindrical or fusiform. The surface is smooth or longitudinally fibrous, white or pinkish, often with pinkish spots on the upper part of the stalk and with brownish-greenish spots on the lower part.
Pulp
The flesh is white, light cream, slightly darkens to pale brownish when cut, and sometimes bluish-green at the base of the stem. According to our observations, in cold weather The flesh of the mushroom may acquire a pinkish tint. The smell of undamaged fruiting bodies is faint; when cut, the smell and taste are clearly mealy.
Microscopy
Spores 4.3 – 7.0 × 3.0 – 5.2 µm, Q = 1.1 – 1.6, broadly ellipsoidal, ellipsoidal.
Basidia 30 – 45 × 5 – 8 µm, mostly 4-spore.
Cheilocystids 30 – 45 × 5 – 8 µm, narrowly club-shaped.
Pileipellis - cutis or weakly expressed ixocutis, hyphae consist of thin colorless elements 50 – 200 × 2 – 8 µm.
There are no buckles.
Ecology and distribution
In Western Siberia it is found in dry pine forests, both in the white moss forests of the middle taiga zone and in the steppe, dead cover or cereal forests of the southern Ob region. In the Novosibirsk region, the pigeon row is numerous in the Karakansky pine forest, where it sometimes bears fruit en masse simultaneously with the soap row ( T. saponaceum), is relatively common in the Pirogovsky forest (and, probably, in the nearby forest massifs - Shlyuzovsky, Eltsovsky, Pervomaisky), where it occurs at the same time and in the same areas as (). In Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra it was noted in the forests around the village. n. Ugut, but not as numerous as the more typical types of rows for this area, such as, for example, T. pessundatum or T. stans.
Fruiting
August - October.
It often bears fruit quite late, after the first frost.
Nutritional properties
It is considered edible, but it should be collected with caution: among the white rows and talkers of a similar size there are poisonous mushrooms, including deadly poisonous species, for example, the bleached talker Clitocybe dealbata.
Security status
- Red book of nature Leningrad region 2000
Rare view. It is necessary to search for new locations.
Similar species
In principle, the pigeon row can be confused with many autumn mushrooms light colors - in other rows ( Tricholoma), talkers ( Clitocybe), entolomas ( Entoloma). Govorushki, as a rule, are distinguished by somewhat more fragile flesh and a less convex, more funnel-shaped cap with descending plates, and entolomas are distinguished by the pink or beige color of the plates in adult mushrooms.
- Common lamina () - as a rule, lives in other biotopes - in Western Siberia it is especially common in the Novosibirsk region in mixed birch-aspen large-grass, bracken-bracken forests with an admixture of pine; It is distinguished, as a rule, by its larger size, frequent plates, the absence of colored spots on old fruiting bodies and an unpleasant odor.
- A white row very similar to it ( Tricholoma album) is usually slightly smaller and confined to broad-leaved forests; it has not yet been recorded in Western Siberia.
- Soap row ( Tricholoma saponaceum) – often grows in the same biotopes, and light-colored young specimens can sometimes be confused with the common pigeon. Reddish spots on the flesh may enhance this resemblance. It is distinguished by a darker, greenish-gray color of the cap and a characteristic soapy smell at the break.
Related materials
- Christensen M., Heilmann-Clausen J. Fungi of Northern Europe. Vol. 4. The genus Tricholoma. - The Danish Mycological Society, 2013. - 228 p. - P. 118.
- Bas C., Kuyper Th. W., Noordeloos M. E., Vellinga E. C. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica. Critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands. Vol. 4. Strophariaceae, Tricholomataceae. - Rotterdam – Brookfield: A. A. Balkema, 1999. - 190 p. - P. 117.
- Breitenbach J, Kränzlin F. Fungi of Switzerland. A contribution to the knowledge of the fungal flora of Switzerland. Vol 3. Boletes and agarics. 1st part. Strobilomycetaceae and Boletaceae, Paxillaceae, Gomphidiaceae, Hygrophoraceae, Tricholomataceae, Polyporaceae (lamellate). - Lucerne: Verlag Mykologia, 1991. - 360 p. - P. 326.
- Red Book of Nature of the Leningrad Region. Volume 2. Plants and mushrooms / Answer. ed. N. N. Tsvelev. - St. Petersburg: ANO NPO "Peace and Family", 2000. - 672 p. - P. 541.
Ageev D. V., Bulyonkova T. M. Pigeon row ( Tricholoma columbetta) – Mushrooms of Siberia [Electronic resource] URL: https://site/tricholoma-columbetta.html (access date: 01/24/2020).
Taxonomy:- Division: Basidiomycota (Basidiomycetes)
- Subdivision: Agaricomycotina (Agaricomycetes)
- Class: Agaricomycetes (Agaricomycetes)
- Subclass: Agaricomycetidae (Agaricomycetes)
- Order: Agaricales (Agaric or Lamellar)
- Family: Tricholomataceae
- Genus: Tricholoma (Tricholoma or Ryadovka)
- View: Tricholoma columbetta (Pigeon's rower)
Row bluish
(lat. Tricholoma columbetta) is a mushroom belonging to the Ryadovkov family. The family includes more than one hundred growing mushroom species. The pigeon row is edible and belongs to the genus of cap mushrooms. Mushroom pickers come across it quite rarely.
The mushroom is decorated with a large fleshy cap, reaching a diameter of twelve centimeters. The hemispherical cap of the mushroom opens as it grows, and its ends bend down. In young mushrooms, the light surface of the cap is covered with scales that match the overall color of the mushroom.
The thick, dense flesh of the mushroom acquires a pinkish color when broken. It has a weak taste and smell. The tall, powerful mushroom stem has a fibrous, dense structure.
Pigeon row grows singly or in small groups from mid-August to the end of September in forests mixed type. Likes to settle next to oak and birch trees. Mushroom pickers have noticed cases of its growth not only in the forest, but also in meadows and pastures.
This mushroom is used in a wide variety of prepared dishes. A wide variety of soups and sauces are prepared from it. The row can be grilled and dried for future use, and is also suitable for decoration holiday dishes. Ryadovka cooked with meat gives the dish an extraordinary aroma. Among professional cooks it is considered very delicious mushroom with a unique pleasant aroma.
Before cooking, the mushroom is soaked in cold water, after which the skin is removed from its cap. Then a fifteen-minute thermal treatment is carried out. The row is suitable for harvesting for the winter in salted or pickled form. Both young and adult mushrooms, as well as those that have survived the first frost, are suitable for cooking.
Rows of photos and descriptions of which A must-learn for anyone who likes to go on a “silent hunt.” In nature, there are rows of both edible and poisonous ones.
The rows got their name from the fact that they grow in long rows or witch circles. The scientific name of the mushroom is tricholoma. They are representatives of the family Ordinaceae, order Agariaceae, class Agaricomycetes, division Basidiomycetes.
Description and differences
Even edible representatives of this species must be thoroughly cooked before being eaten. At the same time, they are very similar to their poisonous counterparts. Let's consider distinctive features edible and poisonous rows:
- U poisonous species The caps are smooth, only white in color and they give off an unpleasant, pungent odor.
- Edible rows of caps can have different caps: purple, gray, pink or purple. The legs match the shade of the cap. The plates under the cap are bright yellow, the cut flesh is the same color as the plates.
- Friendly groups of mushrooms can be found in the fall (September-October) and especially after the first autumn frosts. Their favorite places to germinate are soil among moss or the surface of the forest floor.
Varieties edible rows
Purple(Lepista nuda)
A mushroom from representatives of the Ryadovkov family from the Lepista genus. It is also called violet lepista or naked. In common parlance it is sometimes called titmouse for its lilac-blue color. This mushroom is conditionally edible.
- The hat can reach 20 cm in diameter. Initially, its shape is hemispherical (like a bun), but during ripening it becomes flat, and the edges are thin and curved.
- The color of the cap is brownish-violet, becoming lighter as it grows, starting from the edges. To the touch it is dense, fleshy and elastic. It is smooth and moist, shiny in places.
- The pulp is firm, thick, has a pleasant taste and smell. The shade is marbled, lilac-blue, which fades over time.
- The plates are thin and frequently located. Their color varies from bright purple to light purple.
- The leg has the shape of a cylinder, reaches a height of 10 cm, and a diameter of 0.7 to 2.5 cm. It is bright purple in color at the beginning of growth and whitish or lavender towards the end, its surface is fibrous.
- The purple row grows in coniferous forests (less often in mixed ones) in the temperate climate of the Northern Hemisphere (European Russia, Siberia). Not whimsical.
- Collection can be carried out from the beginning of September until the end of November, before the onset of the first frost.
- Before consuming the purple row, it must be boiled for 10-20 minutes.
Important! This mushroom has inedible double – goat's web. It tastes bitter, has a musty odor and is pulpy yellow color.
Gray(Tricholoma portentosum)
- Grows in groups in coniferous or mixed forests.
- Collection season is September-November.
- The cap reaches a diameter of 5-12 cm, sometimes 16 cm. Its shape is convex-bell-shaped, and in the process of maturation it turns into a convex-prostrate one. The surface is grayish brown in the center, sometimes violet or olive tinged, and the edges are light gray or cream. The radial fibers in the middle are darker. Often there is a flat tubercle in the center of the cap.
- The short, grayish-yellowish leg reaches 5-12 cm in height and 1-2.5 cm in thickness, thickened at the base, covered at the top with a powdery coating.
- The pulp is solid at the beginning of growth, later grooved, dense, and has a whitish tint. A mealy smell and taste is characteristic of young specimens, and over time the aroma becomes even pungent. The flesh under the skin of the cap is gray.
- The plates are free or straight and attached by a tooth to the stem. They may be white, cream or grey-yellow, with yellowish spots as they age.
- Mushrooms are edible, but they need to be boiled in two waters to remove the pungent odor. It is better to collect young specimens. Cook like this: boiled, fried or salted.
Gray grass can be confused with soap bark (Tricholoma saponaceum). It is similar in shape and color, but at a young age. They can be distinguished only by the specific soapy smell of the pulp.
Crowded(Lyophyllum decastes)
- It grows in large groups in forests, parks, gardens, on lawns, near stumps, in soil rich in humus.
- Collection season – July – October.
- The hemispherical cap can reach a diameter of up to 4-14 cm, becoming convex as it grows. These mushrooms grow so densely that their bases are sometimes difficult to separate.
- The cap can be brown or gray-brown, the edges are downward, wavy. The surface itself is uneven and bumpy. Often a wide tubercle is located in the center.
- The leg reaches a height of 4-10 cm, and a thickness of 6-20 cm, it can be curved or compacted. Completely white at the top, and towards the bottom it can acquire a light gray or gray-brown tint.
- The pulp is white, has a pleasant taste and smell, and is thickened in the center.
- The narrow plates are adherent and frequently located. They are white or off-white in color.
- Ryadovka crowded belongs to category 4 edible mushrooms. Description of preparation: They can be fried, salted or pickled.
The twisted row is similar to the poisonous one entoloma yellowish-gray (Entoloma lividum). Their similarities are in the cap, which has wavy edges and the same gray-brown color. These 2 types of mushrooms differ in that the entoloma pulp has a specific smell of flour and it grows individually, and not as a row in a large group.
Pigeon(Tricholoma columbetta)
- Lives in deciduous or mixed forests, prefers humid areas. They can grow either in a group or alone.
- Collected from July to October.
- The cap is dry, smooth, grows in diameter up to 3-10 cm, sometimes up to 15 cm. At first it is hemispherical, and as it grows it becomes convex-spread. Its surface is lumpy or strongly wavy, white-cream or ivory. This is the most significant difference between this type of mushroom. There are yellowish spots in the center.
- The leg can be 5-12 cm in height, up to 2.5 cm in thickness. It is dense and elastic, has the shape of a cylinder, slightly narrowed towards the bottom.
- The pulp of the pigeon row is dense and fleshy, as it grows it becomes pink, also turns pink at the break. The smell is mealy, and the taste is pleasant mushroom.
- The plates are attached to the stem, and then free, often located.
- This is an edible mushroom (category 4), it can be boiled and fried.
At the initial stage of growth, pigeon row is similar to gray row, also edible, but with a different pleasant aroma. During growth, changes are more noticeable due to gray hats on the gray row.
Yellow-red(Tricholomopsis rutilans)
- They are found in large groups in mixed or coniferous forests. They prefer rotten pine or spruce stumps and fallen trees.
- Collected from July to September.
- The hat can reach 5-15 cm in diameter. Initially, it has the shape of a sharp bell-shaped cap. As it grows, it becomes convex with a tubercle in the center, and the edges bend down. Mature specimens have an outstretched cap, with a slightly depressed center. The difference between this species is the red-cherry color of the cap on young mushrooms and the yellowish-red color on more mature ones. A dull bump that becomes depressed over time, always of a darker shade.
- The leg reaches 4-10 cm in height, and can be up to 2 cm thick. It has a cylindrical shape, with a thickened base, often hollow inside. At the base the leg is yellow with red scales, the middle part is more intense in color, the rest matches the color of the cap.
- The pulp has a sweetish taste and a slight sourish odor. It is dense and fibrous, yellow in color with light cream spores.
- The plates are adherent, thin and tortuous, golden or egg-colored yellow colors.
- This species is edible, belongs to category 4, and can be pickled or salted.
Yellow-red row - rare view, in some regions it is listed in the Red Book.
Inedible types of rows
Pseudo-white(Tricholoma pseudoalbum)
- Lives alone or in small groups in mixed or deciduous forests.
- Grows from August to October.
- The cap is hemispherical at the beginning of growth, later it becomes convex, reaches a diameter of 3-8 cm. Its color is white, cream or slightly pinkish.
- The leg grows up to 3-9 cm in height and 1.5 cm in width. It is the same shade as the cap: white, pinkish or creamy white.
- The pulp has a mealy odor, is white at first, then slightly yellowish.
- The plates are cream-colored, at first slightly grown in, and then almost free.
- It has an unpleasant taste, so it is not eaten.
This species is similar in shape and size to Mayweed (Tricholoma gambosa). But the latter has greenish or soft pink areas on the cap.
Smelly(Tricholoma inamoenum)
- Grows in groups or singly wet areas deciduous or mixed forests.
- The growing season is from June to October.
- The cap usually reaches 3-8 cm in diameter, but can grow up to 15 cm. Its surface is smooth, often lumpy, ivory or white, and as it grows, brownish or yellowish spots appear. At the beginning of growth, the cap has a hemispherical shape, and with age it becomes convexly spread, with slightly wavy edges.
- The length of the leg grows up to 5-15 cm, and the thickness up to 2 cm. It has a cylindrical shape, elastic and dense, the color is identical to the cap.
- The white flesh is fleshy and dense. Representatives of this species are distinguished by a strong stinking odor, which is characteristic of both young and old mushrooms. The smell is similar to lamp gas.
- The adherent plates of medium frequency can be white or cream in color.
- Due to the stench, these mushrooms are not edible. Even cooking does not eliminate it.
Often, at the beginning of growth, you can confuse the stinking row with edible sulfur (Tricholoma portentosum). But it lives up to its name and the stinky smell is hard to miss. And the gray row has a pleasant mushroom aroma.
Beneficial features
Edible rows– a dietary and very healthy product. It promotes liver regeneration and has a positive effect on liver function gastrointestinal tract, removes waste and toxins from the body.
Rich chemical composition mushrooms:
- from vitamins: group B, A, K, PP, C, D2, D7 and betaine;
- from minerals: sodium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, manganese;
- from amino acids: threonine, alanine, phenylalanine, lysine, glutamic, stearic and asperganic acids;
- phenols;
- clitocin and fomecin, which are natural antibiotics and fight cancer cells and bacteria;
- flavonoids;
- polysaccharides;
- ergosterol.
Chemical analysis of edibles mushroom rows confirms their anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial, antioxidant properties and positive effect on the immune system.
In addition, in the complex treatment of certain diseases, mushrooms have a positive effect. At:
- diabetes mellitus;
- arrhythmias;
- rheumatism;
- osteoporosis;
- surges in blood pressure;
- oncological diseases;
- diseases of the genitourinary system;
- diseases of the nervous system.
Harm and contraindications
- You should not eat overgrown mushrooms because they can accumulate atmospheric pollutants and heavy metals. From them there will be more harm than good.
- If rows are abused, pain, heaviness in the abdomen and flatulence may occur.
- If you have gallbladder diseases, pancreatitis, cholecystitis and housing and communal services diseases, you should not eat a large number of mushrooms of this species.
Symptoms and signs of poisoning
Symptoms of poisoning inedible rows, like other poisonous mushrooms, are very similar. They appear 1-3 hours after eating mushrooms:
- pain in the stomach;
- weakness;
- increased salivation;
- vomit;
- diarrhea;
- nausea;
- headache.
Poisonous rows often do not cause delusions, hallucinations and confusion. But even when the first symptoms of this nature appear, you need to consult a doctor.
- Row mushrooms are considered a delicacy in many countries. Therefore, some of them are grown as export products.
- Growing at home is similar to growing champignons and is not difficult.
- In cosmetology, powder from the dried fruiting bodies of the fungus is often used. They are added to various products that help fight excess oily skin and acne.
- The Japanese matsutake mushroom is valued as highly as the European truffle. This fried mushroom is an expensive delicacy, with some specimens costing around $100.
Watch the video! White row in the forest. How to recognize
The Rowaceae family has more than 100 species of fruiting bodies. Pigeon row (bluish) is an edible cap mushroom belonging to this family. It is quite rare, so it is valued mainly among those mushroom pickers who are well acquainted with it.
Below is detailed description and photos of the pigeon row, helping novice mushroom pickers get acquainted with it appearance and other characteristic features.
Description of the pigeon row and differences from the white variety
Latin name: Tricholoma columbetta.
Family: Ordinary.
Synonyms: the row is bluish.
Hat: hemispherical or bell-shaped, fleshy, can reach up to 12 cm in diameter. As they grow older, the cap opens and becomes flat, and its edges bend down. You can often see a small bump in the center. The surface is sticky, in young specimens it is radially fibrous with the presence of light scales. The color of the cap is white, sometimes with pinkish or bluish spots.
Leg: height up to 10 cm, thickness up to 3 cm, round, smooth or tapering downwards. The surface is silky, smooth, fibrous, dense inside. The color of the stem of the bluish row is white, and a slight bluish-green tint is noticeable at the base.
Pulp: elastic, dense, fleshy, white in color. The smell and taste are pleasant, but subtle. Upon contact with air, the flesh of the mushroom acquires a pink tint, and under the influence high temperature turns red.
Records: free, wide, frequent, white at a young age, and over time they acquire a reddish-brown color.
Edibility: edible mushroom.
Application: Suitable for preparing various dishes and preparations for the winter. Pigeon row is good in soups and sauces. She decorates beautifully festive table in the form of pickled or salty snack. The fruit body is also dried for long-term storage. Many experienced mushroom pickers note that this mushroom adds a unique aroma to meat dishes. However, before cooking, it must be soaked in cold water and then boiled for at least 15 minutes. Both young and adult specimens are used for food. In addition, even those fruiting bodies, which survived the first frost. Such taste qualities encourage beginning lovers of “silent hunting” to be sure to study the description and photo of the pigeon row mushroom, so as not to lose sight of it in the forest.
Similarities and differences: this species is similar to the white row (Tricholoma album) - dangerous poisonous mushroom. However, the differences between the pigeon row and the white variety are quite easy to notice. The latter emits a sharp, disgusting odor, which helps determine the edibility of the mushroom.
Spreading: The bluish rower is a rather rare species in its family. The mushroom grows mainly in mixed and deciduous forests. Most often it can be seen near birch and oak trees. Sometimes it can settle in pastures and meadows. It grows singly or in small groups from August to September.