Style features journalistic style are determined in accordance with the basic constructive principle of the organization of linguistic means, which V.G. Kostomarov defines it as alternation of expression and standard. The essence of this principle is that in journalistic texts there is a “mandatory and straightforward-constant correlation of standardized and expressive segments of the speech chain, their alternation and contrast.”
The expressive function, due to the impact on the addressee, is manifested in the following stylistic features:
Evaluativeness (open and hidden). Open evaluativeness manifests itself through a certain authorial or collective attitude to the facts presented. The social significance of assessment is especially important here. G.Ya.Solganik considers the principle of social evaluation to be the most important principle of journalism.
Hidden (implicit) evaluation is manifested through groups of stylistic means in the language of the media, which Prof. Yu.V. Rozhdestvensky names what is recognized and what is rejected. “The semantic sphere of the recognized includes all objects of thought (i.e. persons, documents, organizations, events, etc.) that are considered positive from the point of view of the organ of information and the rhetorical position of the mass media text. The semantic sphere of the rejected includes all objects thoughts that are considered negative."
In the media of the beginning of the 21st century, the scope of accepted words includes the following words and stable combinations of words: economic growth, revival of Russia, state interests, Russia’s global role, president, democracy, etc.; the sphere of what is rejected includes: NATO expansion, corruption, migrants, terrorists, etc.
Stylistic “novelty effect”: the use of unusual phrases, language play, the use of expressive colloquial speech means, unexpected comparisons, metaphors, etc.
Personification and intimateization of presentation: presentation of information “through the eyes of an eyewitness” (use of first-person pronouns, definitely personal sentences); identification with the reader, listener, viewer: use of 1st person plural pronouns. numbers we, our; the use of generalized personal constructions ( main member- verb in the form of the 2nd person singular. numbers: you understand that...). This style feature is intended to provide more high level recipient's trust.
The information function is carried out through the logical-conceptual side and is embodied in the following stylistic features:
Documentary and factual accuracy: precise indication of the time and place of the event, identification of participants in the events, official names of institutions, geographical names, etc.
Formality and neutrality of presentation: the use of neutral, official business and scientific vocabulary, the presence of stable cliches of book origin: to make a great contribution, universal human values, etc., the presence of passive constructions and strict structuring of complex sentences: a high harvest has been grown, an exhibition has been opened, etc. .P.
Reasoning. The persuasiveness of speech is ensured by dialogization techniques (question-answer complexes), so-called accentuators - special means of language that emphasize the author’s confidence (modal words, introductory constructions with modality of confidence, etc.), clear design of logical relationships between parts of the sentence (conjunctive connection) and parts text.
The need for expressive and visual means in journalism is especially high, but it conflicts with the requirement to promptly respond to all events of current life and be able to write quickly. With all their diversity, socio-political situations often repeat themselves, which necessitates the use of stereotypical descriptions for stereotypical events. Therefore, a characteristic feature of the journalistic style, especially newspaper-journalistic style, is the presence in it of speech standards, clichés and speech cliches.
Stable elements of language perform two functions. Where it is necessary to resort to precise formulations that ensure unambiguity and speed of understanding, stable elements of the language act as standards themselves. First of all, this is the area of official communication: clerical, business speech, the legal sphere (the language of laws, decrees, orders), diplomatic activity (the language of agreements, treaties, communiqués), the socio-political area (the language of resolutions, decisions, appeals, etc. .). However, the same official phrases, going beyond the limits of special use and the genre organic to them, are perceived as a stylistic speech defect.
In newspapers of recent years, one can easily find examples of cliched clerical speech: they have resolutely taken a course towards improving national relations, creating real conditions conducive to increased attention to pressing issues in people’s lives, and urgently focusing attention on solving the most urgent problems. Many stereotyped figures of speech arose under the influence of the official business style: at this stage, in a given period of time, emphasized with all the severity, etc. As a rule, they do not introduce anything new into the content of the statement, but only clog up the sentence.
Standards, being ready-made speech forms related to a specific situation, greatly facilitate communication. They help the reader get the information he needs, since the text, perceived in its usual form, is absorbed quickly, in whole semantic blocks. Therefore, speech standards are especially convenient for use in the media: branches of Russian government, public sector workers, employment services, commercial structures, law enforcement agencies, according to informed sources, consumer services, etc. In particular, numerous journalistic organizations are subject to standardization metaphor style. Born once as a new linguistic unit, a successful metaphor can then, as a result of repeated use, become an erased metaphor, that is, a cliché: presidential race, political arena, explosion of discontent, roots of nationalism, economic blockade, etc. Clichés are most often used in those genres which require an economical and concise form of presentation and which are operatively related to the event itself, for example: an official message, a press review, a report on meetings, conferences, congresses, etc.
The desire for emotional richness in the language of the newspaper encourages journalists to use various techniques artistic expression(tropes, stylistic figures) that activate the attention of readers and attract them to a certain information topic. But if these techniques are repeated and replicated in various newspaper texts, they also turn into speech cliches. Stamps also appear to express old ideas about social and economic life as a constant struggle and an incessant battle, for example: the battle for the harvest, the frontier of work, the struggle for advanced ideals, breakthroughs to new frontiers, etc.
Speech cliches are an evaluative category, depending on the circumstances of speech and therefore historically changeable. Speech cliches have gone out of use: agents (sharks) of imperialism, find a warm response in the hearts, on behalf and on behalf of, in response to the wishes of the working people. New times give birth to new cliches: denationalization, barter transactions, humanitarian aid, struggle of sovereignties, price liberation, consumer basket, unpopular measures, socially disadvantaged groups, economic space etc.
The influence function determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. Journalism takes from the literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness (usually negative), which is especially clearly manifested in vocabulary and phraseology: sore, inhuman, lawlessness, vandalism, harmful, criticism, mafia, hype, bacchanalia, conspiracy, undertaking, dictatorship, fraud, political kitchen, etc.
Journalism not only uses ready-made material, it transforms and transforms words from different areas language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative meaning (crime incubator, routes of technical progress), sports vocabulary (pre-election marathon, round (tour) of negotiations, declare a Shah to the government); names of literary genres (drama of peoples, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy), etc.
The journalistic style is characterized by some features in the field of word formation. For example, an assessment of a particular event can be expressed with the help of word-formation elements (education, storming, philistinism, managing, being self-important, ultra-modern), as well as with the help of occasionalisms or speech neologisms - words created by certain authors, but not widely used usage, especially since they are not recorded in modern dictionaries: privatization, khrushchoby.
In the journalistic style, there is greater activity than in other styles of international educational suffixes (-ation, -ur, -ist, -ism, -ant) and foreign language prefixes (anti-, archi-, hyper-, de-, dez-, counter-, pro-, post-, trans-): globalization, agency, terrorist, centrism, competitor, anti-globalism, deportation, arch-reactionary, hyperinflation, disinformation, countermeasures, pro-American, post-Soviet, trans-European). Frequent use of nouns with the suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (personality, greed, annulment, cooperation, trust); adverbs with the prefix po-: in business, in state. Adjectives are also characterized by Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes: co-owner, non-departmental, intercontinental, pro-Western, illegal. Some Old Church Slavonic prefixes give the words a “high” sound: recreate, omnipotent, reunite, fulfill.
In journalistic texts, especially in the language of newspapers, very often there are words formed by addition: mutually beneficial, good neighborly, multilateral, universal, expression of will, multifaceted, commercial and industrial, socio-political, socio-economic, liberal-democratic, administrative-command. In order to save speech, abbreviations are used (AOO, MFA, PE, CIS, ISS, NLO, SOBR) and word abbreviations (Security Council, Secretary General, Federals, Exclusive, Nal, Mayhem).
At the morphological level, there are relatively few journalistically colored means. Here, first of all, we can note the stylistically significant morphological forms of various parts of speech. For example, the use of the singular noun in the plural meaning: Russian people have always been distinguished by their understanding and endurance; this proved ruinous for the British taxpayer, etc.
A study of the frequency of use of verb tense forms shows that the genre of reportage and genres close to it are characterized by the use of the present tense of the verb, the so-called “real reportage”. Obviously, this is explained by the fact that the journalism emphasizes the “momentary” nature of the events described and that the author is an eyewitness or even a participant in the events described: on April 3, the visit of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Poland to Minsk begins. Scientists are dismantling the underground rooms of the southern wing. Among the morphological forms, the forms of the reflexive and passive voices of the verb stand out; they are associated with the information function and contribute to the objectivity of the presentation: military tension subsides, political passions heat up. The forms of the passive participle are very active: measures have been taken, Russian-American negotiations have been completed. Journalists give preference to bookish, normative variants of inflection, but often still use colloquial endings in order to achieve a confidential, relaxed nature of communication with the reader or listener: in the workshop, on vacation, in a tractor.
In general, modern newspaper speech is less characterized by open appeal, sloganism, and unreasoned directiveness of editorials; more typical is analyticalness, evidence-based presentation, restraint in international materials and sharp criticism in materials about inner life countries, an increase in dialogue forms of presentation (a clash of different points of view). Dialogue genres (interview, conversation), informational and analytical (article, commentary) come to the fore; new genres appear ("straight line", "round table", "investigative journalism").
The influencing functions are clearly manifested in the syntax of the journalistic style, which also has its own characteristics. From a variety of syntactic structures, journalists select those that have significant potential for impact and expressiveness. This is what attracts journalists to designs colloquial speech: they are, as a rule, compressed, capacious, and laconic. Another important quality is their mass character, democracy, and accessibility. Chopped prose, which comes from colloquial speech, is also characteristic of many journalistic genres: short, abrupt sentences, reminiscent of painterly strokes that make up the overall picture, for example: The Great Hall. There is a huge globe in the corner. On the walls there are maps of the continents and diagrams. Future orbits of the spacecraft's flight are drawn on them with red lines. The blue screens of electronic devices are on. White lines continuously run along them. The operators were bent over the television and radio screens in businesslike tension. The use of elliptical structures also gives the statement dynamism, the intonation of live speech: a privatization check - for everyone, banks - not only for bankers.
In journalism, almost all figures of speech are found, but four groups significantly predominate: questions of various types, repetitions, created by means different language levels, applications and structural and graphic highlights.
From the first lines of the article, the reader often encounters various kinds of questions to an imaginary interlocutor, which serve to pose a problem. Based on the questions formulated, the reader judges the journalist’s insight, the similarities and differences between his own and the author’s point of view, the relevance of the topic and whether it is of interest. This is also a way to establish contact with the reader and get a response from him, for example: Increasingly, the media are publishing sociological data on the popularity of applicants for a high position and forecasts about the likely winner. But how reliable is this data? Can they be trusted? Or is this just a means of forming public opinion, a unique way of promoting the desired candidate? These questions are both political and scientific in nature.
The author not only asks questions, but also answers them: What claims are made against the migrants? They are said to be draining the pension fund and absorbing the main funds allocated for unemployment benefits. Changing the questioning intonation to an affirmative one allows you to revive the reader’s attention, add variety to the author’s monologue, creating the illusion of dialogue. This stylistic device is called a question-answer move, which facilitates and activates the perception of speech by the reader or listener, gives the text (speech) a touch of ease, trust, and conversationality.
A rhetorical question is a question to which the answer is known in advance, or a question to which the person asking himself gives the answer, for example: Will a person whose savings have burned in it contact the bank? - He won’t get involved.
Silence is a stylistic device that is highlighted in a written text by graphic means (ellipses) and indicates the unexpressed part of the thought: We wanted the best, but it turned out... as always. The ellipsis is a hint at facts known to both the author and the reader or mutually shared points of view.
The second group of figures that occupy an important place in journalistic texts are repetitions different types: lexical, morphological, syntactic, which are capable not only of having an emotional impact, but also of producing changes in the system of “opinions - values - norms”, for example: Another legal educational program: the law categorically prohibits accepting any kind of documents as title documents, strictly stipulating their nomenclature . The law categorically prohibits accepting for consideration, much less relying on, documents presented otherwise than in originals or copies, but if there is an original, ask any lawyer!
The third place in terms of frequency of use in the text is occupied by applique - interspersed with well-known expressions (proverbs, sayings, newspaper cliches, complex terms, phraseological phrases, etc.), usually in a slightly modified form. Using the application, several goals are achieved at once: the illusion of live communication is created, the author demonstrates his wit, and an image that has been “erased” from repeated use of a stable expression is revived, for example: Here, as they say, you can’t erase a word from the “Internationale”.
A popular means of expressiveness in the journalistic style is allusion - a stylistic device used to create subtext and consisting of an allusion to some well-known historical, political, cultural or everyday fact. A hint is carried out, as a rule, with the help of words or combinations of words, the meaning of which is associated with a certain event or person.
Structural and graphical highlighting is also widely used in journalistic texts. These include segmentation and parcellation. In journalistic speech one can often find various kinds of text divisions, that is, such constructions when some structural part, being connected in meaning to the main text, is isolated positionally and intonationally and is located either in preposition (segmentation) or in postposition (parcelation) : "Exchanging banknotes: is it really all in vain?"; “The process has started. Reversed?”; "Land reform - what is its purpose?"; “New parties, parliamentary factions and Soviets - which of them today will be able to exercise power in such a way that it is not a decoration or a declaration, but actually influences the improvement of our lives?”
Journalists skillfully use various syntactic techniques of expression: inversion (unusual word order), appeals, imperative and exclamatory sentences, connecting constructions. All types are presented in the journalistic style one-part sentences: nominative, indefinitely personal, generalized personal and impersonal: They tell us from the scene of events. The note says.
The desire for expressiveness, imagery and at the same time for brevity is realized in the journalistic style also with the help of precedent texts. A precedent text is a cultural phenomenon that is known to the speaker, and the speaker refers to this cultural phenomenon in his text. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols of certain standard situations. The sources of precedent texts are works of art, the Bible, oral folk art, journalistic texts, socio-political texts, well-known scientific texts, films, cartoons, television shows, song lyrics, etc. The level of knowledge of the precedent base of a language indicates how well a person speaks this language. If a newspaper article has the title “And the cart is still there...”, which goes back to a line from I. A. Krylov’s fable “Swan, Pike and Cancer,” any Russian speaker, even without reading this article, can understand that we are talking about some kind of something that should have been done a long time ago, but it still hasn’t gotten off the ground. Such precedent texts live in people's minds for centuries, evoking the same associations.
The speaker’s use of precedent text is due to the desire to make his speech more beautiful or more convincing, more trusting or ironic. Operating with precedent texts is accompanied by an appeal to the knowledge contained in the individual cognitive base of the addressee. The above has to do with the characteristics of the reader’s linguistic personality, his ability to make inferences and perceive meaning. Without knowledge of precedent texts, full communication is impossible.
The rhythm of modern life, unfortunately, does not always allow you to read all the articles in newspapers and magazines, so the reader pays attention first of all to the title of the journalistic text. This is explained by the fact that the structure of the title is concise, it summarizes the most important things that are said in the text. In other words, the title is the quintessence of the text, reflecting its essence. Modern media require more and more original, bright, expressive, attention-grabbing titles. A newspaper or magazine headline is designed to interest the reader and make him want to continue reading.
Unlike the inexpressive titles of the Soviet era, modern titles are characterized by expressive linguistic and stylistic means. The expression for which precedent texts are used in the headlines of modern magazine and newspaper publications is based on their well-known nature. This may be an exact quote: Whatever the child amuses himself with (The skilled thief turned out to be an eleven-year-old girl), Farewell to arms! (The European Union denied China military technology), Battle on the Ice (With the onset of spring, the number of injuries among Perm residents traditionally increases). It would seem that the precedent meaning of the title is quite transparent and clear to the reader, but this meaning is changed in accordance with the content of the magazine or newspaper article.
lexical stylistic journalistic text
TOPIC 5.PUBLICIST SPEECH STYLE
§ 1. Journalistic style of speech (general characteristics)
In Latin there is a verb publicare- “make it a common property, open it to everyone” or “explain publicly, make it public.” The origin of the word is connected with it journalism. Journalism- this is a special type literary works, which highlight and explain current issues of socio-political life and raise moral issues.
The subject of journalism is life in society, economics, ecology - everything that concerns everyone.
Journalistic style used in the socio-political sphere of activity. This is the language of newspapers, socio-political magazines, propaganda radio and television programs, commentaries on documentaries, the language of speeches at meetings, rallies, celebrations, etc. Journalistic style is speech activity in the field of politics in all the diversity of its meanings. The main means of journalistic style are designed not only for message, information, logical proof, but also for the emotional impact on the listener (audience).
Characteristic features of journalistic works are the relevance of the issue, political passion and imagery, sharpness and vividness of presentation. They are determined by the social purpose of journalism - by reporting facts, forming public opinion, and actively influencing the mind and feelings of a person.
Journalistic style is represented by many genres:
1. newspaper– essay, article, feuilleton, report;
2. television– analytical program, information message, dialogue in live;
3. oratorical– speech at a rally, toast, debate;
4. communicative– press conference, “no tie” meeting, teleconferences;
§ 2. Functions of journalistic style
One of the important features of the journalistic style is the combination within its framework of two functions of language: message functions(informative) and impact functions(expressive).
Message function is that the authors of journalistic texts inform a wide range of readers, viewers, and listeners about issues that are significant to society.
The information function is inherent in all styles of speech. Its specificity in the journalistic style lies in the subject and nature of the information, its sources and recipients. Thus, television programs, newspaper and magazine articles inform society about the most diverse aspects of its life: about parliamentary debates, about economic programs of the government and parties, about incidents and crimes, about the state of the environment, about Everyday life citizens.
The way of presenting information in a journalistic style also has its own distinctive features. Information in journalistic texts not only describes facts, but also reflects the assessment, opinions, and sentiments of the authors, and contains their comments and reflections. This distinguishes it, for example, from official business information. Another difference in the provision of information is due to the fact that the publicist strives to write selectively - first of all, about what is of interest to certain social groups, he highlights only those aspects of life that are important to his potential audience.
Informing citizens about the state of affairs in socially significant areas is accompanied in journalistic texts by the implementation of the second most important function of this style - impact functions. The goal of the publicist is not only to talk about the state of affairs in society, but also to convince the audience of the need for a certain attitude towards the facts presented and the need for the desired behavior. Therefore, the journalistic style is characterized by open bias, polemicism, and emotionality (which is caused by the desire of the publicist to prove the correctness of his position).
In various journalistic genres, one of the two named functions can act as the leading one, while it is important that the influence function does not displace the information function: the promotion of ideas useful to society should be based on complete and reliable information to the audience.
§ 3. Linguistic features of journalistic style of speech
Lexical features
1. In the journalistic style there are always ready-made standard formulas (or speech clichés), which are not of an individual authorial, but of a social nature: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, bringing basic order etc. As a result of repeated repetitions, these cliches often turn into boring (erased) cliches: radical changes, radical reforms.
Speech patterns reflect the nature of time. Many clichés are already outdated, for example: sharks of imperialism, growing pains, servants of the people, enemy of the people. On the contrary, they were newfangled for the official press of the late 90s. became words and expressions: elite, struggle of elites, elite of the criminal world, top financial elite, promote, virtual, image, iconic figure, power pie, child of stagnation, wooden ruble, injection of lies.
Numerous examples of speech cliches are part of the so-called journalistic phraseology, which allows you to quickly and accurately provide information: peaceful offensive, the power of dictatorship, ways of progress, security issue, package of proposals.
2. The relationship between the sender and the addressee in a journalistic style is similar to the relationship between an actor and the audience. "Theatrical" vocabulary – the second striking feature of the journalistic style. It permeates all journalistic texts: political show , on politicalarena , backstage struggle,role leader,dramatic events famous in politicstrick , nightmarescenario and etc.
3. Characteristic feature journalistic style is emotional and evaluative vocabulary. This assessment is not individual, but social in nature. For example, words with a positive rating: asset, mercy, thoughts, dare, prosperity; words with a negative rating: instill, philistine, sabotage, racism, impersonality.
4. In the journalistic style, a special place belongs to book layers of vocabulary that have a solemn, civil-pathetic, rhetorical coloring: dare, erect, self-sacrifice, army, fatherland. The use of Old Church Slavonicisms also gives the text a pathetic tone: accomplishments, power, guardian etc.
5. Texts of journalistic style often contain military terminology: guard, height assault, front line, line of fire, direct fire, strategy, mobilization of reserves. But it is used, naturally, not in its direct meaning, but figuratively (in texts with these words we can talk, for example, about harvesting, commissioning new production facilities, etc.).
6. Passive words may be used as an evaluative means in journalism. vocabulary– archaisms. For example: Dollar and his healers . Military profits grow.
Morphological characteristics
We include the frequency use of certain grammatical forms of parts of speech as morphological features of journalistic style. This:
1) singular number of a noun in the plural meaning: Russian man always had endurance; Teacher always knows student ;
2) genitive case of a noun: timechange , plastic bagproposals , reformprices , exit fromcrisis and etc.;
3) imperative verb forms: Stay with us on channel one!
4) present tense of the verb: in Moscowopens , April 3begins ;
5) participles on - washed:driven, weightless, attracted;
6) derived prepositions: in the area, on the way, on the basis, in the name of, in the light, in the interests of, taking into account.
Syntactic features
The syntactic features of a journalistic style include frequently repeated, as well as types of sentences (syntactic constructions) that are specific in nature. Among them:
1) rhetorical questions: Will the Russian man survive? Do Russians want war?
2) exclamatory sentences: Everyone's off to the polls!
3) sentences with modified reverse order: The army is at war with nature(cf.: The army is at war with nature).The exception was mining industry enterprises(compare: Enterprises were an exception);
4) headings of articles, essays that perform an advertising function: Small troubles of a large fleet. Winter is a hot season.
Headlines often use a specific language device – " connection of the incompatible." It makes it possible, using minimal linguistic means, to reveal the internal inconsistency of an object or phenomenon: a toiling parasite, repeated uniqueness, gloomy gaiety, eloquent silence.
Questions and tasks
1. Where is the journalistic style of speech used?
2. Name the genres of journalism.
3. Tell us about the functions of the journalistic style (informative and expressive).
4. What are the linguistic features of the journalistic style of speech (lexical, morphological, syntactic)?
5. What technique do journalists use in the headlines of articles and essays?
Structural and logical diagram of "Genres of journalistic style of speech"
The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech is focused on its emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author's attitude to events is impossible without the use of emotional means of language.
A feature of the journalistic style is its wide coverage of the vocabulary of the literary language: from scientific and technical terms to words of everyday colloquial speech. Sometimes a publicist goes beyond the literary language, using slang words in his speech; this, however, should be avoided.
One of the important functions of journalism (in particular its newspaper and magazine variety) is informational. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible could not but be reflected in the nature of communicative tasks and in their speech embodiment. However, this historically original function of the newspaper was gradually pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda - or otherwise - influencing. “Pure” information content remained only in some genres, and even there, thanks to the selection of the facts themselves and the nature of their presentation, it turned out to be subordinate to the main, namely agitation and propaganda, function. Because of this, journalism, especially newspaper journalism, was characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence, or expressiveness. These two main functions, as well as the linguostylistic features that implement them, are not dissected in newspaper speech today.
The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.
Journalism is also rich in expressive resources. Like fiction, it has significant power of influence, uses a wide variety of tropes, rhetorical figures, and a variety of lexical and grammatical means.
Another main stylistic feature of journalistic speech is the presence of a standard.
It should be borne in mind that a newspaper (and partly other types of journalism) is distinguished by a significant uniqueness of the conditions for linguistic creativity: it is created in the shortest possible time, sometimes making it impossible to perfect the processing of linguistic material. At the same time, it is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who often prepare their materials in isolation from one another.
The main stylistic principle of V.G.’s journalism Kostomarov defines it as unity, the combination of expression and standard, which constitutes the specificity of newspaper speech. Of course, in a certain sense, the combination of expression and standard (in certain “doses”) is characteristic of all speech in general. However, it is important that it is in newspaper journalism, unlike other speech varieties, that this unity becomes a stylistic principle for organizing a statement. This is the main meaning and, undoubtedly, the value of V.G.’s concept. Kostomarova. Meanwhile, the first component still has priority in this unity.
The style of journalistic, especially newspaper, speech is strongly influenced by the mass nature of communication. A newspaper is one of the most typical media and propaganda. Here both the addressee and the author are massive. Actually, the newspaper and a specific correspondent do not speak on behalf of any one person or narrow group of people, but, as a rule, express the position of millions of like-minded people. In this regard, one of the characteristic stylistic features of journalistic, especially newspaper, speech is a kind of collectivity, which is expressed in the peculiarities of the meanings and functioning of linguistic units. Collectivity as a linguistic feature of newspaper style is embodied both in the uniqueness of the category of person (the use of the 1st and 3rd person in a generalized sense), and in the relatively increased frequency of the pronouns we, you, our, your and in the peculiarities of their use.
The other side of the above-mentioned style-forming unity - the information function - is embodied in such features of the journalistic style that are associated with the manifestation of the intellectuality of speech. Such style features are:
1) documentaryism, manifested in objectivity and verified factuality of presentation, which in stylistic terms can be defined as emphasized documentary and factual accuracy of expression; documentary and factual accuracy is manifested in the terminology of speech, the limited metaphorization of terms (except for the generally accepted one), and the widespread use of professionalisms;
2) restraint, formality, emphasizing the importance of facts and information; these features are realized in the nominal character of speech, the originality of phraseology (clichés), etc.;
3) a certain generality, abstraction and conceptuality of presentation as the result of analyticity and factuality (often in unity with figurative concreteness of expression).
The newspaper is also characterized by the search for biting and accurate assessments that require unusual lexical combinations, especially during polemics: a giant trust of deception; suspected of loving freedom.
The figurative use of words is also characteristic of journalism: metaphors, metonymy, especially personification. Here is an example of a metaphor: “And suddenly the roar of guns split the silence, the House of Lords raged”; personifications: “It’s not for nothing that slander and hypocrisy go hand in hand all your life”; “The news is in a hurry, running into each other.” Journalistic speech is characterized by the metaphorical use of terminology: atmosphere, climate, pulse (of time), rhythm (of time), dialogue, etc.
The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various spheres of public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films. In various textbooks on stylistics, the journalistic style was also called newspaper-journalistic, newspaper style, and socio-political style. The name “journalistic style” seems more accurate, since other versions of the name more narrowly define the scope of its functioning. The name “newspaper style” is explained by the history of the formation of this style: its speech features took shape precisely in periodicals, and primarily in newspapers.
However, today this style functions not only in print, but also in electronic media: it would also be fair to call it a “television” style. Another name - socio-political style - more accurately indicates the close connection of the style under discussion with social and political life, but here it is worth remembering that this style It also serves non-political spheres of communication: culture, sports, activities of public organizations (environmental, human rights, etc.). The name of the journalistic style is closely related to the concept of journalism, which is no longer linguistic, but literary, since it characterizes the substantive features of the works attributed to it.
Journalism is a type of literature and journalism; examines current political, economic, literary, legal, philosophical and other problems of modern life with the aim of influencing public opinion and existing political institutions, strengthening or changing them in accordance with a certain class interest (in a class society) or social and moral ideal. The subject of the journalist is all modern life in its greatness and smallness, private and public, real or reflected in the press, art, document. This definition is given in the Brief Literary Encyclopedia. If we omit the mention of class interest, then this definition quite accurately reflects the place and role of journalism among works of literature and journalism, and will also allow us to further understand the stylistic features of journalistic works.
In another encyclopedic publication we find the following definition. Journalism is a type of work devoted to current problems and phenomena of the current life of society. It plays an important political and ideological role, influences the activities of social institutions, serves as a means of public education, agitation and propaganda, and a way of organizing and transmitting social information. Journalism exists in the following forms:
Ш in verbal (written and oral),
Ш graphically pictorial (poster, caricature),
Ш photo and cinematography (documentary films, television),
Ш theatrical and dramaturgical,
Ш verbal-musical.
Journalism is often used in artistic and scientific works. The concepts of journalism and journalistic style, as can be seen from these definitions, do not completely coincide. Journalism is a type of literature, journalistic style is a functional type of language. Works of other styles may differ in their journalistic focus, for example, scientific articles devoted to current economic problems. On the other hand, a text that is journalistic in style may not belong to this type of literature due to its purely informational nature or the irrelevance of the problems being discussed.
The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”.
The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, current topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics).
Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:
1) visitors, spectators, listeners;
2) people, people.
The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.
The scope of use of journalistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.
Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.
For journalistic style of speech characteristic:
Logic,
Imagery,
Emotionality,
Evaluativeness,
Callability
and their corresponding linguistic means.
It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.
Journalistic text is often is being built as scientific reasoning: an important social problem is put forward, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and assessed, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.
On the other hand, for journalistic speech characteristic passion, appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is general availability: It is intended for a wide audience and should be understandable to everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. To effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and others figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that enhance emotional impact of speech.
The journalistic articles of V.G. Belinsky, N.A. are widely known. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber.
M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.
Writers S. Zalygin, V.G. are known for their journalistic articles. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.
Lexical features of journalistic style
The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.
In the journalistic style, the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, raz(s), with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, - ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-. Complex and compound words and stable figures of speech are widely used in the genres of journalism.
Emotional means of expressiveness in journalistic style of speech
The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning of words, and words with a strong emotional connotation.
The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means artistic style speeches with the difference, however, that their main appointment becomes not the creation of artistic images, but namely influencing the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.
Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation.
Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not so much..., but).
This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).
Emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.
Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning. These are, for example, the words: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.
Syntactic features of journalistic style of speech
In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns in the genitive case are often used as an inconsistent definition of the type of voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the form often act as predicates imperative mood, reflexive verbs.
The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and adverbial phrases, complex syntactic structures.
Sample text of journalistic style
As our correspondent reports, yesterday central regions An unprecedented thunderstorm passed through the Penza region. In a number of places, telegraph poles were knocked down, wires were torn, and hundred-year-old trees were uprooted. Fires broke out in two villages as a result of lightning strikes.
Added to this one more thing disaster: Heavy rain caused severe flooding in places. Some damage was caused to agriculture. Rail and road communications between neighboring areas were temporarily interrupted. (Information note in the newspaper)
Journalistic style (= newspaper-journalistic)
Style is presented in newspapers, in magazines addressed to the mass reader, in speeches by journalists on radio and television, in speeches of public and political figures, rallies, congresses, meetings, etc. Style is realized in oral and written form.
The subject matter of journalistic texts is practically unlimited: political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical topics, issues of art and culture, issues of education, etc. are covered. Journalism is called the “chronicle of modernity”: it reflects the living history of our society . Feature: in a journalistic style, as a rule, they talk about the most modern, relevant events for society.
Genres of journalism:
Information - provide information. This:
Information note (chronicle note), or chronicle . This is a selection of news messages: the time, place, event is indicated, described using different forms of the verb (will take place, is open, continues, will gather, etc.) (eg: Yesterday an exhibition opened in the Hermitage. Today in Paris issues related to ... Tomorrow the summit will continue).
Reportage. This is a genre in which the story of an event is conducted simultaneously with the unfolding of the action. Characteristic: the present tense of the verb, the pronoun “I” or “we” (meaning “me and my companions”), inclusion in the text of a more or less detailed author’s commentary, then the text is an alternation of fragments telling about the event and insertions, reasoning author; sometimes the text is preceded by a comment from the editor (eg: We are in the assembly hall. I see that the rescuers have already appeared. The rescuer is now attaching the ladder).
Interview (informational). A genre that exists in a dialogical form - oral or written (recorded conversation; in this case, the written text conveys some signs of spontaneous oral speech, as evidenced, in particular, by interjections, colloquial vocabulary, incomplete sentences, picking up cues, repeating questions, etc.) . The journalist conducts a dialogue with the person answering his questions. The genre allows you to introduce the reader to the life and views of the person he is interested in, and present the material in a lively and interesting way. The dialogical form facilitates the perception of the material. An informational interview provides answers to questions about the details of the event. Interviews in which a person’s characteristics are given in parallel with a discussion of various significant problems are also popular. Often the interview is preceded by an introduction that briefly outlines the situation in which the interview is being conducted; information about the person being interviewed is provided.
Report.
Review. A journalist speaks on behalf of a team, organization, party, etc.
Analytical - give analysis. These are the genres:
Analytical interview. Contains an extensive dialogue about problem: Journalist asks questions about the creature Problems, the interlocutor answers.
Article. A genre that presents the results of a fairly serious study of an event or problem. The main feature of the genre is the logical presentation of the material, reasoning: from any statement to its justification. Syntactic features: conjunctions and introductory words are used to denote a logical connection. Lexical features: there are terms and words with an abstract meaning. But reasoning can be emotionally colored. This genre is characterized by a combination of bookish and colloquial evaluative vocabulary, the use of short sentences, etc. The article may include various inserts: descriptions of significant events, mini-interviews, etc.
Review - review of a work of art, film, etc.
A comment.
Review.
Correspondence. A genre that talks not about a single fact, as in a newsreel, but about a number of facts that are analyzed, their reasons are clarified, their assessment is given, and conclusions are drawn. Compared to a chronicle note, in correspondence the volume of reported material expands, the nature of the presentation changes: more diverse language means are used, and an individual style of writing appears.
Artistic and journalistic genres. These are a kind of hybrid genres that combine features of journalistic and literary-artistic styles:
Feature article. A genre that requires a figurative, concrete presentation of a fact or problem. Essays can be:
- problematic (events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning);
- portrait;
- travel (description of the trip);
- event-based (story about the event).
The essay must convincingly combine expressively conveyed events, convincing images of characters, and evidence-based reasoning. People, events and problems are presented in the light of the author's emotional assessment.
Feuilleton - a newspaper or magazine article on a topical topic, ridiculing or condemning any shortcomings, ugly phenomena (for example: “Letters to Auntie” by M. E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, feuilleton poem by N. A. Nekrasov “Newspaper”, etc. ).
Pamphlet - a topical journalistic work of a sharply satirical nature, created for the purpose of socio-political denunciation of someone or something (for example: individual chapters of “Travel from St. Petersburg to Moscow” by A. N. Radishchev, “Letter to Gogol” by V. G. Belinsky , “I Can’t Be Silent” by L.N. Tolstoy). Etc.
Substyles of journalistic style:
official analytical;
information and analytical;
reporting;
feuilleton;
rally, etc.
General features of the journalistic style:
The most important feature is a combination of two functions of language: the message function (= information function) and the influence function. The speaker resorts to a journalistic style when he needs not only to convey information, but also to make an impact on the addressee (often mass). The addressee conveys facts and expresses his attitude towards them. The addressee feels that the journalist is not an indifferent recorder of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his beliefs. Journalism is called upon to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, persuade, and agitate.
The most important style-forming features of the journalistic style are evaluativeness and emotionality. Since the issues that the journalist raises (ethical conflicts, human rights, economic policy of the state, etc.) concern millions of people, it is impossible to write about these issues in dry language. Journalism borrows evaluative means from other styles (mainly colloquial and artistic).
But if for maximum impact on the addressee the journalistic style needs expressiveness, then for the speed and accuracy of transmitting information it needs accuracy, logic, formality, standardization. The standardization of speech in this case is that the journalist uses frequent linguistic means, stable speech patterns (clichés) (eg: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, pluralism of opinions, active life position, radical changes, on the other side of the barricades).
Speech standardization ensures:
for the addressee (journalist) - speed in preparing information (the addressee shows particular interest in the latest events, so it is necessary to prepare the material very quickly);
for the recipient - easier and faster assimilation of information (by skimming through a publication full of very familiar expressions, the reader can grasp the meaning without wasting time and effort).
Thus, the combination of expression and standard is the most important feature of the journalistic style.
Depending on the genre, expression comes to the fore (eg: pamphlet, feuilleton), then the standard (eg: newspaper article, newsreel).
Since works of journalistic style are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for selecting linguistic means in them is general availability these funds. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms, dialects, slang words, complicated syntactic structures that are incomprehensible to readers, should not resort to too abstract imagery, etc.
Journalistic style is not closed, but open language system , so that journalists can freely refer to elements of other styles: conversational, artistic, scientific. Thus, in the journalistic style, elements of different styles interact quite freely.
In journalistic works, it is of great importance author's style - a style of writing characteristic of a particular journalist.
In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person. It is typical for journalism coincidence of author and narrator , which directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, and assessments. This is the power of journalism.
At the same time, in each specific text the journalist creates author's image through which he expresses his attitude to reality. The image of the author as a compositional speech category can vary and change its form in relation to the genre, for example:
IN review the journalist speaks on behalf of the team, organization, party, constructing a “collective image” of the narrator;
IN feuilleton, pamphlet This is a conventional image of an ironic, irreconcilable, practically minded narrator.
But, no matter what genre we are talking about, the author’s position, in general, always coincides with the views and assessments of a real journalist presenting the material he has obtained to readers. This, in particular, inspires the reader’s trust in the journalist and his material, respect for the journalist for his personal position, for his sincerity and concern.
The journalistic style uses: monologue speech (mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in interviews), direct speech.