Which is not conjugated and denotes a sign by action (procedural sign).” Therefore, the participle can be replaced by a phrase with the verb from which it is formed. For example, a built house is a house that is built.
Distinguish between a verbal adjective and an active present participle:
- there is a dependent word. For example: eyes shining (from what?) with joy - communion;
- an adjective can be replaced with another adjective. For example: eyes shining (participle) with joy - brilliant (adjective) performances (brilliant performances - magnificent, spectacular, successful, excellent);
- terms are always adjectives (typewriter);
- the particle does NOT reduce verbosity, so the word is used already in a role (inappropriate conditions - adjective).
Distinguish between an adjective and an active past participle:
- participles-SHYY are often transformed into adjectives (the elapsed year is an adjective);
- participles, which are formed from the stems of intransitive perfective verbs, acquire a qualitative meaning and become verbal adjectives. For example: extinguished (from go out - intransitive perfective, adjective) eyes, but extinguished (participle) fire.
Distinguish between a verbal adjective and the present passive participle (in -MY):
- a word is an adjective if it is formed from a perfective verb and from intransitive verbs of the form;
- a word is a participle if it is formed from an imperfective verb;
- if there is a dependent word in the instrumental case (subject), then the main word will be a participle. For example: unloved (adjective) toys, unloved (participle) toys by the child (subject).
Distinguish between an adjective and a passive past participle:
- if a word can be replaced with a verb without changing the essence of the phrase, and a dependent word can be substituted in the instrumental case, then this is a participle (exquisite reserves - to find reserves, exquisite (by whom?) reserves by the boss);
- if you can replace it with another adjective, apply degrees of comparison or from a word with -O, then this is an adjective (exquisite manners - noble manners, extremely refined manners, exquisitely);
- distinguish the adjective in figurative meaning(open (passive past participle with the suffix -T-) door – open (adjective) face).
Write with -N- and -NN-:
-N- in adjectives formed from imperfective verbs, without a word (knitted hat);
-NN- in participles x, formed from imperfective verbs, with a dependent word (knitted hat);
-NN- in participles x, formed from perfective verbs (tied (knit) jacket);
-NN- in verbal adjectives formed from imperfect verbs of -OVA-, -EVA- (pickled cucumbers).
Sources:
- verbal adjectives This
In order to find participle among other parts of speech, you need to know what distinguishes it from them. Firstly, this is a special form of the verb, denoting the attribute of an object by action. Secondly, it has the characteristics of a verb and an adjective.
You will need
- 1. Words
- 2. Participles
Instructions
Look what it has given word. If these are real present participles, then you will encounter –ush-, -yush-, -ash-, -yash. For example, issuing. If these are present passive participles, then these are the suffixes -em-, -im-. For example, produced.
Correctly identify active past participles. They are characterized by the suffixes –vsh-, -sh-. For example, the one who read, who brought. For past passives, the characters are the suffixes –nn-, -t-, -enn-. For example, drawn, offended, sung.
Sources:
- “Modern Russian language”, Beloshapkova V.A. 1989.
Participles and participles, as well as participial and participial phrases, perform different functions in a sentence, play different roles. They also have pronounced morphological differences.
Instructions
Participle(turnover) necessarily refers to the word being defined - a noun or pronoun, depends on it, changes in numbers, genders and, has a full and - some - short form.
For example: smiling person; us, who have signed this document, ...
Other nominal parts of speech can also act as a defined word if they are in the meaning of a noun.
For example: tidy dining room; “154th”, who asked for boarding, ... (o). The participle or participial phrase refers only to the predicate verb and denotes an additional action with the main action expressed by the verb. Unlike the participle, the gerund is an unchangeable word form.
For example: lying motionless; froze standing in the wind.
Participle and the functions of definition - single or widespread, agreed or inconsistent, isolated or not isolated.
For example: Those who had calmed down silently and obediently dropped the yellow ones.
Participles in short form are used only as a nominal part of a compound predicate.
For example: The hair is silvered with early gray hair. The participle and participial phrase act as different circumstances.
Paler, the dawn subsides (I. Nikitin).
Formal features distinguishing participles and participles, are suffixes.
In school classes, all information about suffixes is summarized in tables that are posted on. For convenience, they can be written down, for example, on the cover of a notebook.
Derivational suffixes of active participles: -ush-(-yush-), -ash-(-yash); -vsh-, -sh-; passive: - om-(-eat-), -im-; -enn-, -nn-, -t-.
Derivational suffixes of imperfect and perfect gerunds: -a-, -ya-, -uchi-, -yuchi-, -v-, -louse-, -shi-.
A participle is a special verb form that has both the properties of a verb and an adjective. From the verb, the participle has aspect, transitivity, reflexivity and voice, and from the adjective - change in cases, numbers and genders, as well as agreement with the noun. A participle, like an adjective, denotes a characteristic of an object.
Grammatical features of participle
As a special form, it has some characteristics of this part of speech. They are of the perfect and imperfect form: “- prompted”, “excited - excited”; recurrent and irrevocable: “decided”, “falling asleep”; present and past tense: “thinking”, “running”.
Unlike a verb, a participle does not have a future tense form.
Denoting the attribute of an object, the participle, like adjectives, grammatically depends on and agrees with it in gender, number and case. For example: “boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling stream - boiling streams; boiling lava, boiling milk."
Types and methods of forming participles
Lexical meaning - a sign of an object by action - consists of the grammatical features of this part of speech. For example: “singing birds” (those that are singing now), “singing birds” (those that sang in the past), “the issue under discussion” (the one that someone is discussing now), “the issue under discussion” (the one which has already been discussed).
Accordingly, there are 4 forms of participles: active present and past tense, passive present and past tense.
The first group of participles (actual present tense) are formed from the present tense stem using the suffixes -ush- (-yush-), -ash- (-yash-). The choice of suffix depends on the verb. For example: “cry-ut - cry-ush-y”, “kol-yut - kol-yush-y” - I conjugation; “lech-at – lech-ash-y”, “kle-yat – kle-yash-y” – II conjugation.
Active participles in the past tense are formed from the infinitive by replacing the suffixes –т, -ти with the suffixes –вш-, -ш-. For example: “run - run - run”, “carry - carry”.
Present passive participles are formed from verbs in the present tense using the suffixes –em- (I conjugation) and –im- (II conjugation): “cherish-em – cherish-em-yy”, “kran-im – stored” -im."
Passive past participles are formed from the stem indeterminate form verb using the suffix –nn-, if the verbs end in –at, -et. Verbs ending in –it receive the suffix –enn-, just like verbs ending in –ti, -ch, and verbs ending in –ot, -ut-, -ity- receive the suffix –t-. For example: “write - write-nn-y”, “capture - captured-nn-y”, “save - save-y”, “forget- forget-y”.
Short participles, like short adjectives, are the nominal part of a compound nominal predicate in a sentence.
Passive participles have a short form with truncated ones: -а, -о, -ы. For example: “sent, sent-a, sent-o, sent-s.”
Very often in Russian, participles turn into adjectives (they are called verbal adjectives).
Moreover, if these are passive participles of the past tense, then we must take into account that when they turn into adjectives, their spelling changes. Choice NN or n often depends on what part of speech the verb is: a participle or an adjective. And vice versa, if we know how many n in a verbal word ( NN or n), you can determine what part of speech it is.
Signs by which you can determine a part of speech (verbal adjective or participle):
1) Verbal adjectives are formed only from imperfective verbs: boiled milk from boil, burnt cork from burn.
But there are a number of verbal exception adjectives: made, affected, seen, desired, arrogant, minted, cursed, slow, sacred, unprecedented, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected, accidental, counted, watchful eye.
If the form is formed from a perfective verb, then this is a participle: solved problem from solve, abandoned things from throw. Exceptions: smart, named - with one n.
2) For verbal adjectives no consoles: fried cutlet, confusing answer. If the prefix not- is added to an adjective, then it remains an adjective and is written with one n: slaked lime - quicklime; ironed linen - unironed linen.
Participles can have prefixes: fried meat, confused traces.
3) For verbal adjectives no dependent words: dried mushrooms, sauerkraut. Participles can have dependent words: dried in the sun mushrooms, pickled for the winter cabbage.
4) Verbal words on -ovanny, -evanny- adjectives, they are always written with two n (pressed, uprooted).
Adjectives forged, chewed, are written with one n, since -s And -ev are included in the root, as we are convinced of by analyzing the words according to their composition.
Hence, if we are considering a form formed from a verb that does not have a prefix or dependent word, then before deciding whether it is a participle or an adjective, we must determine the type of verb from which this form is formed.
It is useful to compare the mixed forms:
oil(paints) is an adjective formed from the noun oil using the suffix -yan;
buttery(pancake) is a verbal adjective formed from the verb oil; oiled (apron) - a participle formed from the verb to oil.
IN short adjectives as many n are retained as were in full ones, and short passive participles always written with one n.
Exercises for training:
1. Turn adjectives into participles by adding dependent words or prefixes.
Soaked apples, salted fish, a wounded bird, a quilted jacket, a confusing answer.
2. Turn participles into adjectives.
Cabbage pickled in a barrel, a whitewashed ceiling, melted butter, a paved street, an overloaded car, potatoes fried in oil.
3. From these verbs, form verbal adjectives or participles, and select nouns for them.
Praise, decide, mow, deprive, let go, captivate, sharpen, weave.
4. Turn adjectives into participles, and participles into adjectives:
a sawn log is sawn sugar, a forged sword is chained.
A woven tablecloth, a knitted scarf, an etched wolf, a mended sleeve, an untrodden path.
5. Form full and short participles from adjectives, select nouns for them: broken line - broken pencil, broken toy.
Frozen fish, boiled egg, sowed grass, a confused story, an unironed shirt.
6. Explain the spelling of N and NN.
a) Cleared path, cleaned boots, cleaned shoes today, unpeeled potatoes, uncleaned shoes.
b) Painted floors, painted walls, unpainted tables, white-painted windows, painted shelves.
c) Dinner party, student called, uninvited guest, guests invited to dinner.
7. Insert H or NN.
1) Bunches of dried herbs, bundles of wrinkled roots and kitchen utensils hung on the walls (K. Paustovsky).
2) The patched cab driver's coats with tin plates sparkled in the eyes (K. Paustovsky).
3) Our brigade entered a Turkish village abandoned...by its inhabitants, ravaged and half-burned out (V. Garshin).
4) On large tables without tablecloths they placed several wooden, beautiful and golden bowls with liquid wheat porridge (V. Garshin).
5) At this strange hour of the bright and dim... oh autumn night, the desolate park seemed sad and mysterious, like an abandoned cemetery (A. Kuprin).
6) The walls, painted with oil... paint, grabbed... with dirty fingers, turned yellow (K. Paustovsky).
7) They were overtaken by a man in a ragged coat and a straw hat (A.N. Tolstoy).
8) On an empty street a strange figure of a frightened man appeared (A.N. Tolstoy).
9) The palaces looked into the Neva with their empty... windows (A.N. Tolstoy).
10) He was lying in someone's sheep's coat, surrounded by a whole crowd of people (A. Kuprin).
11) The army melted like tin soldiers thrown into an oven (A.N. Tolstoy).
12) The walls are whitewashed with lime, and the bottoms are painted with brown oil paint (A. Kuprin).
Source:
- pack-me.ru - “Transition of participles into adjectives.”
Additional sources:
- rosental.virtbox.ru - § 52 “Spelling N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives” in the “Handbook of Spelling and Stylistics”, ed. D.E. Rosenthal (1997);
- traktat.com - “Spelling N and NN in participles and verbal adjectives”;
- hi-edu.ru - “N and НН in participles and verbal adjectives.”
Additionally on the site:
Both participle forms and verbal adjectives can be formed from the same verb. If suffixes of different sound (letter) composition are used to form participles and adjectives, it is not difficult to distinguish them: from the verb burn using a suffix -box- a participle is formed burning, and using the suffix -yuch-- adjective combustible. If both participles and adjectives are formed using suffixes that have the same sound (letter) composition (for example, -enn- or -them-), it is more difficult to distinguish them.
However, there are differences between participles and adjectives in this case as well.
1. Participles denote a temporary attribute of an object associated with its participation (active or passive) in an action, and adjectives denote a permanent attribute of an object (for example, “arising as a result of an action,” “able to participate in an action”), cf.:
She was raised with strict rules (=She was raised with strict rules) - participle;
She was brought up, educated (=She was well-mannered and educated).
2. Word in full form with the suffix - n-(-nn-), -en-(-enn)- is a verbal adjective if it is formed from the verb NSV and has no dependent words, and is a participle if it is formed from the verb SV and/or has dependent words, cf.:
unmown meadows(adjective),
unmown meadows(participle, because there is a dependent word),
mown meadows(participle, because SV).
3. Since only transitive verbs of the NSV can have present passive participles, words with suffixes - im-, -eat- are adjectives if they are formed from a verb SV or an intransitive verb:
waterproof boots get wet intransitive in the meaning “to let water through”),
invincible army(adjective, because verb win SV).
Morphological analysis of the participle
There are several ways to morphologically parse a participle, depending on whether the participle is considered a form of a verb or an independent part of speech.
Analyzing the participle as a form of a verb, it is logical to describe all signs related specifically to the participle as unstable; Thus, the inconstant features must include the following: in the form of participle, present/past tense, active/passive voice, full/short form (for passive), gender, number, case (for complete).
However, in all school textbooks, including those that describe the participle as a special form of the verb (complex 3, previous editions of complex 1), a scheme for parsing the participle is given that corresponds to the understanding of the participle as an independent part of speech. If we consider the participle as an independent part of speech, then the active and passive participles of the present and past tenses will be separate words, and not forms of the same word. So, reading, read, readable And read will be recognized as 4 independent words. Based on this logic, the following scheme for parsing the participle is proposed:
1. Communion. The initial form is I. p. male. kind of units numbers.
2. Morphological characteristics:
a) constant:
Returnability,
active/passive,
b) non-permanent: in the form of a participle
Full / short (passive only),
Genus (singular number),
Case (for complete ones).
3. Syntactic role in the sentence.
This is exactly the scheme proposed in complex 3; in complex 1 the scheme is similar minus the recurrence feature. In complex 2, for some reason, the full/short form is also included in the category of constant features.
Let's bring parsing sample participles as a form of a verb and as an independent part of speech.
A revolving glass door with brass steamer rails ushered him into a large pink marble lobby. The grounded elevator housed an information desk. A laughing woman's face looked out from there.
(I. Ilf and E. Petrov).
Parsing the participle as a verb form:
rotating- verb, beginning form spin;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, II reference. (excl.);
synth. role: definition.
grounded- verb, beginning form ground;
fast. signs: transition, non-return, NE, II reference;
non-post signs: in the form of a participle, suffer., past. time, full uniform, male kind, units numbers, P. p.;
synth. role: definition.
laughing- verb, beginning form laugh;
fast. signs: non-transition, return, NSV, I spr;
non-post signs: in the form of a participle, actual, present. time, women kind, units numbers, I. p.;
synth. role: definition.
Analysis of the participle as an independent part of speech:
rotating- prib., beg. form spinning;
fast. signs: return, NSV, real, present time;
synth. role: definition.
grounded- prib., beg. form grounded;
fast. signs: irrevocable, SV, passive, past. time;
non-post signs: fully uniform, husband kind, units number, P. p.;
synth. role: definition.
laughing- prib., beg. form laughing;
fast. signs: returned, NSV, valid, present. time;
non-post signs: for women kind, units number, I. p.;
synth. role: definition.
Participle
Like the participle, the gerund can be considered as an independent part of speech (complex 2 and the latest editions of complex 1) or as a special form of the verb (complex 3 and previous editions of complex 1). We proceed from the understanding of the participle as a verbal form.
Participle is a special form of the verb that has the following characteristics:
1. Indicates an additional action, answers questions doing what? or having done what?
2-3. It has the grammatical features of a verb and an adverb.
The signs of a verb include the form ( reading- NSV, after reading- NE), transitivity ( while reading a book- transitional, sitting on a chair- intransitive) and reflexivity ( washing- non-refundable, washing my face- return). In addition, the gerund is characterized by the same control as other verb forms: reading / read / read / reading a book, But book reading.
The adverbial features of gerunds include immutability (gerunds do not have the morphological signs of mood, tense, person, gender, number, characteristic of the conjugated forms of the verb, and are not inflected, unlike participles); the syntactic function of the gerund is adverbial; In a sentence, the gerund depends on the verb.
Imperfect participles answer the question doing what? and denote an action that is simultaneous with another action (for example, with the one indicated by the predicate): Standing on a stool, he took books from the top shelf.
NSV gerunds are formed from NSV verbs from the present tense stem using a formative suffix -and I).
At the verb be The participle is formed using the suffix - teach from the stem of the future tense: be-learn. The same suffix is used to form stylistically colored variant forms of gerunds in some other verbs: game-i - game-yuchi.
Not all NSV verbs have imperfective participles; Thus, the NSV gerunds are not formed:
From verbs to -whose: bake - *baking (oven);
From verbs to -no: wither - *withering,;
From some sibilant verbs based on the present tense: write, write - *writing, lick - *licking(but adverb lying down);
From verbs with a present tense stem consisting only of consonants, and derivatives from them: drink, drink (pj-ut) -*drinking.
At the verb give The participle is formed from a special stem: Giving (let's go).
Perfect participles answer the question what did you do? and denote the action that preceded the action of the main verb: Standing on a stool, he took out a book from the top shelf.
SV gerunds are formed from SV verbs from the past tense stem using suffixes
-V from verbs with a stem to a vowel: done-in,
-lice from reflexive verbs with a vowel base (or outdated, stylistically non-neutral gerunds such as having seen, having looked etc.): mind the lice,
-shi from verbs with a stem to a consonant: baked-shi.
Some verbs have variable forms of the gerund participle SV: one is formed according to the scheme described above, the other by adding the suffix - and I) to the base of the future tense: frown - lice - frown - I - frown.
Verbs read, gain do not have gerunds formed in the standard way, instead of which gerunds are used I read it, I found it, formed from the stem of the simple future tense using the suffix - I.
Bi-aspect verbs may have two gerunds, formed according to the rules for the formation of gerunds NSV and SV, for example:
promise: I promise - NSV, promise-in- NE,
marry: Zhenya - NSV, marry-in- NE.
The participle must indicate the action of the object (person) that is named as the subject, and this object (person) must be the subject of two actions - named in the predicate and in the gerund. If these requirements are not met, the result is incorrect sentences type
*I got a headache when I left the house(gerunds and the conjugated form of the verb denote the actions of different subjects).
*Lost, the puppy was soon found by his owners(the noun in the subject is the subject of the action, called the gerund, and the object of the action, called the predicate).
A gerund can name an additional action related to the main member one-part sentence, as well as to other members of the sentence expressed by an infinitive, participle or other gerund. The sentence is constructed correctly if the additional and main action have the same subject. For example: When crossing the street, you should look around.
Adjective- an independent part of speech that denotes an attribute of an object and answers questions Which? which? which? which? whose?
For example: cold; broken.
Participle- a special form of a verb that denotes an attribute of an object by action and answers questions Which? which? which? which?
For example: broken, broken by hands.
Adjectives can be formed from nouns ( cold - cold;
glass - glass) and from verbs ( break - broken).
Adjectives formed from verbs should be distinguished from participles.
prib. n adj.
Compare: The Frenchman spoke broken Russian. - The bundle of firewood was assembled from the branches I had broken.
Basic features of distinguishing verbal adjectives and participles
Verbal adjectives do not have a prefix (except NOT) or dependent word.
adj. participle participle
Compare: painted (unpainted) floor - painted brush floor - By painted floor.
Verbal adjectives can be formed from unprefixed imperfective verbs, and participles - from unprefixed perfective verbs.
adj. participle
Compare: a worn suit is a purchased suit.
wear - unsov.v. buy - sov.v.
Words with the suffixes -ovan-/-evan- without prefixes or dependent words are verbal adjectives.
adj. prib.
Compare: a forged chest is a shod horse.
Some participles can become adjectives. To distinguish them, let's determine the lexical meaning of these words.
For example: named (Brother)- named taller brother. We select synonyms: twinned And the one named above. We see that the lexical meaning of words is different. The participle retains the connection with the verb.
Examples of verbal adjectives:
- planted father - acting as a father at a wedding;
- smart The baby is smart, understanding, and picks things up on the fly.
Pay attention to the emphasis in these words.
Bibliography
- Razumovskaya M.M., Lvova S.I. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 13th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2009.
- Baranov M.T., Ladyzhenskaya T.A. and others. Russian language. 7th grade. Textbook. - 34th ed. - M.: Education, 2012.
- Russian language. Practice. 7th grade. Ed. S.N. Pimenova - 19th ed. - M.: Bustard, 2012.
- Lvova S.I., Lvov V.V. Russian language. 7th grade. In 3 parts - 8th ed. - M.: Mnemosyne, 2012.
- How to distinguish a participle from an adjective? ().
- Russian language in diagrams and tables. Spelling of participle suffixes ().
- Devyatova N.M.. Participles and verbal adjectives ().
- Didactic materials. Section "Communion" ().
- Formation of participles ().
Homework
Task No. 1
Sort the phrases into two columns: participle or verbal adjective.
A wounded fighter - a wounded soldier, sowing grain - sowing flour, a boy with a haircut - hair cut to zero - a shorn head , distilled water, linen notebook, burnt coffee - burnt letter.
Task No. 2. Form all verbs from each possible options participles and verbal adjectives according to the example:
adj. adj. prib. prib.
Paint:painted floor - unpainted boards - painted bench - painted
Walls - frames are not painted.
Verbs: boil, tangle, weave, dry, stew, bake, scare, fry.
Task No. 3. Say the phrases. Justify the place of stress in verbs, participles and verbal adjectives.
To spoil a child is a spoiled child; carbonate water - sparkling water; pleated skirt - pleated skirt; date a manuscript - a dated manuscript; low-cut - low-cut dress; dose a medicine - dosed medicine; block solution - blocked solution; compost a ticket - a composted ticket; disguise the entrance - disguised entrance; seal the carriage - sealed carriage; spoil a dog - spoiled dog; copy documents - copied documents; costume ball, normalized working day - normalized day; group sentences - grouped errors; install equipment - mounted equipment; form a team - a formed team; caricatured image; equip the team - equipped team.
Hello, friends! When you are faced with the question of how to distinguish verbal adjectives from participles? First of all, when solving tasks with H and NN in an exam or lesson. Practice shows that this task is one of the most difficult. It is no coincidence that it is traditionally included in most control and measuring materials (CMMs).
Why is it so important not to make a mistake in determining the part of speech?
- The number of N in suffixes of both full and short forms will depend on what is in front of us, a participle or a verbal adjective. Thus, in the suffixes of the full passive past participle, NN is always written (suffixes -ENN- and -NN-). And in complete suffixes verbal adjectives - one N(except desired, sacred, unseen, unheard of, unexpected, unexpected).
- Remember the rules:
- “In the suffixes of short passive participles we write one N”
- “In the suffixes of short adjectives we write as many Ns as there were in the full form”
Compare: " memory of the victims of war sacred» - short form of adjective sacred and "session extendedOn» - short form of participle extended.
Why is it difficult to determine the part of speech?
Indeed, distinguishing verbal adjectives and participles can be difficult for the following reasons:
- both of these parts of speech are formed from a verb;
- both indicate a feature of an object, answer the question Which? and in a sentence are a definition;
- both are declined, that is, they change according to cases, genders and numbers;
- have a similar morphemic composition, and therefore a similar “appearance”.
That is, participles and verbal adjectives are very similar.
This means that you should remember especially well how they differ from each other.
What distinguishes a verbal adjective from a participle.
- both parts of speech are formed from a verb, BUT:
- from verbs perfect form ALWAYS formed participles
- from verbs imperfect form we get participles, if they have a dependent word(s), that is, a participial phrase.
Relatively speaking, you need to determine a) the type of the original verb, b) if the type was imperfect, look for the presence of dependent words.
Test yourself. Here is the verb FRY (what to do?) of the imperfect form. We can receive communion from him only in two ways:
- change the view by adding a prefix: (what to do?) FRY. What kind of steak? FRIED
- add at least one dependent word. FRIED (in what? in what?) steak in oil.
If you do not change the form and do not add dependent words, you can only get an adjective from the verb FRY: FRIED beefsteak.
- both parts of speech indicate the attribute of an object, BUT :
- an adjective denotes, let’s say, the morphological, distinctive characteristics of an object: height, color, weight, material, character, etc.);
- participle denotes an attribute of an object by action.
Compare. Fried, fried a steak in oil is one that has been fried, that is, this is a sign of action. Fried- This hallmark steak After all, he may be raw, fresh, beefy, tasty, tough.
So, to distinguish a verbal adjective from a participle, it is enough to follow the simple steps suggested above.
How to reason when forming the short form of adjectives and participles.
There is a little nuance or secret here, if you like. Short form answers questions what? what? what? what are they? A problem with N and NN can arise if you incorrectly determine the part of speech, because a short participle always has one H, and a short adjective has as many as its full form. Now you have a sure-fire way to determine the part of speech, BUT:
IMPORTANT!!! In the Russian language there is such a concept, a way of forming words, as the transition of one part of speech to another. That is, without changing your appearance One part of speech can perform the functions of another in a sentence. The simplest example is familiar to all of you: “Buy me ice cream", asks the daughter. Notice the word ice cream answers the question What?, which means it denotes an object (the tongue does not dare to call such a delicious thing an object) and assumes all the syntactic functions of a noun. But this is a verbal adjective: freeze – ice cream meat! Second example: communion mourners(People)? We use it more often as a noun: (who?) mourners stood on the platform.
What does this phenomenon of the Russian language have to do with our problem?
Let's take the verb EDUCATE. This is a perfective verb, which means we can safely get the participle RAISED from it (i.e. the one who was brought up).
Example. The girl, raised in unsanitary conditions, often got sick later.
But we can use this participle as an adjective. At the same time, it will retain the entire phonemic composition, including two NNs.
Example. What a well-mannered girl! Well-mannered, that is, polite, modest, tactful. Do you feel the difference?
Now, when forming a short form, we will apply our rule.
Short participle – N: The girl was raised in unsanitary conditions.
Short adjective – NN, as in full form: The girl is polite, well-mannered, tactful.
I think that now that you know how to distinguish verbal adjectives from participles and what pitfalls there are in this topic, it will be easier for you to complete practical tasks.
Remember! There is no need to confuse verbal and denominal adjectives. For their spelling there are different rules.
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