In the Russian language, according to the famous Dahl dictionary, there are about two hundred thousand words, but even knowing them all by heart does not mean that a person will be able to freely express his thoughts. After all, for coherent speech even the rich vocabulary is not enough - you need to be able to correctly place words in a sentence and at the same time use them in in the required form. After all, it is the interconnected vocabulary units that make up statements with meaning, which in Russian are called sentences.
Sentence construction
Each statement must have a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject, expressed by a noun in the nominative case and being the subject of the action, and a predicate - a verb denoting the action it performs. However, there are also constructions where there is only one main member (predicate). Such sentences are called one-part sentences. They also have a complete meaning and are not at all empty, and sometimes the subject in them seems completely out of place. All one-component constructions are divided into several types, among which linguists note generalized personal, impersonal, denominative, indefinitely personal and definitely personal sentences. Each of them has its own characteristics in the form of the main member and the way of expression general meaning. Further in the article we will consider a specific personal proposal, the nuances of its design and application options.
Definition
In order to understand the essence of the construction in question, you should first familiarize yourself with the definition of this type of sentence. In the school course of the Russian language it sounds like this: “Definitely personal sentences are a combination of words related in meaning with one main member - the predicate, which is expressed by a verb in the form of the first or second person plural or singular in the imperative or indicative mood, used in the present or future tense." As a rule, the person performing the action not specified in this one-part sentence can be called one of the personal pronouns of the first or second person. For example: “I love the ringing of bells”; "We're going on a hike"; "Sit here and don't get up." Definitely personal sentences cannot contain a verb in the past tense as a predicate, since it in itself does not identify this or that person. In such cases, the statement requires an indication of the subject by whom the action is performed.
Types of definitely-personal proposals
Depending on which verb expresses the predicate, the sentences under consideration are divided into two types:
- A complete statement with a predicate in the form of a first and second person verb in the indicative mood ( Tomorrow we'll go to the park).
- A complete statement with a predicate, an expressed second-person verb in the imperative mood ( Be sure to submit your report today).
How to distinguish definitely-personal sentences from others
Knowing the features of such sentences, it is not difficult to isolate them from the context. So, first you need to identify one-part sentences in the text and highlight them grammatical basis. After this, you need to analyze the predicate, for which the verb will need to be parsed as a part of speech. This is how it will be possible to determine its inclination, number and time. And, based on the results of the analysis, determine whether the statement is single-part, complete and definitely personal.
Design Features
Such one-part sentences may well exist as independent statements. However, they are quite easy to combine with other sentences that are related in meaning. Another feature of this type of structure is that they are almost always common. If a definite-personal sentence is not extended by secondary members, it is often incomplete and requires the presence of a subject. This connection can be clearly seen using an example: Yesterday we walked along the embankment. We looked at various sights and returned home late in the evening. Or: Yesterday we walked along the embankment, looked at various sights and returned home y. In this example, the one-part sentence is closely related to the previous one, and therefore they can be combined. For this purpose, you should change the form of the verb from “looked” to “looked”. The most important feature that a definite-personal sentence has is the special ending of the verb that expresses the predicate. It is thanks to the ending that the object from which the action comes is traced, which makes it possible not to use the subject in the statement.
The meaning of one-part sentences
When studying this topic, most schoolchildren have questions regarding the need for this type of sentence in the Russian language. Many people ask questions about the role and meaning of such structures. The answer to these questions is quite simple. The use of one-part sentences gives speech expression, brevity, and creates simple conversational intonations, without which it would be impossible to focus attention on any specific segment of the statement. Such brevity in conversational and writing facilitates the perception of the author’s thoughts, who, in turn, does not have to overload the text with numerous pronouns.
Exercises to reinforce the topic
No theory can be mastered without practical exercises, especially if the learning process is aimed at children. Therefore in school curriculum Along with numerous rules, students are given a lot of exercises in which they can apply all the knowledge they have acquired on this topic. So, to consolidate the material, teachers give the following tasks:
- Children are offered options for sentences in which they should find definitely personal ones and analyze the predicate that is included in its construction. In this case, you should indicate the mood and person of the verb. For example: We want to go on vacation to the sea for at least a couple of weeks. “We want” - a predicate expressed by a first-person verb plural with the ending -im. It follows that the main member in a one-part sentence clearly indicates the possible subject “we”, and therefore the statement is definitely personal.
- Students are given a text in which they must determine which sentence is one-part and which is two-part. Next, you need to indicate which statements are definitely personal and explain why. As a rule, in the case of simple one-part sentences, no difficulties arise, and children easily cope with the task. But when it is necessary to single out a definitely personal sentence as part of a complex one, many people get lost. But in order to cope with this task, each compound statement should be divided into simple ones and the grammatical principles in them should be highlighted. Afterwards, analyze a single predicate used without a subject.
- Often students are asked to compose definite personal sentences on their own. To do this, you just need to take the necessary form of the verb and supplement the resulting predicate with secondary members.
Instead of an afterword
So we have briefly discussed what definitely personal proposals are. As you can see, there is nothing complicated in this material. But in order to finally master it, you need to practice. We have given examples of definite personal sentences, so there should not be any difficulties in finding such constructions in the text. Good luck!
I'll go to the museum today. Come with me? or I know you’re joking, but I still believe it. Why are you torturing? (A.N. Tolstoy)
Hurry up! Lesson is starting soon! or How are you living?
These sentences have only one main member of the sentence - the predicate. “Definitely personal sentences have the greatest degree of logical-syntactic articulation. They are similar to two-part sentences in terms of the nature of the thought expressed.”(V.V. Babaitseva. L.Yu. Maksimov. “Modern Russian Language”) The actor is not named in definite personal sentences, but is thought of definitely in them: he can appear in the form of pronouns: I, we, you, you.
In definite personal sentences, the action is actualized; this is precisely why they differ from two-part sentences. Compare:
I monument to myself erected not made by hands, the folk path to it will not be overgrown (A.S. Pushkin)
I recognize you, life! I accept! And I greet you with the ringing of the shield!(A. Blok)
Definite personal sentences are not incomplete without a subject. If such sentences are interpreted as a structural-semantic type of two-part sentences, they can be qualified as incomplete. The character in definite personal sentences is either unknown or not important for the message. For example:
Let them talk, but don't listen or The quieter you go, the further you'll get, Without labor, you can’t even pull a fish out of a pond. If you like to ride, you also love to carry a sled. (P donkeys)
The following type of sentence: Excited by dreams, through the fields, through the meadows lined with haystacks, I wander thoughtfully in the cool semi-darkness(N.A. Nekrasov) refers to transitional (intermediate) constructions between one-part and definite-personal sentences. In such sentences there is no subject, but there is a definition to it.
Peculiar intermediate constructions form sentences containing words all, myself, both with double subordination:
Come on everyone! Leave one prince with me.(A.S. Pushkin)
The predicate in definite personal sentences can be expressed:
1. Verb of the 1st person singular indicative mood. This “the most typical form of definitely personal sentences, since this form has an individual and personal meaning”(V.V. Vinogradov). The shade of generalization in proverbs and reasoning is especially enhanced general, where the individual-personal meaning of the 1st person form is extremely weakened: I’m going, I’m not whistling my food, but when I finish, I won’t let go.(A.S. Pushkin) or My house is on the edge - I don’t know anything. (proverb) The shade of generalized meaning is created by their proverbial use.
2. An indicative verb in the form of the 2nd person singular or plural. This form occurs in cases where the speaker addresses the interlocutor, for example: Why are you silent? IN last time I'm asking a question, do you hear?
3. Verb imperative mood: Well, sit down, darling!(V.V. Mayakovsky)
4. Verb in the 1st person plural form.
This form has the following meanings in definite personal sentences:
a) The speaker encourages the interlocutor to perform a joint action: Let's go! If a subject is inserted into such a sentence, it will lose its incentive meaning, thus, two-part and one-part sentences may differ in semantic and grammatical properties.
b) The speaker denotes the action of another person, the number of which may be definite and not entirely accurate: We will also drink vodka at your wedding after the war.(Yu. Bondarev)
c) The verb in the 1st person plural form expresses the attitude of sympathetic participation in addresses to the interlocutor (instead of the 2nd person singular and plural): How do we feel, how do we live?
The predicate of definite-personal sentences cannot be a verb in the 3rd person singular form and in the past tense form. Sentences with such predicates in the absence of a subject are two-part incomplete.
ON THE. SHAPIRO
Continuation. See the beginning in No. 39, 43/2003
One-part sentences.
Incomplete sentences
Definition of a one-part sentence
In Russian, all simple sentences according to the nature of the grammatical basis are divided into two types - two-part And one-piece. Two-part sentences have a subject and a predicate. Dissuaded grove golden birch cheerful tongue.(S. Yesenin) Poet you may not be , But must be a citizen . (N. Nekrasov) In one-part sentences there is only one main member, and the second is not needed to understand the meaning of the sentence. Late autumn. In the yards tourniquet dry leaves. Everything earlier it's getting dark. At school, the main member of a one-part sentence is called, like the main members of two-part sentences, the subject or predicate. Linguistic scientists usually use the term “main member of a one-part sentence.”
All one-part sentences are divided into sentences with the main member - the subject and sentences with the main member - the predicate (otherwise they are called, respectively, nominal and verbal one-part sentences).
It is important to understand the difference between one-part sentences and incomplete ones, which can also have only one main member. Wed: 1) – Dry leaves are being burned in the courtyards. 2) – What do wipers do in the fall? – Dry leaves are burned in the yards. In the first case, it is reported that a certain action is being performed, but who performs it is not important. This is a one-part proposal. In the second case, an action is reported that is performed by a specific subject - the wipers. Subject wipers missing, but easily recovered from the previous sentence. This means that the second sentence is two-part incomplete.
Name sentences
One-part sentences in which the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case or a syntactically indecomposable phrase are called nominal. Cinema. Three benches.(O. Mandelstam) Twenty first. Night. Monday. The outlines of the capital in the darkness.(A. Akhmatova) The greenery of the laurel, almost to the point of trembling. The door is open, the window is dusty.(I. Brodsky) Such sentences are said to express the meaning of beingness. It is thanks to this meaning that a word or phrase “turns” into a sentence.
Nominal sentences may have some additional grammatical meanings, such as concrete demonstrative (expressed by the particle Here: Here's the mill); emotional assessment (expressed using special particles what, like this, well, what the, this etc.). It is important to distinguish nominal sentences with a particle Here from two-part ones with a pronoun This. Here's a chair– one-part noun sentence; This is a chair– two-part, where This– subject, and chair– a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective.
The teacher should pay special attention to students on how the order of words in a sentence can affect its composition. Yes, in a sentence Warm day the subject and definition, expressed by the adjective, standing before the word being defined, are easily detected. This is a one-part nominative common sentence. In the sentence Warm day there is a subject and a compound nominal predicate with a zero connective and a nominal part expressed by an adjective after the subject. This is a two-part unexpanded proposal.
Another case is more complicated. Offer It was boring listening to him is considered a one-component impersonal with a compound verbal predicate, where instead of an auxiliary verb there is a word of the state category boring and a linking verb. But if the infinitive is put in first place - Listen to him was boring, it can be considered as the subject, then it was boring– a compound nominal predicate, where the nominal part is expressed by a short adjective (cf. The listening was boring).
In the Russian language there are sentences in which, at first glance, there are no main members at all: Snow! Trees! Noise, noise!(In meaning: So much snow (trees, noise)!) Not a speck of dust. They are not studied in the school course. The grammatical meaning of beingness seems to allow us to classify these sentences as denominative. But the only member of such a sentence cannot be considered as the subject, because it is expressed by a noun not in the nominative, but in the genitive case. Many linguists call such sentences genitive (according to the Latin name for the genitive case), and those sentences that we call nominative are nominative (according to Latin name nominative case), combining both of them into the type of “nominal one-part sentences”.
When the only main member of a sentence is expressed by a noun in the nominative case, and the secondary members depend on the main one and form a phrase with it ( Early morning; End of the alley; House on the outskirts etc.), no one doubts that this proposal is one-part.
But there are also controversial cases. If the minor member has adverbial or objective meaning (I have the blues; There is a holiday in the house), some scholars consider the sentence to be two-part with an omitted predicate on the grounds that neither an adverbial nor an object can relate to the subject. Other scholars consider such sentences to be denominative, with a special minor member that relates to the entire sentence, extending it as a whole, and is called a determiner.
Exercise
Are the highlighted sentences denominative?
A wonderful man, Ivan Ivanovich!.. What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! He loves melons very much. This is his favorite food.
- Tell me, please, what do you need this gun for, which is set out to air out along with the dress?.. Listen, give it to me!
- How can you! This gun is expensive. You won't find guns like this anywhere anymore. Even when I was getting ready to join the police, I bought it from Turchin... How is that possible? This is a necessary thing...
- A good gun!(N. Gogol)
Answer. Title suggestions: What apple and pear trees he has right next to his windows! And Nice gun! Offer Listen, give it to me!- one-part, but not denominative, because the main member in it is not the subject, but the predicate. All other highlighted sentences have both a subject and a predicate, i.e. they are two-part.
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate
One-part sentences with the main member - the predicate - are divided into definitely personal, indefinitely personal, generalized personal, and impersonal. These types differ in two main ways: a) in how expressed the idea of the actor is; b) according to morphological verb forms, used as the main member of a sentence. In other words, different types single-component sentences make it possible, with varying degrees of specificity, to imagine who performs the action, or contain an indication that there is no such producer at all, it is impossible to imagine him.
Moreover, each type of sentence has its own forms of the predicate verb, and they do not intersect, i.e. by the form of the verb, you can determine the type of one-part sentence (with the exception of generalized personal sentences, which will be discussed separately).
Definitely personal proposals
Definitely personal These are one-part sentences in which the actor is not named, but is thought of as a well-defined person - the speaker himself or his interlocutor. In other words, in definite personal sentences the subject is easily restored - the 1st or 2nd person pronoun (I, we, you, you). This is possible because the predicate in a definite personal sentence is expressed only by a verb of the 1st or 2nd person of the indicative or imperative mood.
I'm sorry the fever of youth and youthful fever and youthful delirium.(A. Pushkin) Linen on the river I'm rinsing, my two flowers growing.. . (M. Tsvetaeva) I laughed: “Oh, prophesy We’ll probably both be in trouble.”(A. Akhmatova) Let's praise, brothers, twilight of freedom...(O. Mandelstam) Don't come near to her with questions.(A. Blok) Come , let's drink guilt, let's have a snack bread or plums. Tell me let me know. I'm going to bed in your garden clear skies And I'll tell you what are the names of the constellations?(I. Brodsky)
It is important to note that in definite-personal sentences the predicate cannot be expressed by a verb in the past tense or in the conditional mood, since in these forms there is no person meaning (Cf. Came up. I didn't show my excitement...(A. Akhmatova) In the first sentence it is impossible to restore the subject. You? She? This means that this sentence is not definitely personal, but two-part, incomplete. Which subject is missing can only be found out from the following lines: She sat down like a porcelain idol in the position she had chosen long ago.).
Exercise
Find one-part sentences in the text and determine the type of each of them.
Steppe again. Now the village of Abadzekhskaya lies widely on the horizon - its pyramidal poplars turn blue, its church turns blue. The air trembles with heat. The faces of the Solovyov girls take on an expression calm to the point of sternness - they hide their fatigue. But finally the village of Abadzekhskaya enters our lives, surrounding us with white huts and front gardens with mallow.
Here we made our first stop. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Everyone is happy with the transition and pleasantly surprised that I am not tired, and I am more than anyone else. We collect brushwood, make a fire, the girls cook conder - either soup or millet porridge with lard. (E. Schwartz)
Answer. Title suggestions: Steppe again. River bank, low hedge, someone's gardens. Swimming in familiar water from an unfamiliar shore. Definitely personal proposal: We collect brushwood and make a fire(part of a complex sentence).
Vaguely personal proposals
Vaguely personal are called one-part sentences, where the actor is thought of as an indefinite person who does not interest the speaker. Such sentences are used when it is necessary to show that the action itself is important, and not the producer of the action. The predicate in such sentences necessarily has a plural form (although this does not mean that there are many implied figures), in the present and future tense. incl. and in command. incl. – 3rd person plural form. h.
After all, it’s only here that treasure nobility!(A. Griboyedov) We have scold everywhere, and everywhere they accept.(A. Griboyedov) Let me will announce Old Believer...(A. Griboyedov) But, without asking her advice, the girl got lucky to the crown. And at their table there are guests wore dishes by rank. Whenever left I was free, how quickly I would run into the dark forest! Just you will be locked up, will be imprisoned on the fool's chain and through the bars like an animal to tease you will come . (A. Pushkin) They took me away you at dawn...(A. Akhmatova) I let them take it away lanterns...(A. Akhmatova)
Exercise
Find in the text all the sentences in which the predicates are expressed by verbs in plural form. Which one is indefinitely personal? Try changing the remaining sentences into vaguely personal ones.
One day, the goddess Eris threw an apple with the inscription: “To the most beautiful” to the three inhabitants of Olympus - Hera, Athena and Aphrodite. Each goddess, of course, hoped that the apple was destined for her. Zeus ordered Paris to resolve the dispute.
By birth, Paris was a Trojan prince, but he lived not in a palace, but among shepherds. The fact is that his parents Priam and Hecuba, even before the birth of their son, received a terrible prophecy: because of the boy, Troy would perish. The baby was taken to Mount Ida and abandoned there. Paris was found and raised by shepherds. Here, on Ida, Paris judged the three goddesses. He recognized Aphrodite as the winner, but not disinterestedly: she promised the young man the love of the most beautiful woman in the world. (O. Levinskaya)
Answer. Vaguely personal sentence: baby carried to Mount Ida and abandoned there.
Possible modifications to other proposals: In Troy, even before the birth of the king's son, they received a terrible prophecy. Paris was found on Mount Ida and raised as a shepherd.
Generalized-personal proposals
Among one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, there are those in which the actor is thought of as a generalized person, i.e. the action relates to every person, to everyone; This meaning is especially common in proverbs: Soldiers are not born (i.e. no one can be born a soldier right away). Easily Not take it out and fish from the pond. Quiet you're going- further you will.
As can be seen from the examples given, the predicate verbs in these sentences are in the same form as in definite-personal or indefinite-personal sentences. And yet, sentences with such a generalized meaning are often distinguished into a special type - generalized-personal offers.
Impersonal offers
Impersonal these are called one-component sentences in which the action is not correlated with any agent; in other words, there is no producer of action at all, he cannot be imagined.
To me can't sleep, no fire... They've been talking about Lensky's wedding for a long time it was decided. How funny shod with sharp iron on your feet, slide along the mirror of standing, smooth rivers! And it’s a pity for the old woman’s winter... But how any sometimes in the autumn, in the silence of the evening, in the village visit family cemetery... How long will I walk in the world, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes on horseback, sometimes in a wagon, sometimes in a carriage, sometimes in a cart, sometimes on foot? Where should we go? swim? (A. Pushkin)
The grammatical indicator of impersonality is the 3rd person singular form. h. (for present and future tense, as well as for the imperative mood): Smells hay. Today it will be hot. Let you sleeping, like at home;
unit form Part neuter (for the past tense, as well as for the conditional mood): boat carried away to the middle of the river. Her would have been carried away and further, if not for the snag;
infinitive: Be rain.
As can be seen from the examples given above, impersonal sentences convey the state of nature and environment, human condition, inevitability, desirability, possibility and impossibility of something.
Impersonal sentences are very diverse in the ways of expressing the predicate.
A simple verbal predicate in an impersonal sentence can be expressed:
a) impersonal verb (It's getting dark);
b) a personal verb in an impersonal form (Veterom blew away
hat. Wed. Wind blew away
hat – two-part sentence, subject – wind));
c) verb be with a negative particle or word No (Parcels No And did not have)
;
d) verb in indefinite form (This not to happen).
In a compound verbal predicate, the following can act as an auxiliary verb:
a) impersonal verbs should, I want to,
lucky and so on. (I had to All do again);
b) personal phase verb ( It's starting to get dark
);
c) instead of an auxiliary verb, short passive participles and special words of the state category are often used it’s impossible, it’s possible, it’s necessary, it’s a pity, it’s time, sin and so on . (Allowed for free carry one piece of luggage. Can be closed door. It's a pity was to part. It's time to leave in field. It's a sin to complain due to lack of time).
A compound nominal predicate in an impersonal sentence consists of a nominal component - words of the state category or short passive past participles - and a linking verb in an impersonal form (in the present tense - the zero connective). (Us it was fun. It's getting lighter And quiet. In the evenings in the city dangerous. In the room tidied up.).
Word No
What part of speech does the strange word belong to? No? It does not change, there cannot be an auxiliary verb or connective with it, it is impossible to pose a question to it... And yet we discover that this word can act as the main one - and the only one! – a member in a one-part impersonal sentence.
Dictionaries say that No can be a negative particle, opposite in meaning to the particle Yes(– Have you finished reading the book yet?– No .). But when this word turns out to be a predicate in an impersonal sentence, we call it an invariable verbal form ( No - Means does not exist, is absent). This word is not found in any Slavic language except Russian. How was it formed?
In the Old Russian language there was an expression don't eat that one, Where that - adverb with meaning Here. From this expression the word first appeared There is not, and then the final one at disappeared, they began to talk and write No, although in colloquial speech can be found There is not so far (No one There is not Houses).
Often there are sentences with several main members - subjects or predicates. (Fog, wind, rain. It's getting dark, it's getting cold, getting stronger blowing from the sea.) It seems that such subjects or predicates can be called homogeneous. But it is more correct to assume that we are faced with complex sentences in which each part is a one-part sentence.
Exercises
1. Select the predicates in impersonal sentences.
We should tell you more about this tenant, because suspicion fell on him first of all. But they fell a little later, about an hour later, and at that moment he was standing at the entrance, listening to music and was beyond suspicion. However, he stood dejectedly... Suddenly he squared his shoulders, raised his head more proudly and walked straight towards us. However, it was not easy to approach us. (Yu. Koval)
Answer.I should tell you, it was not easy to approach.
2. Find one-part sentences in the text. Determine the type of each of them, highlight the predicate.
Since mom is always busy with laundry, she always needs a lot of water, and we don’t have a tap in the yard. And mother, and Marusya, and I must get water in the distant backyards of one of the neighboring houses in order to fill the insatiable barrel to the top. You bring four buckets, and your eyes turn green, and your legs and arms tremble, but you need to carry the fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise your mother will have to go get water, and we want to save her from this - Marusya and I. (K. Chukovsky)
Answer. You'll bring it four buckets – definitely personal (or generalized personal). ...to pour an insatiable barrel to the top; In eyes turns green, need to be carried fifth, sixth, seventh, otherwise have to go for water for mom - impersonal.
3. Find incorrect statements.
1) In one-part sentences there cannot be a predicate expressed by a verb in the conditional mood.
2) In an indefinite-personal sentence, the predicate is necessarily expressed by a verb in plural form.
3) There are one-part sentences with the main member - the predicate, in which there are no verbs.
4) In definite personal sentences, the subject is easily restored - a personal pronoun of the 1st, 2nd or 3rd person.
5) In impersonal sentences, the predicate verb cannot be used in the plural form.
6) If there is no subject in the sentence, and the predicate is expressed by a verb in the feminine or masculine singular form. part last vr., this two-part sentence is incomplete.
Answer. 1, 4.
4. Find in the text: a) a one-part indefinite personal sentence; b) a one-part impersonal sentence.
1) The most difficult thing was in the Sumerian letter depict abstract concepts, proper names, as well as various function words and morphemes. 2) The rebus principle helped with this. 3) For example, the arrow sign was used not only for the word arrow, but also for the word life, which sounded the same. 4) Constantly applying the rebus principle, the Sumerians assigned certain signs no longer specific meaning, and sound reading. 5) As a result, syllabic signs arose that could denote some short sequence of sounds, most often a syllable. 6) Thus, it was in Sumer that the connection between spoken speech and written signs was first formed, without which real writing is impossible.
Answer. a) – 3); b) – 1).
Incomplete sentences
Incomplete is a sentence in which any member (or group of members) is missing. The missing part of the sentence can be restored from the context or is clear from the speech situation.
Here is an example of incomplete sentences in which the missing subject is restored from the context.
She walked and walked. And suddenly in front of him from the hill the master sees a house, a village, a grove under the hill and a garden above the bright river.(A.S. Pushkin.) (Context – previous sentence: In a clear field, in the silvery light of the moon, immersed in her dreams, Tatiana I walked alone for a long time.)
Examples of incomplete sentences, the missing members of which are restored from the situation.
He knocked down his husband and wanted to look at the widow’s tears. Unscrupulous!(A.S. Pushkin) - Leporello’s words, a response to the desire expressed by his master, Don Guan, to meet Dona Anna. It is clear that the missing subject is He or Don Guan .
– Oh my God! And here, next to this tomb!(A.S. Pushkin.) This is an incomplete sentence - Dona Anna’s reaction to the words of the protagonist of “The Stone Guest”: Don Guan admitted that he was not a monk, but “an unfortunate victim of a hopeless passion.” In his remark there is not a single word that could take the place of the missing members of the sentence, but based on the situation they can be approximately restored as follows: “ Do you dare say it here, next to this tomb!”
May be missed:
subject: How firmly she stepped into her role!(A.S. Pushkin) (The subject is restored from the subject from the previous sentence: How has it changed Tatiana!);
He would have disappeared like a blister on the water, without any trace, leaving no descendants, without providing future children with either a fortune or an honest name!(N.V. Gogol) (Subject I restored by the addition from the previous sentence: Whatever you say,” he said to himself, “if the police captain doesn’t arrive, to me Perhaps it would not have been possible to look at the light of God again!)(N.V. Gogol);
addition:And I took it in my arms! And I was pulling my ears so hard! And I fed him gingerbread!(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentences: How Tanya has grown! How long ago, it seems, did I baptize you?);
predicate: Just not on the street, but from here, through the back door, and there through the courtyards. (M.A. Bulgakov) (Previous sentence: Run!);
several at once members of the proposal, including grammatical basis:How long ago?(A.S. Pushkin) (Previous sentence: Are you composing Requiem?)
Incomplete sentences are often found in complex sentences: He is happy if she puts a fluffy boa on her shoulder...(A.S. Pushkin) You Don Guana reminded me of how you scolded me and clenched your teeth with gnashing.(A.S. Pushkin) In both sentences, the missing subject in the subordinate clause is restored from the main clause.
Incomplete sentences are very common in spoken language, particularly in dialogue, where the initial sentence is usually an extended, grammatically complete one, and subsequent remarks tend to be incomplete sentences because they do not repeat words already named.
– I'm angry with my son.
– For what?
– For an evil crime.(A.S. Pushkin)
It happens that students mistakenly consider sentences incomplete in which not a single member is missing, for example: He's a genius, like you and me(A.S. Pushkin), saying that they are also incomprehensible without context . It is important to explain that sentence incompleteness is primarily a grammatical phenomenon, and it is grammatical incompleteness that causes semantic incompleteness. In the example given, the ambiguity is caused by the use of pronouns. Students should be reminded that pronouns always need to be explained in context.
Exercises
1. Find incomplete sentences and restore missing members.
And Tanya enters the empty house where our hero recently lived. ...Tanya is further away; The old woman said to her: “Here is the fireplace; here the master sat alone... This is the master's office; Here he rested, ate coffee, listened to the clerk’s reports and read a book in the morning...” (A.S. Pushkin)
Answer. Tanya ( coming) further... Old lady ( speaks) to her...
2. Find parts of complex sentences that are incomplete sentences and highlight them.
You are tolerant if you do not clench your fists when people contradict you. You are tolerant if you can understand why they hate you so much or love you so annoyingly and troublesomely, and you can forgive all this for both. You are tolerant if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and deep down, excusing them for being different from you.
An apologist is a person who is ready to extol an idea he once liked even when life has shown its falsity, praising the ruler, no matter what mistakes he makes, glorifying the political regime, no matter what outrages happened under him in the country. Apologetics is a rather funny activity if done out of stupidity, and vile if done out of calculation. (S. Zhukovsky)
Answer. 1) ...if you are able to reasonably and calmly negotiate with different people, without hurting their pride and in the depths of your soul, excusing them for being different from you; 2) ...if done out of stupidity; 3) ...if by calculation.
All other subordinate clauses that do not have a subject are complete one-part clauses.
Let us remind you once again that incomplete sentences should be distinguished from one-part sentences, in which the missing subject or predicate does not need to be restored to understand the meaning. In a complex sentence But it’s sad to think that youth was given to us in vain, that cheated on her all the time that she deceived us...(A.S. Pushkin) the third part is an incomplete sentence with a missing subject We, which is restored by addition us from the previous subordinate clause. Subordinate clause of a sentence Just make sure that didn't see you. (A.S. Pushkin) by the nature of the grammatical basis is a one-part indefinite-personal sentence: what is important here is the action itself, and not the one who performs it; The grammatical form of the verb (plural past tense) here does not mean that there should be many producers of the action - this is an indicator of an indefinite personal meaning. In other words, the proposal so that didn't see you – complete.
Punctuation in an incomplete sentence
In an incomplete sentence, a dash may be placed at the place where the predicate is missing, if a pause is expected when pronouncing the sentence: ...Then Baron von Klotz was aiming to be a minister, and I was aiming to be his son-in-law.(A.S. Griboyedov) If there is no pause, the dash is not placed: ...Well, people in this side! She comes to him, and he comes to me.(A.S. Griboedov)
Elliptical sentences
In Russian there are sentences called elliptical(from the Greek word ellipsis, which means “omission”, “lack”). They omit the predicate, but retain the word that depends on it, and no context is needed to understand such sentences. These can be sentences with the meaning of movement, movement ( I'm going to the Tauride Garden(K.I. Chukovsky); speeches - thoughts ( And his wife: for rudeness, for your words(A.T. Tvardovsky), etc. Such sentences are usually found in colloquial speech and in works of art, but are not used in book styles (scientific and official business).
Some scientists consider elliptical sentences to be a type of incomplete sentences, others consider them to be a special type of sentences that is adjacent to incomplete ones and is similar to them.
The lesson on “Definitely Personal Sentences” introduces us to this type of one-part sentences. syntactic constructions. The sentences under consideration always contain a verb in a certain form. During the lesson, the teacher will teach you to distinguish between incomplete two-part sentences and definitely personal ones.
Topic: One-part sentences
Lesson: Definitely Personal Sentences
Definitely personal sentences are one of the types of one-part sentences in which the main member of the sentence has a structure and properties similar to the structure and properties of the predicate.
The main member of definite-personal sentences is similar in structure to simple verbal predicate and is expressed by a verb in the form of 1st and 2nd person singular. and many more number of seizures and command. inclinations.
Verb 1st l. units h. withdrawn. incl. - Again I see familiar city.
Verb 2nd l. units h. withdrawn. onc.- Do you remember that autumn evening?
Verb 1st l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - Let's not forget your kindness.
Verb 2nd l. pl. h. withdrawn. incl. - Come in tomorrow for salary?
Verb 2nd l. units h. will command. onc.- Think good!
Verb 1st l. pl. h. will command. incl. - Let's go to the cinema!
Verb 2nd l. pl. h. will command. incl. - Come in definitely come to me!
The main members of definite personal sentences can have a structure not only simple verb, but also compound verbal and compound nominal predicate:
When you will study(compound verb) chemistry, you'll find out(simple verb) a lot of interesting things;
You will be counselors(compound noun) in our camp.
Wherein auxiliary must be in uniform 1st or 2nd faces.
Definitely personal sentences report the actions or other characteristics of a person (that is, a person), and a specific person at that. This person - depending on the form of the verb - may be the speaker: I love you now, not secretly, for show.
Definitely personal sentences do not always tell us about a person’s actions.
They denote the actions of living beings and even inanimate objects, which we, as it were, “humanize” by treating them in the same way as people.
Stop barking! (address to the dog)
Well, work hard! (access to computer)
Information about whom exactly we're talking about, is already contained in the personal ending of the verb, it is easy for us to understand who we are talking about, so denote the subject with others language means, such as pronouns, are optional.
Love Yu you now, not secretly, on display
(the subject of the action is the speaker, the verb is in 1st unit).
Let's take eat hand in hand, friends!
(subject of action - speaker and other people, verb in 1st plural)
Wait for me and I will come back
(subject of action - listener, verb in 2nd singular)
Oh give it those, give those freedom for me!
(the subject of the action is several listeners, the verb is in the 2nd plural)
Therefore, despite the absence of a word naming the subject, definitely personal the proposals are informatively sufficient and, of course, full.
The actions of the speaker or listener may be reported in incomplete two-part offers:
1. I think that 2) I was not mistaken about it.
The second part of this sentence is an incomplete sentence: I didn’t make a mistake in it.
The form of the verb in this sentence does not have a morphological sign of person and does not clearly indicate the subject of the action (I was not mistaken; you were not mistaken; she was not mistaken - the form of the verb is the same everywhere), but from the context it is clear who we are talking about, therefore this design is incomplete.
2. I think that 2) Understand his.
The second part of the sentence is a two-part incomplete one.
Definitely personal sentences are one-part sentences that always report the actions of a specific person; always contain a verb in the form of the 1st and 2nd person singular or plural of the indicative or imperative mood.
1. Bagryantseva V.A., Bolycheva E.M., Galaktionova I.V., Zhdanova L.A., Litnevskaya E.I., Stepanova E.B.. Russian language.
2. Barkhudarov S.G., Kryuchkov S.E., Maksimov L.Yu., Cheshko L.A.. Russian language.
3. Tests. One-part sentences ().
2. Complete academic reference book edited by V.V. Lopatina ().
1. Find the grammatical basis in the sentences of the text.
Know yourself. Understand how your body changes and grows.
Keep your body clean. Wash often, brush your teeth and nails.
Make friends. Be a good friend yourself, learn to talk to friends and parents and listen to them.
Learn to say no. If you are asked to do something that makes you feel uncomfortable, say no.
2. Find one-part sentences.
The park paths were sprinkled with sand every morning.
Cranberries are harvested in late autumn.
Cranberry is a swamp berry.
I would like to talk to you.
Not a soul!
Don't let your soul be lazy!
The soul must work.
And you grab her by the shoulders, teach her and torture her until it gets dark.
Don't go, stay with me...
One-part sentences. Definitely personal suggestions.
The purpose of the lesson:
Ø find definitely personal proposals among other proposals;
Lesson objectives:
Ø remember features one-part and two-part sentences;
Ø to develop the ability to find definite personal sentences among one-part sentences;
Ø use skills in working with definite personal sentences in creative work when composing riddles about tea;
Educational tasks :
Ø show students beneficial features tea;
Speech development:
Ø use definitely personal sentences in speech;
Lesson equipment:
Ø handouts on the topic: “One-part sentences. Definitely personal proposals";
Ø reproduction of the painting by B. M. Kustodiev “Merchant's Wife at Tea”;
Ø algorithm of actions for determining the type of one-part definite-personal sentences;
Ø support tables “Personal pronouns”; "Personal endings of verbs."
During the classes
2. Frontal survey.
What is the grammatical basis of a sentence?
What groups are sentences divided into based on the structure of their grammatical basis?
What sentences are called two-part sentences?
What sentences are called one-part sentences?
Name groups of one-part sentences?
3. Syntactic warm-up (work in pairs)
Characterize the sentence in terms of the structure of the grammatical basis:
1 group : Tea is a healthy plant.
2nd group : It removes ailments and banishes drowsiness.
3 group : Friendship and tea are good when they are strong and not too sweet.
4 group : To the sound of a samovar, a conversation warms the heart and soul.
5 group : In the 18th century, the samovar was invented in Russia.
6 group : It was made in the Urals.
4. Studying new material.
- Announcement of the topic.
- Connection of the lesson topic with health-saving technologies.
- The teacher's word about the origin of tea.
- Student's message on an ancient Chinese legend: “The origin of tea.”
- Work with text.
People make a variety of drinks. But the most famous and widespread drink is tea.
This drink not only quenches thirst well, but also has healing properties, helps to recover from many diseases.
One long-liver said this about tea: “Tea is my favorite drink. I don’t recognize others.”
Proteins, fats and carbohydrates are easily digested with tea.
Tea is very a good thing!
Assignments to the text :
Ø read the text expressively;
Ø determine its topic and main idea,
Ø title;
Ø find a one-part sentence among the sentences of the text;
Ø try to determine the type of one-part sentence.
- Declaring the purpose of the lesson.
- Work with the textbook (work in pairs with the table).
Task:
Ø identify from the definition of definite-personal sentences the signs by which these sentences can be distinguished from other one-part sentences;
Ø fill out the table.
- Self-test of work with a textbook using a sample (sample on the board)
Suggestions for having major membersMain members of the proposal
How is the main member of a sentence expressed?
One-part sentence type
one-piece
predicate
verb 1st and 2nd person singular and plural present and future tense indicative or imperative
definitely personal
Referring to the reminders: “Personal pronouns”, “Personal endings of verbs 1st and 2nd person singular and plural”.
5. Dynamic pause.
6. Training exercises.
1) Let's look at the proposal again : I don’t recognize others.Let's indicate in the predicate verb of this sentence there are grammatical features by which we can determine the type of one-part sentence. (1st person singular present indicative)
2) From a series of sentences, write down a one-part definite-personal sentence:
1. Tea is never bad.
2. Tea gives a person determination.
3. Here is a fragrant caramel.
4. We treat everyone to pancakes and fragrant tea.
Prove that this proposal is definitely a personal proposal. It will help you with thisalgorithm of actions (posted on the board).
3) Continue the text, making a series of definitely personal sentences based on the model (working with the reproduction of B. M. Kustodiev “The Merchant's Wife at Tea”).
Hello, dear Katerina Gavrilovna!
And how delightful evenings are with a cup of tea!
Cover it table with white tablecloth...
4) Physical education (finger gymnastics).
5) Checking the proposals made.
6) Recording dictation of the text: Memo to the tea maker!
Rinse the kettle with boiling water and pour dry tea leaves into it. Then fill the kettle with boiling water and cover the top with a napkin. Close the hole on the lid and spout. Infuse the tea for five minutes.
Underline the predicate verbs.
What form of the predicate verb is appropriate in this memo? Why?
7. Consolidation of new material using definitely personal sentences in speech (composing riddles about tea).
8. Reflection.
- What new did we learn in class today?
9. Final word from the teacher.
I want to reveal a secret and give useful advice,
Tea warms us in cold weather, and refreshes us in hot weather,
He will overcome drowsiness and compete with fatigue,
Will crush any illness
Tea for health - best friend!
Homework: § 181, exercise to choose from § 181 or compose several sentences on the topic: “Winter day” using definitely personal sentences.
LESSON2
Goals as student activities:
Use textbooks and dictionaries, obtain information from different sources, correlate and comprehend it;
Agree on joint activities, express your point of view, accept someone else’s, develop coherent monologue speech;
Planned results:
Subject: identify definite-personal sentences in the text, correctly formulate definite-personal sentences with punctuation.
Metasubject:
Cognitive UUDs - independently formulate cognitive goals; apply information retrieval methods, including using computer tools; justify the choice effective ways problem solving; apply techniques semantic reading; analyze language units, compare language units; build a logical chain of reasoning;
Regulatory - they formulate educational tasks based on the correlation of what is already known and learned, and what is still unknown; draw up a plan and sequence of actions; control by comparing the method of action and its result with a given standard; evaluate the correctness of the action and adequately perceive the teacher’s assessment.
Communicative - take into account the positions of other people, participate in a collective discussion of a problem, know how to work in pairs, formulate their own opinions, and ask questions.
Personal - give adequate self-esteem educational activities, realize the boundaries of their own knowledge and ignorance.
During the classes:
Teacher :
Which part of the sentence do you think is most important - the subject or the predicate?
(statements from students)
Can sentences exist without one of them? Doesn't this interfere with understanding the meaning?
What do we call such proposals? (one-piece)
Can one-part sentences be common?
Teacher : Now write down the sentences and try to explain how the groups differ:
1. Night. Street. Lantern. Pharmacy.
2. I’m walking along the street. You look at the starry sky.
(1st group - nominative sentences, since the main member is expressed by a noun in the nominative case;
2nd group - with the main member - the predicate)
What did they do for this? (highlighted grammatical basis)
Teacher :
Do we know what the second group of one-part sentences is called? (No)
Formulate questions that you would like answered in our lesson
Read the title of the paragraph (paragraph 32)
Write down the topic of the lesson.
Express your guess about the meaning of the word “definitely personal proposals”
1. Reading the textbook paragraph on page 90 (with notes)
2. What new things have you learned about definite-personal proposals?
3. What seemed unclear?
4. What do you need to know to determine for sure that this is a definite personal offer? (person and mood of the verb)
Solving a problem situation : (slide)
1. Find the grammatical basis of the sentences and determine the aspect and mood of the verbs:
Go to sleep, my bed is soft... Take care of your honor from a young age. Die yourself, but help your comrade. Farewell, father! They searched for him for three days.
2. Which sentence was redundant and why? (the latter, because it contains a verb in the 3rd person form and there is no indication of a specific person)
What type do we classify all other proposals as? (definitely personal)
3. Vocabulary work: platform (lexical and grammatical meaning words, spelling). You can use Internet Wikipedia, S.I. Ozhegov’s dictionary, etc.
4. Digital dictation (write down the numbers of definite personal proposals):
1) One is plowing in the field, and two are waving their hands. 2) You go, you look like me. 3) Keep your thoughts clean. 4) Know yourself. 5) Cranberry is a swamp berry. 6) Don’t let your soul be lazy. 7) Don’t leave, stay with me.
Checking the dictation according to the standard (answers on the slide are 2,3,4,6,7). Self-esteem
- In which sentence and why do you need to put a dash?
Exercise. Write down only definitely personal proposals. Underline the predicate.
I wish you success. Wash your hands before eating. Know how to cherish love. Potatoes are a valuable food product. After lessons the whole class goes to the cinema. Having arrived at the place, the geese noisily descend onto the water. Why are you laughing? Choose a book to your liking. Will you be from Moscow? There was a knock on the door. His stories will be remembered for a long time.
Correct answer.
I wish you success. Wash your hands before eating. Know how to cherish love. After lessons the whole class goes to the cinema. Choose a book to your liking. Will you be from Moscow? Why are you laughing?