The article briefly talks about the great princes of Russian Rus' - a topic studied in 10th grade history. What were they famous for? What were their deeds and role in history?
Summoned Varangians
In 862, the northwestern tribes of the Eastern Slavs decided to stop fighting among themselves and invite an independent ruler to rule over them fairly. The Slav Gostomysl from the Ilmen tribe led the campaign to the Varangians and returned from there with Rurik and his squad. Together with Rurik, his two brothers came - Sienus and Truvor. Rurik sat down to reign in Ladoga, and two years later, according to the Ipatiev Chronicle, he built Novgorod. Rurik had a son, Igor, who was to become a prince after his death. Hereditary rule became the basis of the ruling dynasty.
Rice. 1. Map of Kievan Rus in the 10th century.
In 879, Rurik died, and Igor was still too young. Oleg acted as regent - either Rurik's brother-in-law, or his governor. Already in 882, he captured Kyiv, where he moved the capital of Ancient Rus' from Novgorod. Having captured Kyiv, Oleg established complete control over the trade route “From the Varangians to the Greeks.” Oleg managed to conclude a profitable agreement with Byzantium on duty-free trade, which is a great achievement for the Russian economy of that time.
In 912 Oleg died and Igor became Prince of Kyiv. In 914, Igor re-conquered the Drevlyans, imposing a tribute greater than Oleg's. In 945, Igor, while collecting tribute from the Drevlyans, felt that he had not collected enough. Returning with a small detachment to reassemble, he was killed in the city of Iskorosten for his greed.
And Rurik, and Oleg, and Igor reduced their internal political activities to the subjugation of the Slavic tribes surrounding Rus' and the imposition of tribute on them. Their activities were largely aimed at conducting military campaigns to gain authority within Rus' and in the international arena.
Reign of Olga and Svyatoslav
In 945, Olga suppressed the rebellion of the Drevlyans and avenged Igor by destroying Iskorosten. Olga left foreign affairs and began to engage in domestic politics. She carried out the first reform in Rus', creating a system of lessons and graveyards - the amount of tribute and the places and times of its collection. In 955, Olga went to Constantinople and converted to Christianity.
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Rice. 2. Burning of Iskorostnya.
It is not known exactly when Svyatoslav came to power. The Tale of Bygone Years speaks of his first military campaign in 964. Svyatoslav was a big fan of war and battles, so he continued the policies of his father and grandfather and spent his whole life in battles, and Olga, on his behalf, continued to rule Russia until her death. Having conquered Bulgaria, he moved the capital to Pereyaslavets-on-Danube and planned to rule the young state from there. But these lands were in the sphere of interests of Byzantium, which within a year forced Svyatoslav to return to Rus'.
Rice. 3. Svyatoslav and John Tzimiskes.
Svyatoslav did not survive his mother for long. He died near the Dnieper rapids from the scimitar of the Pechenegs, who ambushed him when he was returning from Bulgaria to Kyiv in 972.
Foreign policy of Rus' in the 9th-10th centuries
Byzantium remained the main direction of campaigns of the first Russian princes, although military campaigns were periodically carried out in other countries. To illuminate this issue, let’s compile a table: The first Russian princes and their activities during foreign policy.
|
Prince |
Hike |
Year |
Bottom line |
|
Capture of Kyiv and transfer of the capital there |
|||
|
To Constantinople |
A profitable trade agreement was concluded for Rus' |
||
|
To Constantinople |
The Russian fleet was burned by Greek fire |
||
|
To Constantinople |
A new military-trade agreement has been concluded |
||
|
On Berdaa |
Rich booty was robbed and brought to Rus' |
||
|
Svyatoslav |
To Khazaria |
Destruction of the Khazar Khaganate |
|
|
To Bulgaria |
Conquered Bulgaria and sat down to reign there |
||
|
War with Byzantium |
Svyatoslav left Bulgaria and went to Kyiv |
It should be noted that the first Russian princes were also engaged in the defense of the southern borders from the constant raids of the nomadic tribes of the Khazars and Pechenegs.
What have we learned?
In general, the foreign policy of the first Russian princes dominated the domestic one. This was due to the desire to unite all the East Slavic tribes under one authority and protect them from external military aggression.
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About the first Russian princes for primary school students
Kondratyeva Alla Alekseevna, primary school teacher at Zolotukhinskaya Secondary Educational Institution comprehensive school» Zolotukhino village, Kursk region
Description of material: I offer you literary material - a reference book about the first Russian princes. The material can be used in the most various forms: conversation, class hour, quiz, game hour, extracurricular activity, virtual travel, etc. The material is designed to help any student answer such important questions as:
1) How did the Slavs live in ancient times?
2) When was the first Russian state formed?
3) Who controlled it?
4) What did the first princes do to strengthen the state and increase its wealth?
5) In what year did the Baptism of Rus' take place?
Tsed: creation of a short, colorful, interesting reference book about the first Russian princes.
Tasks:
1. Contribute to the formation of ideas about the role of the first Russian princes in the domestic and foreign policy of Ancient Rus'.
2. To arouse students’ interest in the history of Russia, literature, expand their understanding of the history of Russia, develop a cognitive interest in reading, and instill a strong interest in books.
3. To form general cultural literary competence through the perception of literature as an integral part of national culture, to form the communicative competence of students.
Equipment:
Exhibition of children's books on Russian history:
1. Bunakov N. Living Word. S-P., 1863.
2.Vakhterovs V. and E. The world in stories for children. M., 1993.
3. Golovin N. My first Russian story in stories for children. M., 1923.
4. Ishimova A. History of Russia in stories for children. M., 1990.
5. Petrushevsky. Stories about old times in Rus'. Kursk, 1996.
6.What is it? Who is this? M., 1990.
7. Chutko N.Ya., Rodionova L.E. Your Russia: Textbook-reader for the beginning of school Obninsk. 2000.
8. Tenilin S.A. Romanov Dynasty. Brief historical reference book, N. Novgorod, 1990.
9. Encyclopedia. I explore the world. Russian history. Astrel, 2000.
10..Encyclopedia for children. History of Russia. M., 1995.
Progress of the event:
Teacher's story.
It is known that the main written source about the distant times of our homeland are chronicles, including the famous “Tale of Bygone Years,” compiled in the 12th century by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk Monastery Nestor.
Today we will take another virtual trip to Ancient Rus' and find out how they lived and who ruled our people in ancient times. We will collect with you basic information about the life of the first Russian princes and compile our own written source for all inquisitive schoolchildren, which we will call "A brief historical reference book about the first Russian princes."
More than a thousand years have passed since Rus' received Holy Baptism. This happened under Prince Vladimir, who was popularly nicknamed the Red Sun, the Baptist of Rus' in 988.
Today we celebrate the 1000th anniversary of the repose of the holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir.
Prince Vladimir is the beloved grandson of Princess Olga, who did a lot to spread the faith of Christ in Rus'. Our distant past - Russians, Russians, Russians - is connected with the tribes of the ancient Slavs. The Slavic tribes (Krivichi, Northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Polyans, Drevlyans...) were constantly afraid that enemies would attack them, destroy settlements, and take away everything that had been accumulated by the labor of people. Fear forced the Slavs to unite to defend their lands together. At the head of such an association was an elder, a leader (they called him a prince). But the princes could not live together in peace: they did not want to share wealth and power. These discords continued for a long time.
And then the Slavic people decided:“Let’s look for a prince who would bring order to our land, who would be fair and smart.” This is what the chronicle says.
The Slavs turned to the Varangians for help (the Varangians lived in the northern country of Scandinavia). The Varangians were famous for their intelligence, patience and military valor.
In 862, the first Rulers in the Ancient Fatherland were the brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor.
The first Russian prince Rurik led his army (squad) to Novgorod and began to reign there.
The country in which they settled began to be called Rus'.
From that time on, Russia began to be called the lands on which Rurik ruled and after him other Varangian princes: Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav. The princes strengthened Rus', maintained order within the country, and took care of its security.
Rurik (d. 879) - Varangian, Novgorod prince and ancestor of the princely, which later became the royal, Rurik dynasty.
In one of the campaigns to foreign lands, Rurik died. Instead, his relative, Prince Oleg, began to reign.
Oleg Veschy (882 –912)
“Let this city be the mother of Russian cities!”- this is what Prince Oleg said about Kyiv-grad. Oleg really liked the city of Kyiv and he remained to reign there (as the chronicle tells, in 911, at the very beginning of the 10th century).
The city was surrounded by a moat and strong log walls.
Under Oleg, Kyiv not only grew richer, but also greatly strengthened. The prince strengthened his power with the help of military campaigns, which brought great wealth. Oleg received the nickname “prophetic” among the people, that is, omniscient, knowing what others are not given to know. This nickname reflects his insight and wisdom.
There is a legend about the death of Prince Oleg. They say that a sorcerer (fortune teller) told him that he would die from his beloved horse. Since then, Oleg has not mounted this horse.
Once, many years later, the prince remembered his favorite, but found out that he was dead.
Oleg laughed at the magician’s prediction and decided to look at the horse’s bones. The prince stepped on the horse’s skull and laughed: “Isn’t it possible for me to die from this bone?”
Suddenly a snake crawled out of the skull and bit Oleg. He died from this bite.
Reproduction of the painting by V.M. Vasnetsov “Oleg’s Farewell to the Horse”
Vasnetsov wrote these paintings for the work of A.S. Pushkin's "Song of the Prophetic Oleg"
(Demonstration of the book. An excerpt is read.)
Student:
The prince quietly stepped on the horse's skull
And he said: “Sleep, lonely friend!
Your old master outlived you:
At the funeral feast, already nearby,
It’s not you who will stain the feather grass under the ax
And feed my ashes with hot blood!
So this is where my destruction was hidden!
The bone threatened me with death!”
From the dead head of the grave serpent
Meanwhile, hissing crawled out;
Like a black ribbon wrapped around my legs:
And the suddenly stung prince cried out.
Oleg was a brave prince, the people loved him and pitied him when he died. Oleg was not only brave, but also smart, he defeated many neighboring peoples, and ruled the state for 33 years.
Igor is the son of Rurik. (912-945)
Igor took power over Russia after Oleg's death. When Rurik died, Igor was a very small child and could not govern the people himself. His uncle, Oleg, reigned for him, who loved his nephew very much and took care of him. Igor's reign was marked by several major military campaigns of Russian troops. In addition to Byzantium, the Russians were attracted by the shores of the Caspian Sea, which attracted with their riches, because along the Volga across the sea there was a famous trade route (“from the Varangians to the Greeks”), which connected Rus' with the countries of the Arab East.
Prince Igor was distinguished by his greed. He collected tribute from Slavic tribe Drevlyans who lived in dense forests. Igor’s warriors took away their honey, leather, furs, dried meat and fish. But everything was not enough for the prince. Then the Drevlyans decided to kill Igor in order to free themselves from the unbearable tribute and punish the prince for greed. And so they did.
Olga the Holy (945 - ca. 965) - Grand Duchess, widow of Prince Igor.
Princess Olga is one of the most interesting persons of ancient Russian history. The uniqueness of her position lies in the fact that of all the rulers of the “Rurikovich empire” she is the only woman. Its origin is unknown. She was probably “from the family of neither a prince nor a nobleman, but from ordinary people.”
During her reign, Rus' did not fight with any of the neighboring states.
Saint Olga, Equal to the Apostles, became the spiritual mother of the Russian people, through her their enlightenment with the light of the Christian faith began. 957 – baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople in the Church of Hagia Sophia. High moral ideals of Christianity, the main commandments of God – “You shall love the Lord your God with all your heart and with all your soul, and your neighbor as yourself,”
- became close to the heart of Princess Olga. Olga became famous in Rus' for her deeds of piety and built one of the first Russian Christian churches - wooden church of Hagia Sophia in Kyiv.
The chronicle calls Olga “the wisest of all people” and talks about the princess’s tireless efforts to “organize the earth.” The baptism of all Rus' took place only under Olga’s grandson, Prince Vladimir. Olga lived for a very long time and left the kindest memory of herself.
Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich (957 – 972)
From an early age Svyatoslav was distinguished by his will, nobility and courage. He constantly practiced horse riding, learned to wield a spear, shot a bow and grew into a mighty hero. Svyatoslav dressed not like a prince, in expensive clothes, but like a simple warrior. Svyatoslav was the living embodiment of a mighty force. The warrior prince lived only 27 years, but he managed to make six victorious campaigns and remained young and brave in the memory of the Russians. On campaigns he did not carry carts or boilers with him, did not cook meat, but, cutting horse meat, or “animal” (game), or beef into thin slices, fried it over coals and ate it. He did not have tents either, but slept on the ground. Gloomy and ferocious, he disdained any comfort, slept in the open air and put a saddle under his head instead of a pillow.
When going on a campaign, he first sent messengers to say: “I’m coming to you.”
Grand Duke Vladimir is the grandson of St. Olga, son of Svyatoslav.
Student:The choice of faith is a ray in the window,
Like the turn of the sun.
In the simplicity of the heart by the Sun
People called Vladimir.
The grace of the Lord has descended.
The light of Christ shone.
The light of faith is burning today,
Becoming the foundation of the foundations.
Princess Olga, often talking with her grandson, talked about her journey to Constantinople, about foreign, unknown lands, about peoples. And more and more about our God - Christ and His Mother, the Virgin Mary. Naturally wise, enterprising, courageous and warlike, he ascended the throne in 980.
Being a pagan, Vladimir was power-hungry and a zealous adherent of idolatry.
Pagan gods of the Slavs
The pagan Slavs erected idols, around which they not only made sacrifices, but took oaths and held ritual feasts.
Nestor the Chronicler lists the names of the pagan idols that Prince Vladimir, while still a pagan, placed on the hill behind the Grand Duke's mansion: “a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, Khors, Dazhbog, Stribog, Simargl and Mokosh.
And they made sacrifices to them, calling them gods, and brought their sons and daughters to them.”
The most ancient supreme male deity among the Slavs was Genus. Already in Christian teachings against paganism in the 12th-13th centuries. they write about Rod as a god who was worshiped by all peoples. Rod was the god of the sky, thunderstorms, and fertility. They said about him that he rides on a cloud, throws rain on the ground, and from this children are born. He was the ruler of the earth and all living things, and was a pagan creator god.
This is how Rus' was on the eve of Epiphany...
In his young years, Prince Vladimir knew that he could unite people, make one big people into a great power. This is a single faith, the faith by which the soul lives. That faith that is not bought or sold, but for which you are not sorry to give your life.
Who and how suggested that Prince Vladimir choose a faith?
The Volga Bulgars - the Mohammedan faith, the Germans - Catholicism, the Khazars - the Jewish faith, the Byzantines - the Christian faith. Prince Vladimir learned the Christian faith from a Greek philosopher.
In 988 He was baptized in the city of Korsun and was named Vasily. Before this event, the prince was struck by blindness, from which he suddenly received healing during the sacrament of baptism performed on him. Returning to Kyiv, Grand Duke He baptized, first of all, his children on the Pochaina River, which flows into the Dnieper. The place where they were baptized is still called Khreshchatyk. Then, having destroyed idols in the city, he converted the people of Kiev to the Orthodox faith and thereby began the spread of Christian faith in Rus'.
Baptism of Rus'
1 student:
Midday, warmed by the heat,
The earth is burning with heat.
Waves warm light
The fields are flooded.
Over the green expanse
Where the river meanders
Like snowy mountains
Clouds float into the distance.
I'm standing over a cliff
I see a golden reach,
The wind flutters lazily
Strands of white birch trees.
The current is silvering,
Jets like glass
Here Holy Epiphany
Our Rus' accepted.
White birds circling
High above the Dnieper,
And the words of the chronicler
Suddenly they came to my mind.
2nd student:
Nestor accurately and vividly
The saint's day was described:
Everyone was in a hurry to the cliff,
Old and small walked towards the Dnieper.
Nature rejoiced
The distance is transparently light!
And people gathered
There are no numbers on the Dnieper.
The sun was just rising
The sky turned pink.
With images, with censer
Walked to the river procession.
The vestments sparkled brightly,
Decorated with crosses
Pearls, stones, enamels
Unearthly beauty.
The priests walked singing
And they carried the holy cross,
Loaded with prayer
A golden cross into the water.
3rd student:
Above the Dnieper steep
Watched the baptism
Prince Vladimir the mighty
In expensive attire.
The people of Kiev went into the water
And they entered up to their chests.
And from now on the Slavs
A new path has been chosen.
Angels sang from heaven,
The river turned silver
The one that became the font
For Rus' for centuries.
Opened up in the sky
Golden window:
At the prayer service of grace
Many souls saved!
Prince Vladimir ordered to baptize people everywhere and build wooden churches, placing them in the very places where idols had previously stood. Beautiful works of Greek architecture appeared in Russia. Temples were decorated with paintings, silver, and gold. And from that time on, the faith of Christ began to spread throughout the Russian land and penetrate into its most remote outskirts.
Saint Vladimir took care of his people, opened and improved schools, hospitals and almshouses. The poor, poor and weak found fatherly protection and patronage in him.
This is how Prince Vladimir lived until his death and died in his beloved village of Berestovo,
near Kyiv, July 15, 1015. The Russian Church appreciated the great feat of Prince Vladimir and canonized him, calling him Equal to the Apostles. His memory is honored by the Church on the day of his death.
This year 2015 we commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the repose of the Great Saint.
Test yourself: “The first Russian princes”
1. Establish the chronological sequence of the reign of the first Russian princes(Rurik, Oleg. Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav, Vladimir...)
2. Name the prince who proclaimed Kyiv the capital of the ancient Russian state.
(Oleg. In 882, Prince Oleg captured Kyiv and made it the capital of the state.)
3.Indicate the name of the prince who always warned his enemy about the attack with the phrase “I’m coming to you”(Prince Svyatoslav is the son of Igor and Olga)
4. The ancient Slavs worshiped the elements, believed in the kinship of people with various animals, and made sacrifices to deities. This faith got its name from the word “people”. What was the name of this belief?
(Paganism. “People” is one of the meanings of the ancient Slavic word “language.”)
5. Because he did such a great and holy deed - he baptized his people into the true faith - after death he became holy and pleasing to God. Now they call him that - the holy prince. Which prince baptized Rus'? (Holy Prince Vladimir is the grandson of Princess Olga).
6. On what river did the Baptism of Rus' take place?(On the Pochaina River, which flows into the Dnieper)
7.Where she received her Baptism of Christ Grand Duchess Olga? (In Constantinople, in 957)
8. In what century was the 1000th anniversary of the Baptism of Rus' celebrated?(In the 20th, or more precisely in 1998.)
Teacher:
What do you think, children, what does the image of the holy Prince Vladimir of the once united Rus' call the peoples to?
To unite again under the protection of the Orthodox Church, calls to build and strengthen Holy Rus'.
Our age will pass. The archives will open,And everything that has been hidden until now
All the secret stories are twisted
They will show the world glory and shame.
Then the faces of other gods will darken,
And every misfortune will be revealed,
But what was truly great
Will remain great forever.
N. Tikhonov
Our country has rich history. The events that took place in ancient Rus' immediately after the formation of the state are interesting. We can learn about them from various sources, for example, from The Tale of Bygone Years. Let's plunge into the history of ancient Rus' today and remember who was the first Russian prince.
Rurik
In the 9th century, Rus' was not a single state; various tribes lived on its territory, each of which had its own prince and its own capital. There was intertribal enmity, in connection with this there was a need to unite the tribes into a single state. Rus' at that time was inhabited by such tribes as the Chud, Ves, Ilmen Slovenes and others. They decided to invite the prince from the Varangian lands, that is, from Scandinavia (presumably from Denmark). The Tale of Belgian Years says who was the first prince in Rus'. This prince's name was Rurik. He began to reign in Ladoga in 862. Then he founded Novgorod and began to rule all Novgorod lands. Rurik is the founder of the famous Rurik dynasty.
Oleg
After Rurik, Oleg began to reign, who became famous for capturing Kyiv, overthrowing the ruling princes Askold and Dir. Oleg strengthened his power and formed a state of the Eastern Slavs, the capital of which was the city of Kyiv. Under Oleg's rule were the tribes of the Drevlyans, Northerners and Radimichi. The prince established trade with the East and the Balkans, waged successful wars with Byzantium, and strengthened the foreign policy position of the state. For example, in 907 Oleg made a successful military campaign in Byzantium, the main achievement of which was an agreement on duty-free trade for Russian merchants in Byzantium. In 911, Prince Oleg concluded a peace treaty with Constantinople. In Rus', Oleg was nicknamed the Prophetic, that is, the one who knows the future, for his foresight and intelligence. According to legend, Oleg dies in 912 from a bite poisonous snake, which crawled out of the skull of his favorite horse.
First Moscow prince
The exact age of Moscow is unknown. The first reliable mention in the chronicles is considered to be 1147. For a long time, Moscow was part of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality, so the city did not have its own ruler. The turning point in the history of the city was 1236, when Moscow became an independent city and the period of appanage principality began. It is known for certain who was the first prince of Moscow. He became Daniil Alexandrovich - the son of the Grand Duke of Vladimir Alexander Nevsky. Daniil Alexandrovich became the founder of the dynasty of Moscow princes. The prince expanded the territory of Moscow, annexing new principalities, and also founded two famous monasteries: Epiphany and Danilovsky.
Rurik………………………………………………………………………………………..…3
Prince Oleg………………………………………………………………………………………..……..5
Prince Igor………………………………………………………………………………………..……7
Princess Olga……………………………………………………………………………….9
Prince Svyatoslav………………………………………………………………………………………..……13
Prince Yaropolk………………………………………………………………………………16
Prince Vladimir………………………………………………………………………………………..…..17
Literature………………………………………………………………………………………..19
"History, in a sense, is the sacred book of nations:
main, necessary; a mirror of their existence and activity;
the tablet of revelations and rules; the covenant of ancestors to posterity;
a complement to the present and an example of the future.”
N. M. Karamzin
Rurik
The formation of the Russian state dates back to 862, and this event is associated with the names of Rurik and his brothers Sineus and Truvor. Perhaps these names appeared from legends, but they came to us from the words of Nestor (XI and early XII centuries), Sylvester (died in 1123) and other chroniclers. Among the “others” the legendary chronicler Joachim is most often named. The historian V.N. Tatishchev also refers to it when he writes: “The northern writers of the ancient Russian sovereigns remember several names on strangers’ occasions without all the circumstances, or maybe they have some circumstances, but new writers, choosing from them, neglected and left it locked.” However, N.M. Karamzin believes that Joachim’s name is fictitious. Among the “closed” princes, Tatishchev names Gostomysl, who allegedly had four sons and three daughters. The sons died without leaving children, and from the middle daughter, who was married to the Finnish king, a son, Rurik, was born. Gostomysl, according to Nestor, died in 860. In this case, Tatishchev used the so-called Joachim Chronicle, which he attributed to the Novgorod bishop Joachim. Most modern historians believe that this chronicle was compiled much later, in the 17th century. But the legend is persistent and cannot be ignored.
So, if you believe Nestor, three Varangian brothers appeared in Rus' in 862. They were invited to rule the Novgorodians (Ilmen Slovenes), as well as the Krivichi, all the Chud. But, as proven by the most prominent expert on Russian chronicles, Academician A.A. Shakhmatov, the legend about the calling of the Varangian princes is of Novgorod origin and was recorded in the chronicle only at the beginning of the 12th century. The princes are called brothers, which reflected the union of three tribes - Slovenian (Slavic), Finnish (Vesi) and Krivichi.
Surrounded by a large Scandinavian squad, these ambitious Varangians left their fatherland forever. Rurik arrived in Novgorod, Sineus - in Beloozero, not far from modern Beloozersk, in the region of the Finnish Vesi people, and Truvor - in Izborsk, the city of the Krivichi. Smolensk and Polotsk still remained independent and did not take part in the calling of the Varangians.
Consequently, as N.M. narrates. Karamzin, “the power of three rulers, united by ties of kinship and mutual benefit, extended only from Estonia and the Slavic Keys, where we see the remains of Izborsk. That is we're talking about about the former St. Petersburg, Estland, Novgorod and Pskov provinces.”
Two years later, after the death of Sineus and Truvor (according to some sources, the brothers were killed in 864), their elder brother Rurik, annexing the regions to his principality, founded the Russian monarchy. “Its borders have already reached in the east to the present Yaroslavl and Nizhny Novgorod provinces, and in the south - to the Western Dvina; Already Merya, Murom and Polotsk depended on Rurik” N.M. Karamzin).
The chroniclers attribute the next important event to this time. Two of Rurik's close associates - Askold and Dir - perhaps dissatisfied with him, went with a small squad from Novgorod to Constantinople (Constantinople) to seek their fortune. On the way there, on the high bank of the Dnieper, they saw a small town and asked whose it was. They were told that its builders, three brothers, had died long ago and that the peace-loving inhabitants were paying tribute to the Khazars. It was Kyiv. Askold and Dir took possession of the town, invited many residents from Novgorod and began to rule in Kyiv.
Consequently, as N.M. writes. Karamzin, “...the Varangians founded two autocratic regions in Rus': Rurik in the north, Askold and Dir in the south.”
In 866, the Slavs, led by Askold and Dir, attacked the Byzantine Empire. Having armed 200 ships, these knights, experienced in voyages since ancient times, penetrated the navigable Dnieper and the Russian (Black) Sea into the territory of Byzantium. They devastated the outskirts of Constantinople with fire and sword, then besieged the capital from the sea. The Empire saw its formidable enemies for the first time, and for the first time the word “Rusich” (“Russian”) was pronounced with horror. Having learned about the attack on the country, its emperor Michael III hurried to the capital (at that time he was out of the country). But it was not so easy to defeat the attackers. However, a miracle helped. A storm began, and the light boats of the Russians were scattered across the sea. The Byzantines were saved. Few soldiers returned to Kyiv.
Rurik reigned as sole ruler in Novgorod for 15 years. He died in 879, entrusting the rule of the principality and his young son Igor to his relative Oleg.
The memory of Rurik as the first ruler of Rus' has remained immortal in our history. The main task of his reign was the unification of some Finnish tribes and the Slavic people into a single power, as a result, over time, the entire Muroma and Merya merged with the Slavs, adopting their customs, language and faith. Thus, Rurik is considered the ancestor of Russian princes.
Prince Oleg
The news of Rurik's success attracted many Varangians to Rus'. Probably among his entourage was Oleg, who began to rule Northern Russia after the death of Rurik. Oleg went to conquer the Dnieper lands in 882, captured Smolensk - the city of free Krivichi, and ancient city Lyubech (on the Dnieper). Oleg took possession of Kiev by cunning and killed Askold and Dir, and he showed little Igor to the glades, saying: “Here is the son of Rurik - your prince.”
The navigable Dnieper, the convenience of having relations with various rich countries - with the Greek Kherson (in the Crimea), Khazar Taurida, Bulgaria, Byzantium captivated Oleg, and he said: “Let Kiev be the mother of Russian cities” (chronicle).
The vast Russian possessions did not yet have stable internal connections. Between Novgorod and Kiev lived peoples independent of Rus'. The Ilmen Slavs bordered on the whole, the whole - on the Merya, the Merya - on Muroma and Krivichi. In 883, Oleg conquered the Drevlyans (Pripyat River), in 884 - the Dnieper northerners, in 885 - the Radimichi (Sozh River). Thus, having subjugated neighboring peoples and destroyed the rule of the Khazar Khagan, Oleg united the lands of Novgorod and Kyiv. Then he conquered the lands along the banks of the Sula River (neighboring Chernigov), part of the Polotsk and Volyn lands.
Kyiv was attacked by the Ugrians (Hungarians), who once lived near the Stone Belt (Ural), and in the 9th century. - east of Kyiv. They were looking for new places to live. Oleg let these people through without military clashes. The Hungarians crossed the Dnieper and took possession of the lands between the Dniester and the Danube.
By this time, Igor, the son of Rurik, had matured. Accustomed from childhood to obedience, he did not dare to demand his inheritance from the power-hungry Oleg, surrounded by the splendor of victories, the glory of conquests and brave comrades who considered his power legitimate, for he was able to exalt the state.
In 903, Oleg chose a wife for Igor, the legendary Olga, famous at that time for her feminine charms and good behavior alone. She was brought to Kyiv from Pleskov (now Pskov). This is what Nestor wrote. According to other sources, Olga was of a simple Varangian family and lived in the village, not far from Pskov. She adopted her name, according to N.M. Karamzin, on behalf of Oleg, as a sign of his friendship for her or as a sign of Igor’s love for him.
Oleg decided to attack Byzantium. In 907, he assembled two thousand ships with forty warriors on each ship. The cavalry walked along the shore. Oleg ravaged this country, brutally dealt with the inhabitants (“sea of blood”), and besieged Constantinople (Constantinople). The Byzantines hastened to pay off. The winner demanded from them twelve hryvnias for each soldier of the fleet. The Byzantines granted Oleg's request, after which peace was concluded (911). Returning from this campaign, the Russians brought home a lot of gold, expensive fabrics, wine and all other wealth.
This peace, beneficial to the Russians, was approved by the sacred rites of faith: the emperor swore by the Gospel, Oleg and his warriors swore by weapons and the gods of the Slavic people - Perun and Volos. As a sign of victory, Oleg hung his shield on the gates of Constantinople and returned to Kyiv. The people warmly welcomed Oleg and unanimously called him prophetic, that is, wise.
Then Oleg sent his ambassadors to Byzantium (and as later retellings of the chronicles tell) with a letter, from which it is clear that the Russians were no longer presented as savage barbarians. They knew the sanctity of honor and had their own laws that approved personal security, property, the right of inheritance, the power of wills, and conducted internal and external trade.
Oleg, humbled by years, already wanted silence and enjoyment of universal peace. None of the neighbors dared to interrupt his calm. And in his old age he seemed formidable. The Magi predicted Oleg's death from his horse. From that time on, he stopped mounting his pet. Four years have passed. One autumn, the prince remembered the sage’s prediction and laughed at him, since the horse had been dead for a long time. Oleg wanted to look at the bones of the horse, stood with his foot on the skull, and said: “Should I be afraid of him?” But there was a snake in the skull. She stung the prince, and the hero died. You can believe or not believe that Oleg was actually bitten by a snake, but such a legend has come down to our time from the past. The people mourned Oleg. Having annexed the richest lands to his power, the prince was the true founder of its greatness.
If Rurik's possessions extended from Estonia and Volkhov to Beloozero, the mouth of the Oka and the city of Rostov, then Oleg conquered all the lands from Smolensk, the Sula and Dniester rivers to the Carpathians.
Oleg, having reigned for 33 years, died at a ripe old age. The prince's body was buried on Mount Shchekovitsa, and the Kyiv residents, Nestor's contemporaries, called this place Oleg's grave (Oleg's other supposed burial place is Staraya Ladoga).
Some modern domestic historians are trying to reinterpret Nestor’s famous chronicle “The Tale of Bygone Years”, speaking, in particular, about “attributing” to Oleg many victories over neighboring tribes and the merit of annexing vast lands to Rus'. They also do not agree with the fact that it was Oleg who made the campaign against Constantinople, giving the laurels of primacy to Askold and shifting the date of the event from 907 to 860.
You can, of course, sow doubts, but we must not forget that Nestor described what was happening nine centuries before us and looked at these events through the eyes of both a historian and a contemporary mature age took power.
Prince Igor
Oleg's death encouraged the defeated Drevlyans, and in 913 they tried to free themselves from Kyiv. Igor pacified them and added tribute. But soon new enemies, strong in numbers, terrible in insolence and robbery, appeared in Rus'. These were the Pechenegs. They, like other peoples - the Huns, Ugrians, Bulgars, Avars - came from the east. All these peoples, except the Ugrians, no longer exist in Europe.
The Pechenegs led a nomadic lifestyle and engaged in robbery. They hoped to devastate Kyiv, but met with a strong army and were forced to retire to Bessarabia. These people terrified their neighbors. The Byzantines used the Pechenegs against the Ugrians, Bulgars and especially the Slavs for gold and money. For almost two centuries, the Pechenegs dominated the lands south of Rus'. Having made peace with Igor, they did not disturb the Russians for five years, but from 920, as Nestor writes, they began to invade the expanses of Rus'.
Igor's reign was not marked by any great events until 941, before the war between the Russians and the Byzantines. Igor, like Oleg, wanted to glorify his reign with military exploits. If you believe the chroniclers, then Igor entered the Russian (Black) Sea on ten thousand ships in 941. He devastated the outskirts of Constantinople, turning temples, villages, and monasteries to ashes. But soon Byzantine troops and fleet arrived. They caused significant damage to Igor and he left the empire with great losses.
Igor did not lose heart. He wanted to take revenge on the Byzantines. In 943 - 944 A new campaign against Byzantium took place, but it paid off with rich gifts. Igor returned to Kyiv. In 944, Rus' and Byzantium made peace.
By old age, Igor really wanted peace. But the greed of the squad did not allow him to enjoy peace. “We are barefoot and naked,” the soldiers said to Igor, “come pay tribute with us, and we, together with you, will be happy.” Going “to tribute” meant collecting taxes.
In the fall of 945, Igor and his retinue went to the Drevlyans. There they pretty much plundered the local population. Most of the army was sent to Kyiv, and Igor still wanted to “wander” through the Drevlyan land and rob the people. But the Drevlyans, driven to extremes, attacked Igor, tied him to two trees and tore him in two. The army was also destroyed. At the head of the rebellious Drevlyans was Prince Mal.
This is how Igor ended his life ingloriously. He did not have the successes that Oleg achieved in the war with the Byzantines. Igor did not have the properties of his predecessor, but he preserved the integrity of the power founded by Rurik and Oleg, defended honor and benefits in treaties with Byzantium.
However, the people reproached Igor for allowing the dangerous Pechenegs to establish themselves in the neighborhood of the Russians and for the fact that this prince loved to collect excessive tribute from his people.
Having united the East Slavic lands, defending them from the onslaught of foreigners, Oleg gave the princely power unprecedented authority and international prestige. He now assumes the title of Prince of all Princes, or Grand Duke. The rest of the rulers of individual Russian principalities become his tributaries, vassals, although they still retain the rights to govern in their principalities.
Rus' was born as a united East Slavic state. In its scale it was not inferior to the empire of Charlemagne or the territory Byzantine Empire. However, many of its areas were sparsely populated and poorly suitable for living. The difference in the level of development of different parts of the state was also too great. Having appeared immediately as a multi-ethnic entity, this state was therefore not distinguished by the strength that characterized states where the population was mainly single-ethnic.
Duchess Olga
Although historians do not particularly highlight Olga’s reign, she deserved great praise for her wise deeds, as she worthily represented Rus' in all external relations and skillfully ruled the country. Probably, with the help of the boyar Asmud, the teacher of Svyatoslav (son of Olga and Igor), and Sveneld, the governor, Olga was able to take possession of the helm of the state. First of all, she punished Igor’s killers. Perhaps the chronicler Nestor reports not entirely plausible facts about Olga’s revenge, cunning and wisdom, but they are included in our history.
The Drevlyans, proud of the murder of Igor as a victory, and despising the young Svyatoslav, planned to rule over Kiev and wanted their prince Mal to marry Olga. Twenty famous Drevlyan ambassadors sailed to Kyiv in a boat. Olga received them with affection. The next day, having ordered a deep grave to be dug, she buried all the Drevlyan ambassadors alive along with the boat.
Then Olga sent her messenger to Mal so that he would send her more famous men. The Drevlyans did just that. According to the old custom, a bathhouse was heated for the guests, and then they were all locked up there and burned.
Olga announced her readiness to come to the Drevlyans to marry Mal. The ruler approached the city of Iskorosten, where Igor died, watered his grave with tears and performed a funeral feast. After this, the Drevlyans began a merry feast. Having left, Olga gave a sign to her soldiers, and five thousand Drevlyans died at Igor’s grave.
In 946, Olga, returning to Kyiv, gathered a large army and marched against her enemies, punished by cunning, but not yet by force. Little Svyatoslav began the battle. A spear thrown at the enemy by a weak child’s hand fell at the feet of his horse, but the commanders Asmud and Sveneld encouraged the soldiers by example young hero with the exclamation “Friends! Let’s stand for the prince!” And they rushed into battle.
The frightened residents wanted to flee, but they all fell into the hands of Olga’s soldiers. She condemned some elders to death, took others into slavery, and the rest had to pay tribute.
Olga and her son Svyatoslav traveled throughout the Drevlyansky land, imposing tribute on the people in favor of the treasury. But the inhabitants of Iskorosten itself paid the third part of the tribute personally to Olga, in her own inheritance, in Vyshgorod, founded, perhaps, by Oleg and given to Olga as the bride or wife of the prince. This city was located seven miles from Kyiv, on the high bank of the Dnieper.
The next year, Olga went to Northern Rus', leaving Svyatoslav in Kyiv. The princess visited the Novgorod lands. She divided Rus' into several volosts, did, without a doubt, everything necessary for the state good and left signs of her protective wisdom. After 150 years, the people remembered with gratitude Olga’s beneficent journey, and during the time of Nestor, the townspeople of Pskov kept her sleigh as a precious thing. It is likely that the princess, born in Pskov, granted privileges to the residents of this city. But in the neighboring city, the more ancient one, Izborsk, which is taxed, life somehow faded away, and it lost its former glory. Having established internal order, Olga returned to Kyiv, to her son Svyatoslav. There she lived for several years in peace and tranquility.
Olga was a pagan, but in 957 she decided to accept the Christian faith, for which she went to Constantinople. Olga herself headed a magnificent and crowded embassy, consisting of more than a hundred people, not counting the servants and shipmen. Olga was accepted at the highest rank. She was invited to the imperial chambers for lunch, and she was received by the empress. During the conversations, Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus and Olga confirmed the validity of the previous treaty, as well as the military alliance of the two states, directed primarily against the Arabs and Khazaria.
Baptism of Princess Olga. An important issue in the negotiations was the baptism of the Russian princess.
By the middle of the 9th century. almost all major states Western Europe, as well as part of the peoples of the Balkan Peninsula and the Caucasus, adopted Christianity - some according to the Roman, others according to the Byzantine model. Christianity introduced states and peoples to a new civilization, enriched their spiritual culture, and raised the prestige of baptized statesmen to a higher level.
But for the pagan world this process was difficult and painful. That is why in most countries the adoption of Christianity took place in several stages and took various forms. In the Frankish state, King Clovis adopted Christianity along with his retinue at the turn of the 5th - 6th centuries. The purpose of baptism was clear: to receive help from papal Rome in the fight against strong opponents in still pagan Europe. The bulk of Frankish society was still for a long time remained pagan and was only later Christianized. In England in the 7th century. kings accepted personal baptism, but then, under the influence of pagan opposition, they renounced it, and then were baptized again. In Bulgaria in the 9th century. The entire population converted to Christianity along with Boris I. There, the roots of Christianity under the influence of neighboring Byzantium were very deep.
Olga chose the baptism of English kings as her model. She, being a very perspicacious ruler, understood that further strengthening the state prestige of the country and the dynasty was unthinkable without the adoption of Christianity. But she also understood the complexity of this process in Rus' with its powerful pagan tradition, with the great commitment of the people and part of the ruling circles to old religion. IN major cities among the merchants, townspeople, and part of the boyars there were already many Christians and they had equal rights with the pagans. But the further from the center of the state, the stronger the influence of pagan orders, and most importantly, the pagan magicians. Therefore, Olga decided to accept personal baptism, starting this process in the princely environment.
Moreover, morally, the princess was already prepared for this act. Having survived the tragic death of her husband, the bloody battles with the Drevlyans, the destruction of their capital in the fire, Olga could turn for an answer to the human questions that troubled her to the new religion, which was precisely attuned to the inner world of man and tried to answer his eternal questions about the meaning of life and her own life. place in the world. If paganism sought answers to all eternal questions outside of man, in the powerful actions of the forces of nature, Christianity turned to the world of human feelings and the human mind.
Olga arranged the baptism with the pomp appropriate for a great state. The baptism took place in the Church of St. Sophia. Her godfather It was the emperor himself, and the patriarch baptized her. Olga took the name Helen in baptism, in honor of the mother of Constantine the Great, the Byzantine emperor who made it in the 4th century. Christianity was the official religion of the empire. After baptism, Olga was received by the patriarch and had a conversation with him about faith.
Upon returning to Kyiv, Olga tried to persuade Svyatoslav to Christianity, saying that the prince’s squad would also accept baptism. But Svyatoslav, being an ardent pagan who worshiped the warrior god Perun, refused her.
A few years after her trip to Constantinople, Olga sent an embassy to the German Emperor Otgon I. The purpose of the embassy was twofold - to establish permanent political relations with Germany and strengthen religious ties. A zealous Christian, Otto I sent Christian missionaries to Kyiv. Olga continued her line. However, the Kyiv pagans drove the missionaries out of the city and almost killed them.
Dying, the princess bequeathed not to celebrate a pagan funeral feast at her grave, but to bury her according to Christian rites.
Olga died in 969. The people called her cunning, the church - a saint, history - wise. Before Olga's time, the Russian princes fought, but she ruled the state. Confident in his mother’s wisdom, Svyatoslav left internal rule to her even in adulthood, constantly engaging in wars. Under Olga, Rus' became famous in the most remote countries of Europe.
Prince Svyatoslav
Having matured, Svyatoslav began to think about exploits and conquests. He burned with jealousy to distinguish himself by deeds and to restore the glory of Russian weapons, so happy under Oleg. Svyatoslav gathered an army. Among his warriors, he lived, like them, in harsh conditions: he ate horse meat, fried it himself, neglected the cold and bad weather northern climate, did not know the tent, slept in the open air. Proud Svyatoslav always followed the rules of true knightly honor - he never attacked by surprise. It was he who wrote the words: “I’m going against you” (against the enemy).
In 964, Svyatoslav conquered the Vyatichi, who paid tribute to the Khazar Khaganate. The Vyatichi tribe became part of the Slavic peoples of Ancient Rus', freed from the oppression of the Khazars. Having spent the winter on the Itil (Volga) River, in the spring of 965 Svyatoslav quickly attacked the capital of Khazaria, the city of Itil (Balangiar) and “overcame” it. The city residents fled. The Khazar capital was empty.
In 965, Svyatoslav's warriors entered the lands of the Yas (Ossetians) and Kasogs (Circassians). They conquered the Khazar fortress of Semikara by storm and reached the Sea of Surozh (Azov). Despite the fact that powerful fortresses Tmutarakan and Korchev (Kerch) stood here, their defenders did not fight Svyatoslav. They, having driven out the Khazar governors, went over to the side of the Russians. Svyatoslav did not yet bother the Greek Taurida (Crimea), since he did not want to quarrel with Byzantium.
The prince directed his forces to impregnable fortress Sarkel (White Vezha). Having conquered the fortress by storm, Svyatoslav conquered this Khazar city, thereby significantly weakening his long-time enemies - the Khazars and Pechenegs. The trophies were great, the glory of the ancient Russian commander was great.
In 967, with 60 thousand soldiers, Svyatoslav went to war against Bulgaria. We crossed the Danube. The cities surrendered to the winner. The Bulgarian Tsar Peter died “of grief.” The Russian prince began to rule in ancient Mysia. He lived there, not thinking that his own capital was in danger. The Pechenegs attacked Rus' in 968. They approached Kiev, where Olga and children of Svyatoslav. There was not enough water in the besieged city. One warrior managed to make his way from Kiev to the Russian army and report the disaster. Svyatoslav took revenge on the Pechenegs.
Soon Svyatoslav again rushed to the banks of the Danube. Olga asked her son to wait a little, not to leave her, as she felt bad. But he didn't listen to the advice. Four days later Olga died. After the death of his mother, Svyatoslav could freely fulfill his reckless intention - to move the capital of the state to the banks of the Danube. He gave Kyiv to his son Yaropolk, and to his other son, Oleg, the Drevlyansky land. Svyatoslav also had a third son - Vladimir, born from Olga's housekeeper, Malusha's servant. The Novgorodians elected him as their prince.
Svyatoslav conquered Bulgaria for the second time, but the Byzantines, who were afraid of their formidable neighbor, intervened. The Byzantine Emperor John Tzimiskes, an experienced commander and diplomat, began negotiations with Svyatoslav. But the Russian knight rejected the peace terms and had no intention of leaving Bulgaria. Then Tzimiskes began to arm himself. The famous Byzantine commanders Varda Sklir and the patrician Peter came out to meet Svyatoslav. In the spring of 970, without waiting for the enemy to arrive, Svyatoslav himself entered Thrace - the indigenous Byzantine land. The Bulgarians and Pechenegs also fought on the side of the Russians. Svyatoslav's horsemen crushed Skler's cavalry.
The Russians and Bulgarian troops took Adrianople. Master Sklir lost the battle under the city walls completely. There was practically no one to defend the road to the capital of Byzantium, Constantinople. The combined forces of the “barbarians,” as the Byzantines called them, under the leadership of Svyatoslav crossed Macedonia, defeated the army of Master John Kurkouas and devastated the entire country.
Tzimiskes had one chance left - diplomacy. And he used it. The arriving Byzantine ambassadors “ransomed” the world with rich gifts and expenses for military needs. Svyatoslav gave his word not to interfere in Bulgarian affairs anymore.
But Tzimiskes was not like that. April 12, 971 imperial regiments unexpectedly surrounded the capital of Bulgaria - the city of Preslav, which was defended by a small garrison of Russians. They all died in fierce battles. On April 17, Tzimiskes quickly marched to Dorostol, where Prince Svyatoslav was located. His small army showed examples of courage and perseverance. Svyatoslav demonstrated the true military art of defense and attack. Continuous battles continued until July 22. Almost the entire army of the Rus was lost - 15 thousand killed, but military happiness was still on the side of Svyatoslav. Tzimiskes himself asked for peace (apparently, a conspiracy was brewing against him, and he was forced to save his throne).
According to legends, Svyatoslav was of average height, rather slender, but gloomy and wild in appearance, had a wide chest, a thick neck, blue eyes, thick eyebrows, a flat nose, a long mustache, a sparse beard and one tuft of hair on his head, as a sign of his nobility in On her ear hung a gold earring decorated with two pearls and a ruby.
Svyatoslav returned to Kyiv with a detachment of exhausted soldiers. According to Nestor, the residents of Pereyaslavets let the Pechenegs know that the Russian prince was returning to Kyiv with great wealth and a small retinue.
Despite the small number of exhausted warriors, proud Svyatoslav decided to fight the Pechenegs at the rapids of the Dnieper. In this battle he died (972). The Pecheneg prince Kurya, having cut off the head of Svyatoslav, made a cup from the skull. Only a few Russian soldiers, led by governor Sveneld, escaped and brought the sad news of the prince’s death to Kyiv.
Thus, the famous warrior died. But he, an example of great commanders, as N.M. writes. Karamzin is not a great sovereign, since he respected the glory of victories more than the state good, and his character, captivating the imagination of the poet, deserves the reproach of a historian.
Prince Yaropolk
After the death of Svyatoslav, Yaropolk reigned in Kyiv. Oleg is in the Drevlyansky land, Vladimir is in Novgorod. Yaropolk had no power over the estates of his brothers. Soon the disastrous consequences of such a division were revealed, and brother went against brother. Yaropolk decided to go to the lands of the Drevlyans and annex them to Kyiv. Oleg gathered soldiers and set out to meet his brother (977), but his army was defeated, and he himself died. Yaropolk sincerely mourned the death of his brother.
Having assembled a squad, Vladimir returned to Novgorod two years later and replaced Yaropolk’s confidants, telling them with pride: “Go to my brother: let him know that I am arming myself against him, and let him prepare to repel me!” (chronicle).
Yaropolk had a lovely bride, Rogneda, in Polotsk. Vladimir, preparing to take away his brother’s power, wanted to deprive him of his bride, and through ambassadors demanded her hand. Rogneda, loyal to Yaropolk, replied that she could not marry the son of a slave. Irritated, Vladimir took Polotsk, killed Rogneda’s father, Rogvolod, and his two sons and married Rogneda. Then he went to Kyiv. Yaropolk closed himself in the city, and then left it, going to the city of Rodnya (where the Ros flows into the Dnieper).
After some time, Yaropolk, weak in spirit, with the assistance of his commander Blud, who had entered into an agreement with Vladimir, came to him. “The traitor led his gullible Sovereign into his brother’s home, as if into a den of robbers, and locked the door so that the princely squad could not enter after them: there two mercenaries of the Varangian tribe pierced Yaropolkov’s chest with swords...” N.M. Karamzin).
Thus, the eldest son of the famous Svyatoslav, having been the ruler of Kyiv for four years and the head of all Rus' for three years, “left for history one memory of a good-natured but weak man.”
Yaropolk was married under his father, but also wooed Rogneda: polygamy was not considered lawlessness in pagan Rus'.
Prince Vladimir
Vladimir soon proved that he was born to be a great sovereign. He showed excellent zeal for the pagan gods, building a new Perun with a silver head. On the banks of the Volkhov, the newly rebuilt rich city of Perunov was erected.
Vladimir was not afraid of wars. He took the cities of Cherven, Przemysl and others in 982 - 983. conquered Galicia. He pacified the rebellion of the Vyatichi, who did not want to pay tribute, and conquered the country of the Yatvingians - the courageous Latvian people. Further, the possessions of Rus' were expanded all the way to the Varangian (Baltic) Sea. In 984, the Radimichi rebelled, and Vladimir conquered them. In 985, the Kama Bulgars were defeated, who promised to live with the Russians in peace and friendship.
Vladimir long ago rejected his first wife, Rogneda. She decided to take revenge - to kill her husband, but she failed to do this: Vladimir sent Rogneda and her son Izyaslav to a city built for them and called Izyaslavl.
Rus' became a prominent state in Europe. Mohammedans, Jews, Catholics, and Greeks offered their faith. Vladimir sent ten prudent men to different countries, so that they study different faiths and suggest the best one. In their opinion, the Orthodox faith turned out to be the best.
In 988, having gathered a large army, Vladimir went on ships to the Greek Kherson (on the site of Sevastopol) to accept the Christian faith, but in a unique way - using force of arms. They laid siege to the city; exhausted by thirst (after Vladimir damaged the water pipeline that began outside the city walls), the townspeople surrendered. Vladimir then announced to the Byzantine emperors Vasily and Constantine that he wished to be the husband of their sister, the young princess Anna. In case of refusal, he promised to take Constantinople. The marriage took place.
In the same year 988, Christianity was adopted in Rus' - an important milestone in the history of our state. The first church of St. Basil was erected in Kyiv. Schools were opened for children (church books were translated by Cyril and Methodius back in the 9th century), which were the first educational institutions in Rus'.
To protect the country in the south from the Pechenegs, Vladimir built cities along the Desna, Oster, Trubezh, Sula, and Stugna rivers and populated them with Novgorod Slavs, Krivichi, Chudya, and Vyatichi. He fortified Kyiv with a white wall, because he loved this city very much.
In 993, the Russians fought with the white Croats who lived on the borders of Galicia, as well as with the Pechenegs. The war with the Pechenegs ended in single combat between a Russian youth of small stature but great strength and a giant Pecheneg. “We chose a place: the combatants grappled. The Rusich crushed the Pecheneg with his strong muscles and hit the dead man on the ground...” (from the chronicle). Joyful Vladimir, in memory of this incident, founded a city on the banks of Trubezh and named it Pereyaslavl: for the young man “took over” the “glory” from his enemies (possibly a legend).
For three years (994 - 996) there was no war in Rus'. The first stone church dedicated to the Mother of God was built in Kyiv.
Fate did not spare Vladimir in his old age: before his death, he had to see with grief that the lust for power arms not only brother against brother, but also son against father. Yaroslav (who ruled Novgorod) rebelled in 1014. To pacify the rebellious Yaroslav, the Grand Duke placed his beloved son Boris, Prince of Rostov, at the head of the army.
During these events, Vladimir died in Berestov (near Kiev) in a country palace, without choosing an heir and leaving the helm of the state to the will of fate... Despite his naturally weak health, he lived to old age.
Prince Vladimir has earned in history the name of the Great, or Saint. His reign was marked by the adoption Orthodox faith, expansion of the state. He introduced education, built cities, established schools, including art schools.
The glory of Vladimir remained in epics and fairy tales about Dobrynya of Novgorod, Alexander with a golden mane, Ilya Muromets, strong Rakhday.
Literature
1. Kostomarov N.I. “Russian history in the biographies of its main figures”
2..Soloviev S.M. “Essays. Book I"
3. Karamzin N.M. “Tales of the Ages: Tales, Legends, Stories from the “History of the Russian State”, M.: ed. "Pravda", 1989.
4. Klyuchevsky V.O. “A short guide to Russian history”, M.: ed. "Dawn", 1992.
FIRST PRINCE OF KIEVAN RUS
The Old Russian state was formed in Eastern Europe in the last decades of the 9th century as a result of the unification under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty of the two main centers of the Eastern Slavs - Kyiv and Novgorod, as well as lands located along the waterway “from the Varangians to the Greeks”. Already in the 830s, Kyiv was an independent city and claimed to be the main city of the Eastern Slavs.
Rurik, as the chronicle tells, when dying, transferred power to his brother-in-law Oleg (879–912). Prince Oleg remained in Novgorod for three years. Then, having recruited an army and moved in 882 from Ilmen to the Dnieper, he conquered Smolensk, Lyubech and, settling in Kiev for a living, made it the capital of his principality, saying that Kyiv would be “the mother of Russian cities.” Oleg managed to unite in his hands all the main cities along the great waterway “from the Varangians to the Greeks.” This was his first goal. From Kyiv he continued his unification activities: he went against the Drevlyans, then against the northerners and conquered them, then he subjugated the Radimichi. Thus, all the main tribes of the Russian Slavs, except for the outlying ones, and all the most important Russian cities gathered under his hand. Kyiv became the center of a large state (Kievan Rus) and freed the Russian tribes from Khazar dependence. Having thrown off the Khazar yoke, Oleg tried to strengthen his country with fortresses from the eastern nomads (both Khazars and Pechenegs) and built cities along the border of the steppe.
After Oleg's death, his son Igor (912–945) took over, apparently having no talent as a warrior or ruler. Igor died in the country of the Drevlyans, from whom he wanted to collect double tribute. His death, the matchmaking of the Drevlyan prince Mal, who wanted to marry Igor’s widow Olga, and Olga’s revenge on the Drevlyans for the death of her husband form the subject of a poetic legend, described in detail in the chronicle.
Olga remained after Igor with her young son Svyatoslav and took over the rule of the Principality of Kyiv (945–957). According to ancient Slavic custom, widows enjoyed civic independence and full rights, and in general, the position of women among the Slavs was better than among other European peoples.
Her main business was the adoption of the Christian faith and a pious journey in 957 to Constantinople. According to the chronicle, Olga was baptized “by the king and the patriarch” in Constantinople, although it is more likely that she was baptized at home in Rus', before her trip to Greece. With the triumph of Christianity in Rus', the memory of Princess Olga, in the holy baptism of Elena, began to be revered, and the Russian Orthodox Church Equal to the Apostles Olga was canonized.
Olga's son Svyatoslav (957–972) already bore a Slavic name, but his character was still a typical Varangian warrior, a warrior. As soon as he had time to mature, he formed himself a large and brave squad and with it began to seek glory and prey for himself. He left his mother's influence early and was "angry with his mother" when she urged him to be baptized.
How can I change my faith alone? The squad will start laughing at me,” he said.
He got along well with his squad and led a harsh camp life with them.
After the death of Svyatoslav in one of the military campaigns, an internecine war occurred between his sons (Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir), in which Yaropolk and Oleg died, and Vladimir remained the sole ruler of Kievan Rus.
Vladimir waged many wars with various neighbors over the border volosts, and also fought with the Kama Bulgarians. He also became involved in a war with the Greeks, as a result of which he converted to Christianity according to the Greek rite. This the most important event The first period of power of the Varangian Rurik dynasty in Rus' ended.
This is how the Principality of Kiev was formed and strengthened, politically uniting most of the tribes of the Russian Slavs.
Another even more powerful factor of unification for Rus' was Christianity. The baptism of the prince was immediately followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 by all of Russia and the solemn abolition of the pagan cult.
Returning from the Korsun campaign to Kyiv with the Greek clergy, Vladimir began to convert the people of Kiev and all of Rus' to the new faith. He baptized people in Kyiv on the banks of the Dnieper and its tributary Pochayna. The idols of the old gods were thrown to the ground and thrown into the river. Churches were erected in their places. This was the case in other cities where Christianity was introduced by princely governors.
During his lifetime, Vladimir distributed control of individual lands to his numerous sons.
Kievan Rus became the cradle of the Russian land, and the son of Equal-to-the-Apostles Grand Duke Vladimir, Grand Duke of Kyiv Yuri Dolgoruky, who was also the Prince of Rostov, Suzdal and Pereyaslavl, is called by historians the first ruler of Russia.
From book Ancient Rus' and the Great Steppe author Gumilev Lev Nikolaevich155. About the “desolation” of Kievan Rus Banal versions have the attractiveness that they allow one to make a decision without criticism, which is difficult and one does not want to think about. So, it is indisputable that Kievan Rus of the 12th century. was a very rich country, with excellent crafts, and brilliant
authorDesolation of Kievan Rus Under the pressure of these three unfavorable conditions, legal and economic humiliation of the lower classes, princely strife and Polovtsian attacks, from the half of the 12th century. signs of desolation of Kievan Rus and the Dnieper region become noticeable. River
From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures I-XXXII) author Klyuchevsky Vasily OsipovichThe Collapse of Kievan Rus The political consequences of the Russian colonization of the Upper Volga region, which we have just studied, laid the foundation for a new system of social relations in that region. IN further history Upper Volga Rus' we have to follow the development of the foundations laid in
From book The World History. Volume 2. Middle Ages by Yeager OscarCHAPTER FIVE The most ancient history of the Eastern Slavs. - Formation of the Russian state in the north and south. - Establishment of Christianity in Rus'. The fragmentation of Rus' into fiefs. - Russian princes and Polovtsians. - Suzdal and Novgorod. - The emergence of the Livonian Order. - Internal
author Fedoseev Yuri GrigorievichChapter 2 The calling of the Varangians, their first steps. Education of Kievan Rus. Tormenting neighboring tribes. Squads. Communities. Social stratification. Tribute. Remains of ancient democracy So what about Rurik and his Varangians? How to explain their appearance in 862 in Rus': how
From the book Pre-Letopic Rus'. Pre-Horde Rus'. Rus' and Golden Horde author Fedoseev Yuri GrigorievichChapter 4 Ladder order of succession to the throne. Outcasts. Tribal viceroy. Division of Rus' under Yaroslavich Civil strife. Vladimir Monomakh. Reasons for the collapse of Kievan Rus. Population outflow In the initial period of statehood in Rus' there were problems with
From the book Millennium around the Black Sea author Abramov Dmitry MikhailovichTwilight of Golden Kievan Rus, or the First Glimpses of Dawn The second half of the 13th century became for many Russian lands a time of final decline, feudal wars and fragmentation. Western Rus' suffered less from the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars than other Russian lands. In 1245
From the book Russian Lands through the Eyes of Contemporaries and Descendants (XII-XIV centuries). Lecture course author Danilevsky Igor NikolaevichLecture 1: FROM KIEVAN Rus' TO APART Rus' In domestic historiography, the boundary between the first and second is considered to be the boundary of the existence of that very shaky and rather amorphous association, which is loudly called Kievan Rus or the Old Russian state
author Semenenko Valery IvanovichThe first princes of the Kyiv land. Askold, Oleg (Helg), Igor were already mentioned above. The chronology of the reign of Oleg, who most likely did not belong to the Rurik dynasty, suggests that there were two Olegs over a 33-year period. First of all, we note that
From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery IvanovichCulture of Kievan Rus Some historians and archaeologists believe that in the 9th century in Rus' there was proto-writing in the form of “lines and cuts”, which was later written about by the Bulgarian Chernorizets Khrobr, the Arabs Ibn Fadlan, El Masudi and Ibn el Nedima. But after accepting Christianity here
From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery IvanovichLaw of Kievan Rus The first codified collection of legal norms in Rus' was “Russian Truth,” which consisted of two parts: “The Truth of Yaroslav” of 17 articles (1015–1016) and “The Truth of the Yaroslavichs” (up to 1072). To date, more than a hundred copies of the Brief are known,
From the book Ancient Rus'. Events and people author Tvorogov Oleg ViktorovichTHE FLOWING OF KIEVAN Rus' 978 (?) - Vladimir Svyatoslavich from Novgorod goes to Polotsk. He wanted to marry the daughter of the Polotsk prince Rogvolod Rogneda, but Rogneda, who was counting on a marriage with Yaropolk, refused Vladimir, speaking disparagingly about the son of a slave (see 970).
author Kukushkin Leonid From the book History of Orthodoxy author Kukushkin Leonid From the book In Search of Oleg's Rus' author Anisimov Konstantin AlexandrovichThe Birth of Kievan Rus The only logical explanation for the success of the coup carried out by Oleg can be considered the dissatisfaction of Rus' with Askold's religious reforms. Oleg was a pagan and led the pagan reaction. Above, in the chapter “The Riddles of Prophetic Oleg”, already
From the book Smoke over Ukraine by the LDPRFrom Kievan Rus to Malaya Rus a terrible blow was dealt to the entire ancient Russian civilization. Mongol invasion 1237–1241, as a result of which there was a total redrawing of the political map of Eastern Europe. Direct political consequences this event is very