Auxiliary verbs in English language are not translated, but perform an important function. It is the auxiliary verbs that tell us how to correctly translate a sentence. For example, the presence of the auxiliary verb do is sure sign interrogative or negative sentence. And the verb will tells us that the sentence is in the future tense.

To have general idea about English auxiliary verbs, take a look at the table. This table shows with examples how to use auxiliary verbs in English (the verbs to DO, WILL, to BE, to HAVE and WOULD).

Help telny verb	When is it used?	Example
to DO	In interrogative sentences	Do do you like cats? You love cats?
	IN negative sentences	I do n"t like cats. I do not like cats.
	To form the future tense	I will read book.
to BE	As a formal predicate (when in the Russian version of the sentence the predicate is omitted)	I am a doctor. I am doctor.
	For the formation of times Continuous groups(long action)	We are watching a good film now.
	For the formation of tenses of the Perfect group (completed action)	I haven't played this computer game before. I haven't played this one computer game previously.
	To form the tenses of the group Perfect Continuous	I have been playing this musical composition for two hours. I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now.
	To form the tense Future in past (when the first part of the sentence is in the past tense, and the second in the future).	I knew that she would come here. I knew she would come here.
SHALL/SHOULD	Not used in modern English. Previously in certain cases used as a replacement for the verbs WILL/WOULD.

For each auxiliary verb from this table there will be detailed analysis and many examples.

How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?

Let's look at what auxiliary verbs there are in English and what each of them means. There are five such verbs:

1. to be
2. to have
3. to do
4. will (would)
5. shall (should)

Particular attention should be paid to the first three (to be, to have, to do) of auxiliary verbs. There are several reasons for this:

• These verbs are used more often.
• They change according to their faces.
• They have abbreviated forms
• They are “two-faced” - they can be either an auxiliary verb or a semantic one.

How do auxiliary verbs change by person?

The auxiliary verbs to be, to be and to have change according to persons. All present tense forms for these three verbs are collected in the table:

Pronoun	to be	to do	to have
I	im	do	have
He, She, It	is	does	has
They, we, you	you	do	have

In the past tense, only the verb to be changes:

I, he, she, it - was
They, we, you - were

The auxiliary verbs to do and to have in the past tense will be did and had in all persons, respectively.
The verbs will, would, shall, should do not change by person.

Auxiliary verb to do.

To do is the most important of all auxiliary verbs in the English language. It is used to construct negative and interrogative sentences. For example, many people love cats and say about themselves:

I like cats.
I love cats.

But what if you don’t share this love? Everything must be denied:

I do not like cats.
I do not like cats.

That is, we put the auxiliary verb do with the negative particle not immediately after the subject and get a negation instead of an affirmative sentence. Instead of don't for brevity they often write don't.

You can also easily construct a question that will allow you to identify avid cat lovers in a crowd of people:

Do do you like cats?
You love cats?

Simply put the auxiliary verb do before the subject and you get an interrogative sentence.

More examples of interrogative and negative sentences:

I don't know it.
I do not know that.

She didn't watch this cartoon.
She didn't watch this cartoon.

Do do you speak English?
Do you speak English?

But we must always remember that general rule There is an exception to the construction of negative and interrogative English sentences. The verb do is not substituted in sentences containing modal verbs. Read more about the correct handling of modal verbs.

Auxiliary verb to have

As a rule, the verb have is translated directly - as a semantic verb. Its meaning is to have, to possess. If we talk about to have As an auxiliary verb, it is used to form complex temporary constructions, the names of which contain words such as Perfect/Perfect Continuous. These temporary structures, it must be said, are not the most common. And beginners can easily do without them. However, these are almost half of the English "times" and it is advisable to have an idea of ​​how they are formed.

For clarity, I will briefly explain what Perfect/Perfect Continuous is.

If the action you describe is typical:

• completion of the action (optional);
• the importance of the message for the interlocutor;
• the opportunity for the interlocutor to use a message about the action performed;

then it's Perfect.

If a sentence reports an action that occurs over a period of time, which is stated explicitly or implied, then it is a Perfect Continuous.

The predicate in such sentences is constructed according to one of the 3 formulas given in the table:

Each of these formulas contains the auxiliary verb to have. And instead of asterisks you need to substitute the infinitive of the main verb. But what is important is that if we want to put a sentence in the past or future tense, then we need to apply these tenses to the verb to have, and not to the main verb. That is, in the past tense we put had instead of have, and in the future – will have.

I haven't played this computer game before.
I haven't played this computer game before ( Present Perfect)

I have been playing this musical composition for two hours.
I've been playing this piece of music for two hours now (Present Perfect Continuous)

I have finished reading this book by 3 o’clock today.
Today by 3 o'clock I finished reading this book (Past Perfect)

I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called.
I had been reading this book for 30 minutes when he called (Past Perfect Continuous).

The verb have can also be used as a modal verb. Read about this in the article “Modal verb have to”.
Also, do not forget that the verb have changes according to persons - see the table at the beginning of the article.

Auxiliary verb to be

As a semantic verb, to be means “to be”, “to appear”. The point is that in English sentence There must always be both a subject and a predicate. In Russian we can say:

I am doctor.

As you can see, there is no predicate here, and when translating into English, we will have to cram some kind of verb into this sentence. In such situations, the verb to be is used. The correct translation of this sentence would be:

I am a doctor.

Literally this means “ I am a doctor.”

And so always, when a predicate is missing in a Russian sentence, when translating into English, we add the required form of the verb to be after the subject.

I am doctor.
I am a doctor.

She is a student.
She is a student.

They are idiots.
They are idiots.

To be is used as an auxiliary verb when constructing sentences that describe an action that requires a certain amount of time. These are the so-called Present/Past Continuous.

The following sentences are constructed according to a simple scheme:

Subject + Required form to be + Main verb with –ing added

We are watching a good film now.
We are watching an interesting film now.

They are loudly discussing the results of competitions.
They loudly discuss the results of the competition.

Tom was reading a magazine when the telephone rank.
Tom was reading a magazine when the phone rang.

By the way, if you’re not very good at navigating English times, read the answer to main question English grammar “What is the difference between present indefinite and present continuous?” continuous

Auxiliary verb will

With this verb everything is simple. It is never used by itself, but as an auxiliary verb, it is used to form the future tense. Just use an auxiliary verb will after the subject and you get the future tense. For example:

I read a book. I am reading a book.

I will read book. I will be reading a book.

Auxiliary verb would

Verb would used to construct sentences called future in the past. This is when the main clause is in the past tense, and the subordinate clause is in the future. In this case, in the subordinate clause to form the future tense, not will, but the auxiliary verb would is used. For example:

I knew that she would come here.
I knew she would come here.

You can read more about this verb in the article “Will and shall.” The rule for forming the future tense in English." .

Auxiliary verb shall/should

The main thing you need to know about these verbs is that they are not used in modern English. In case you have to read texts from the 19th century, remember that when translating shall is similar to will, and should is similar to would.

A verb is a part of speech that displays the action, described in the proposal. This structure of this rule is relevant for, but not for English. IN international language a verb can be either semantic or auxiliary. Thanks to this technique, grammar becomes simpler, and sentences are built much faster. What are auxiliary verbs in English, how to place and modify them correctly?

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Introduction

The whole complexity of the English language lies in large quantities temporary forms on the basis of which it is built.

Times, in turn, formed by auxiliary verbs, which have an indefinite form, and are modified depending on the pronoun that precedes them.

In other words, it is a signpost that shows us who is doing something and when. For accurate understanding, below is a table of auxiliary aids in English, and after it a clear explanation of all the nuances is given.

The table highlights three groups, each of which has a present, past and future (present, past, future). For each individual group, you need to use a specific auxiliary verb, which changes depending on the tense in which we use it.

Present, Past, Future Indefinite

A group of tenses that allows us to describe daily events that occur regularly or periodically. An example is the following: I work in a factory, we walk in the park in the evenings, etc. During the time of the Indefinite group, the most simple and short statements English language that is accessible and understandable to a Russian-speaking person. Well, now let’s look at what an auxiliary verb is in this category and how it should be used.

To Do literally translates as “to do”, but in the group of tenses Indefinite acts as the very indicator of time and pronoun in question. It is not used in sentences of the affirmative form of the present tense, but if you need to ask a question or refute something, then its participation is mandatory. For the present time the word forms Do and Does are used, depending on the pronoun:

• Do is used for I, You, We, They (I, you, we, they);
• Does – for He, She, It (he, she, it or this).

You can consider both options using examples in interrogative sentences with Do: “Do you play piano?” “Do you play the piano?”, or “Does he live in Chicago?” “Does he live in Chicago?”

Similar examples can be seen in negatives: “We don’t play football. – We don’t play football”, “She does not like potatoes. “She doesn’t like potatoes.”

This is the basic rule for Do and Does, which allows you to correctly and clearly construct the most commonly used sentences in English. These forms of the auxiliary verb tell us the pronoun in question, as well as the time in which the main action takes place.

The verb form of Do in the Past Indefinite form is Did. In this case he same for all pronouns, but is used only in interrogative and negative sentences. It sounds something like this: “Did you go to school yesterday? “Did you go to school yesterday?”, to which a negative answer may follow: “I did not go to school yesterday - I did not go to school yesterday.” It turns out that in cases where the verb Did is used in a sentence, we can automatically attribute it to the past tense. Moreover, it immediately becomes clear that we're talking about about a question or a negative answer to it.

As for the future tense, here for all pronouns and for all forms, be it affirmative, interrogative or negative, we use the word Will. It does not change depending on the pronoun, so learning this rule will be quite simple. Let's look at the usage with a clear example:

• She will go to the park tomorrow – She will go to the park tomorrow.
• Will she go to the park tomorrow? – Will she go to the park tomorrow?
• She will not go to the park tomorrow - She will not go to the park tomorrow.

Attention! The auxiliary verb Shall also takes place in the future definite tense. It is used only in combination with the pronoun "I" in all sentence forms. However, in Lately it began to be used rarely, thereby simplifying the scheme for this time. You can only hear the phrase “I shall” from a resident of the UK, but all other English-speaking countries say “I will”.

Present, Past, Future Continuous

Continuous tenses, which translates as “long” indicate an unfinished action.

It can happen in this moment, may be unfinished in the past or in the future. In the Russian version, such statements sound like: “I read yesterday,” “She is swimming in the pool,” “We will play checkers tomorrow,” etc.

As in the case of Do, for the previous group of tenses, there is an auxiliary verb form, indicating the duration and incompleteness of the action.

To be– a verb, the literal translation of which sounds like “to be.” Based on his semantic load and it follows that it belongs to times with incomplete meaning. To understand how this works, it is enough to literally translate the simplest sentence with his participation: “To be reading - to be reading.” Like the forms of the verb Do, varieties of To Be vary based on pronouns and tense.

• Am (I) – am.
• You, We, They (you, we, they) – are.
• He, She, It (he, she it) – is.

This scheme is used for the present indefinite time. For example, we can consider short statements using it: “I am dancing”, “They are drawing”, “She is watching TV”. The verb to be in the above forms is used in positive, interrogative and negative sentences and is a “calling card” unfinished action.

For the past tense of this category, the rule is slightly simplified. Sentences with to be can be divided into two groups, the first of which is singular, the second is plural:

• I, He, She, It (I, he, she, it) – was.
• We, You, They (we, you, they) – were.

Now examples with the following words: “She was cooking - she cooked”, “We were swimming - we swam”.

When it comes to the future unfinished tense, the scheme becomes even simpler. For all pronouns we use be with the prefix will, and the result is: “I (He) will be running - I (he) will run.”

Advice! In Continuous tenses, all semantic verb forms have the ending –ing. It is attributed to them regardless of the pronoun, as well as in the past tense, present and future.

Present, Past, Future Perfect

This grammatical category is used to describe a clearly completed task. In the present tense, a past action that has a result at the moment is characterized in a similar way.

As for the past and future, such forms are used extremely rarely. They indicate a fully completed action that was preceded by another, unfinished one, in the past or in the future. We propose to consider how such a grammatical structure is formed.

Auxiliary verb have– an integral part of the entire Perfect section. It also has its own forms, depending on tense and pronoun, and it is thanks to them that we identify what is happening. Let's start, as always, with the present and a brief diagram for using To Have:

• I, You, We, They (I, you, we, they) – have.
• He, She, It (he, she, it) – has.

Let us give examples in which this grammatical phrase occurs: “He has gone - he left”, “We have done that - we did it”. Present Perfect- a very common occurrence in everyday English speech, since it is this grammatical structure that perfectly reflects everyday events.

People speak and write extremely rarely in the past tense of this category. The structure of the sentence itself is simple and clear; it is based on the verb form Had, which is the same for all pronouns: “Train had left - the train left.” Similar simplicity is characteristic of the future form, where the auxiliary verb looks like Will Have, for example: “She will have receive a letter - she will receive a letter.”

Important! In the Perfect tenses, all semantic verbs, even in the future, are put in the past form. In the table irregular verbs This is the third column, and for all others the ending –ed is used. Even in cases where the form Had or Will Have is used, as if indicating time, the semantic verb must invariably remain in the past tense.

Types of auxiliary verbs in English

Learning English - auxiliary verbs

Conclusion

We briefly examined the basic grammatical forms of the English language, on the basis of which speech is built. For many, it was previously a mystery why there were two verbs with different meanings in the sentence, and how to translate and comprehend this. Having learned when to use Do and Does, Have and Has, as well as a number of other auxiliary words, it becomes much easier to understand any English-speaking citizen.

The function of which is to convey additional grammatical and semantic information in combination with a semantic verb. In this case, the auxiliary verb completely or partially loses its main lexical meaning. Auxiliary verbs are involved in the formation of various aspectual and tense collateral forms. Typically, auxiliary verbs do not form a separate class, but are ordinary verbs that are not used in their main meaning. In Indo-European languages ​​these are most often the verbs ‘to be’ and ‘to have’.

• Ich habe das Buch gelesen - I read this book (Perfekt).
• Ich hatte davon nicht gewusst! - I didn’t know about it (Plusquamperfekt).
• Ich bin nicht hingegangen - I didn’t go there (Perfekt).
• Ich war dort noch nie gewesen. - I’ve never been there before (Plusquamperfekt).

Auxiliary werden(become, become) is used to form the simple future tense (Futurum I or simply Futurum) and the passive voice (Passiv), as well as to form the subjunctive mood (Konjunktiv) of other verbs:

• Ich werde das Buch lesen - I will read this book (Futurum).
• Ich würde das Buch lesen - I would read this book (Konjunktiv).
• Das Buch wurde noch nicht gelesen - The book has not yet been read (Passiv).

In more difficult cases Several auxiliary verbs can be used at the same time. For example, in the past future tense (Futurum II) or when using the passive voice (Passiv) with the past or simple future tense (Futurum):

• Morgen werde ich das Buch gelesen haben! - Tomorrow I will read this book (Futurum II).
• Das Buch wird bald gelesen werden - This book will be read soon (Futurum Passiv).
• Das Buch ist immer noch nicht gelesen worden! - The book has not been read yet! (Perfect Passiv).
• Das Buch war immer noch nicht gelesen worden - The book has not yet been read (Plusquamperfekt Passiv).
• Das Buch wird bald gelesen worden sein - This book will be read soon (Futurum II Passiv).

IN colloquial speech the verb is sometimes used as an auxiliary verb to describe a continuous action in the present tense tun(to do), and the verb sein used in a form different from the standard rules to form the past or future tense:

• Tust du noch rauchen? - Do you still smoke? (instead of: Rauchst du noch?)
• Schlafen tu’ ich nicht mehr - I’m no longer sleeping (instead of: Ich schlafe nicht mehr).
• Ich war telefonieren - I talked on the phone (instead of: Ich habe telefoniert).
• Ich bin mal essen - I will (go) to eat now (instead of: Ich werde essen).

see also

Literature

• Akhmanova O. S. Dictionary of linguistic terms. M., 1966. - p.89

Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

See what “Auxiliary verb” is in other dictionaries:

A verb, initially with a certain independent meaning, which is used in the role and meaning of simple educational elements of suffixes and endings. In various Indo-European languages ​​you can often find the so-called... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Ephron

AUXILIARY. A verb used in combination with forms of other verbs with the loss of its real value for the formation of complex verb forms. These are in Russian. future tense forms of the verb to be (I will, etc.) in combination with ... Literary encyclopedia

A verb used in combination with other words (usually infinitive verbs) to form analytical forms of those words. In these forms, the auxiliary verb more or less loses its lexical meaning and... ... Dictionary of linguistic terms

Auxiliary- AUXILIARY. A verb used in combination with forms of other verbs, losing its real meaning to form complex verb forms. These are in Russian. future tense forms of the verb to be (will, etc.) in... ... Dictionary of literary terms

auxiliary- A verb used in combination with forms of other verbs with the loss of its real meaning to form complex verb forms. These are in Russian. future tense forms of the verb to be (I will, etc.) in combination with infinitives of others... ... Grammar Dictionary: Grammar and linguistic terms

AUXILIARY, auxiliary, auxiliary. 1. An employee to provide assistance and support. Auxiliary cash desk. Auxiliary squad. Auxiliary capital (spare). 2. Secondary, not main, additional. Auxiliary sciences... ... Dictionary Ushakova

Verb in German This is a part of speech that denotes an action in time or a state and plays the syntactic role of a predicate and less often than other members of a sentence. According to grammatical functions, German verbs can be divided into full-valued ones... ... Wikipedia

About the verb as a part of speech in the languages ​​of the world, see the article “Verb”. In modern Russian, the initial (dictionary) form of a verb is the infinitive, otherwise called indefinite form(according to the old terminology, indefinite mood) verb.... ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Verb (meanings). A verb is an independent part of speech that denotes an action or state and answers the questions what to do? what to do? what did you do(a, and, o)?. The verb can be... ... Wikipedia

AUXILIARY, oh, oh. Auxiliary, additional. V. squad. Auxiliary sections of science. V. verb (in grammar: semi-nominal or copular). Ozhegov's explanatory dictionary. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 … Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

A verb is a part of speech that denotes an action. There are two types of verbs in English: semantic and auxiliary. Semantic ones carry a certain meaning, that is, they denote an action or state. For example: wait, love, miss, run.

What are auxiliary verbs for? What are they? When theyare they used and who do they help? Now I'll tell you.

What are auxiliary verbs for?

Auxiliary the verbs have no meaning and cannot be translated in any way. They act as pointers that help us determine:

• Time of what is happening (present, future, past),
• Number of characters (many or one).

The following auxiliary verbs exist in English: be, do, have. We will look at each of them in more detail later, but for now let’s figure out what an “auxiliary verb” is.

How in Russian?

It is very difficult for Russian people to understand what an “auxiliary verb” is and why it was invented in the first place. In fact, everything is very simple. In Russian, in order to understand at what time an action is performed and who performs it, we change the endings.

... ghoul la- tells us that there was one person (a woman) and in the past (yesterday or some time ago) she went outside and breathed some air for a while.

... ghoul no- tells us that one person in the present went outside and breathes air for some time (now).

... ghoul eat- tells us that many people in the present have gone outside and are breathing air for some time (now).

As you can see, in Russian we change the word itself (the ending) and thanks to this we understand who did the action and when.

How in English?

The English (luckily for us) are too lazy to change words, because then their language would be very complex. So they decided they would put extra little words before actions. These little words will show the time and number of people who perform the action.

Attention: Want to overcome the language barrier and speak English? Find out in Moscow how our students begin to speak in 1 month!

In this case, we only change small words (auxiliary verbs) before actions, and not the verbs themselves. Let's look at how this happens.

Let's take a semantic verb swim(more precisely its swimming form).

Swimming in the pool.
___ ______ swim in the pool

We understand WHAT a person/people do - they rake the water with their hands in order to stay on it and not drown. But can we understand WHEN a person/people do this? Yesterday? Today now? Tomorrow? And can we understand how many people do this action? One? Or more than one? No.

Now let's add the auxiliary verb be:

am swimming
float ayu

are swimming
float yut

were swimming
float Ali

will be swimming
will floating t

Now we see that:

• In the first case, the person talks about himself, and the action takes place in the present moment, now ( am swimming)
• in the second, we are talking about several people (more than one) and in the present tense ( are swimming)
• in the third case, we have the past tense, that is, the action was yesterday or has already happened, and there are many people ( were swimming)
• in the fourth, we are talking about the future tense ( will be swimming)

We do not translate the auxiliary verb, but it helps us translate the semantic verb it is paired with in the correct time and number.

By the way, in Russian there is still one auxiliary verb. You all know it - this word “will”. When we talk about the future, we say “I will be, he will be, we will be.” This is what points us to the future.

I will dance all night.
We we will swim.

What auxiliary verbs are there in English?

As I already said, there are not many auxiliary verbs in English: do, have, be. These same verbs can also be semantic and have meaning:

• do - to do,
• have - to have,
• be - to be.

Important: I will say again that we consider these verbs as auxiliary verbs. Therefore they are not translated. Let's compare the sentences in the examples.

He is a doctor.
He is doctor. (Here be is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning “to be, to appear.”)

He is going to a doctor.
He goes to the doctor. (Here be is an auxiliary verb - it helps to understand that the action (the semantic verb “to go”) is happening at the present time)

They have a cat.
They have cat. (Here have is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning “to have, to own.”)

They have fed a cat already.
They have already fed the cat. (Here have is an auxiliary verb. It helps to understand that the action (feed) has already been completed recently.)

I do my homework.
I I do mine homework. (Here do is a semantic verb. It carries the meaning of “to do.”)

Do do you learn English?
Do you learn English? (Here do is an auxiliary verb. It helps to understand that the action (learn) is happening at the present time.)

Auxiliary verb be

Now we will look at all forms of auxiliary verbs in different times: Present, Past and Future.

Pronouns	Present tense (Present Tense)	Past tense (Past Tense)	Future (Future Tense)
I	am	was	will
you, they, we	are	were	will
he, she, it	is	was	will

She is sleeping.
She is sleeping.

They are dancing now.
They are dancing now.

We were watching TV, when he came.
We were watching TV when he arrived.

My sister will go abroad.
My sister will go abroad.

We examined this verb in its semantic form in great detail in these articles:

Auxiliary verb do

Pronouns	Present tense (Present Tense)	Past tense (Past Tense)	Future (Future Tense)
I	do	did	will
you, they, we	do	did	will
he, she, it	does	did	will

I don’ t know it.
I don't know this.

She doesn't like to sing.
She doesn't like to sing.

He didn't watch this film.
He didn't watch this movie.

They will give up smoking.
They will quit smoking.

Auxiliary verb have

Pronouns	Present tense (Present Tense)	Past tense (Past Tense)	Future (Future Tense)
I	have	had	will have
you, they, we	have	had	will have
he, she, it	has	had	will have

I have lived here for five years.
I lived here for five years.

She has worked as a doctor since 2007.
She has worked as a doctor since 2007.

They had read this text.
They finished reading this text.

We will have prepared it, before you come.
We'll have it ready before you arrive.

As you can see, auxiliary verbs are very important because they help us determine what tense is being used and how many people are involved. So don’t forget about them, even though we don’t translate them.

I hope you now understand what auxiliary verbs are and how and when to use them. Now let's move on to practice!

Reinforcement task

And now, to consolidate, translate the following sentences into Russian, pay attention to our pointers - auxiliary verbs:

1. He will go to the cinema.
2. My sister is playing tennis now.
3. They have broken the window.
4. I don’t speak Spanish.
5. We will dance all night.
6. She didn’t take this pen.
7. You will not buy this dress.

As always, write your answers in the comments.