Nurullaev Rubin and Duysenova Dinara.
Every person has their own small homeland- the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is Big city, others have a small village, others have a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives are perishing, outdated words, which acquired new meaning over time. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.
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Regional scientific and practical conference “Step into the future”
Research work on Russian language
on this topic
"Using Outdated Words in Everyday Life"
The work was completed by 10th grade students
MKOU "Osypnobugorskaya Secondary School"
Privolzhsky district, village. Osypnoy Hill
Nurullaev Rubin and
Duisenova Dinara.
Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko
Svetlana Georgievna,
teacher of Russian language and literature
2013
Routing
The topic of the scientific work is “The use of obsolete words in everyday life”
School: MKOU "Osypnobugorsk Secondary School"
Information about scientific supervisors – Svetlana Georgievna Kirichenko
Information about the submitted work:
Type of work – abstract and research
Presence in the introduction of an object, subject, goals, objectives of the study - +
Availability of a work plan - +
Number of sources in the bibliographic list –
Preliminary testing of work - school conference
Study period: October-January
Scientific supervisor: Kirichenko S.G.
Head of the institution: G. A. Khalmetova
Plan research work
Item No. | Deadlines | Type of work |
September | Working on choosing a topic |
|
October | Gathering information on the selected topic |
|
november | Processing of collected information |
|
December- January | Working on an experiment. |
|
February | Writing a paper, creating a presentation, participating in a school conference. |
|
March | Summing up the work. |
- Research plan. page 3
- Introduction. page 5
- Purpose of work p.5
- Hypothesis.p. 5
- Relevance and significance of the work.p. 5
- Tasks p.5
- Introduction. page 6.
- Chapter I " Historical reference Privolzhsky district". page 6.
Chapter II “Why are there so many different languages?” page 7.
- Chapter II “Outdated words.” page 8.
- Sociological survey. page 11
- Knowledge of outdated words. Page 12
- Usage of words taking into account different age categories. p. 13
- Dependence of the use of words taking into account age characteristics.p. 15
- Lists of people by recognition category.p. 16
- .List of words with other meanings.p. 17
- Competition “The best expert on obsolete words.” p. 19
- Conclusion. page 20
- Bibliography. page 21
- Appendix.page 22
Introduction
Each person has his own small homeland - the place where we were born, where our ancestors lived, where our roots are. For some it is a big city, for others it is a small village, for others it is a small village. Unfortunately, now these roots are completely forgotten, but this is a whole cultural “layer” of past generations. “Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.” Recently, however, interest in the past has begun to awaken. But history is inexorable. Nowadays, small settlements that sometimes existed for 300 - 400 years are disappearing. Documents, home archives, and outdated words that have acquired new meaning over time are perishing. For example: belly is a farm animal, belly is part of the body. Lesson - damage, evil eye, lesson at school. And the new generation knows them under a new meaning. Some words have multiple meanings. For example: Pechera is a cave, Pechera is a river. Ore is blood, ore is a mineral. This could have happened due to the large number of nationalities and their subsequent displacement. And along with all this, the gap between the past and the future is deepening. It is extremely difficult to trace this gap. The current generation of schoolchildren and their grandparents use different colloquial speech.
Goal of the work: Find out how outdated words are used in everyday life.
Hypothesis: We assumed that the words are used, but less every year.
Relevance and significance of the work:Without knowledge of the past, there is no present.
Novelty of the work: preserving obsolete words as history, memory of one’s small homeland.
Tasks: 1) Study the literature on this topic.
2) Conduct a sociological survey.
3) Find out the degree of use of words in the form of graphs and
Table
Introduction. Historical information of the Volga region
Privolzhsky district - a municipal entity in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionRussia.
Privolzhsky district is located in the southeastern partAstrakhan regionin the delta of the Volga River and borders on the north withNarimanovsky And Krasnoyarsk districts, in the east with Volodarsky districtand the city areaAstrakhan. The area of the district is 840.9 km².
Based on the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR “On the formation of the Volga region in the Astrakhan region” datedThe 20th of October1980- Privolzhsky district was formed in the Astrakhan region, with the center in the villageNachalovo, due to part of the territoryNarimanovsky districtAstrakhan region. 39 rural settlements.
The population is 40.1 thousand people.
Why are there so many different languages?
The development of language as a means of communication is regulated by two opposing trends: divergence (divergence)
convergence (convergence). These trends are closely related to each other and each individual segment of the historical development of language gives way to each other in the conditions of communication. This is manifested in the fact that the collapse of a once unified linguistic community causes linguistic divergence: new linguistic features that appear in the speech of one of the separated tribes do not spread to the language of the remaining separated groups, and this leads to the accumulation of linguistic differences between them. This is how dialects are formed, varieties of a once common language.
A dialect is the smallest unit of dialect division of a language. In all dialects, the linguistic landscape is considered. Dialects are combined into adverbs, larger territorial units.
Unfamiliar words, but each locality has its own, special words. These are regional or dialect words. They are not part of the national language, but are used only in dialects, and not everywhere, but only in certain territory. That is why all modern languages in different territories of their distribution are represented by local dialects (in our time - only in rural areas), reflecting the ancient fragmentation of the population of different regions.
Over a long period of isolated development, so many differences can accumulate that different dialects can develop into different languages. On the contrary, in the case of the unification of tribes, the integration of dialects inevitably begins, which is expressed in the smoothing out of linguistic differences, the spread of new linguistic features to the speech of all population groups included in such an association. Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.
For example: trouble - very, trouble - hard, difficult.
Bereznik - birch forest, bereznik - boletus mushroom.
A lyapa is a slow person, a lyapa is to leave quickly, a lyapa is a small fish.
Outdated words
The words in our vocabulary can be very different in terms of the time of their appearance in the language. The vast majority of old words are included in the active lexicon, are used by us often and, due to their constant functioning in speech, are not recognized by the old (cf. the words of proto-Slavic origin: father, white, carry, when, himself, house, sky, etc.). Moreover, they form the basis of modern modern vocabulary, although it is replenished with new words very intensively. At the same time, among words that are old in terms of their appearance (even relatively recent), there is also a generally very significant group of words that are used rarely, under certain conditions, in other words, are outdated.
Outdated wordscan be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.
Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) - these are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. For example:
"Now they were petitioners..."
The highlighted word is historicism. It has no synonyms in modern Russian. The meaning can only be explained by resorting to an encyclopedic description. This is exactly how they are presented in explanatory dictionaries:
- Petition, -I, cf. 1. B ancient Rus': bow to the ground with the forehead touching the ground. 2. In ancient Rus': a written request.
- Petitioner, -a, m. In ancient Rus': the one who filed a petition. Petition, oh, and. In ancient Rus': petition (in 2nd meaning), Stolnik, -a, m. In ancient Rus': a courtier, a degree lower than a boyar, originally a courtier who served at the princely or royal table).
The reason for the appearance of historicisms in the language is the change in life, customs, and the development of technology, science, and culture. One things and relationships are replaced by others. For example, with the disappearance of such types of clothing as the armyak, camisole, caftan, the names of these types of clothing disappeared from the Russian language; they can now only be found in historical descriptions. Gone forever are the words: serf, quitrent, corvee and others associated with serfdom in Russia, along with the corresponding concepts.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) - these are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement by new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tight - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.
Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in various ways: a different lexical meaning(guest - merchant, belly - life), different grammatical design(perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), with a different morphemic composition(friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman), other phonetic features(Gishpanish - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. To clarify the meaning of such words when working with text work of art you need to use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words. This will help avoid mistakes in interpreting the text.
The reason for the appearance of archaisms is in the development of the language, in the updating of its vocabulary: one words are replaced by others.
Words forced out of use do not disappear without a trace: they are necessary in historical novels and essays - to recreate the life and linguistic flavor of the era.
Sometimes outdated words begin to be used in a new meaning. Thus, the word has returned to the modern Russian language dynasty . Previously, it could only be combined with such definitions as royal, monarchical. Now they talk and write about working dynasties, miner dynasties, meaning families with an “inherited” profession.
We became interested in the population living on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council, since during the study of the material it turned out that outdated words are made up of dialects different nations, their customs, way of life, with the development of technology. And this is due to the appearance of historicisms and archaisms in the language.
Having studied the nationalities of the population of our village, we displayed our research in a diagram:
Tatars | |
Russians | |
Kazakhs | |
Other |
From this diagram it is clear that people live on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council different nationalities, which is 3140 people. The Tatars occupy the largest number. From this it can be assumed that the obsolete words that were and are used in this territory were formed due to the merging and smoothing of linguistic differences, and the spread of new linguistic features that formed new words.
Sociological survey
The next stage of the research work was a sociological survey among residents of the village of Osypnoy Bugor, belonging to different age groups.
3 groups were identified. A total of 100 people were interviewed.
We included people under 11 years of age (4th grade) in the first group. A total of 53 people.It was interesting to find out whether the proposed words are used by this age category, because Basically, everything modern is valuable to them.
The second age category included people from 12 to 15 (grades 6 – 9) years. Total 33 people. A feature of this age is the transition of children's views to a more serious understanding of life.
The third age category included people 16-17 years old (grades 10-11). There are 17 people in total.At this age, people increasingly begin to appreciate the customs and traditions of their ancestors. They are increasingly remembering their past, assessing their actions with a new look.
Questionnaire questions were asked.
Questions:
1) Do they know the words presented?
2) What words are used?
3) How did you find out about them?
We gave each group different words.
See Appendix 1
Knowledge of obsolete words
Age | They know | They don't know |
up to 11 years old | Chest of drawers, azure, bylitsa, passed from mouth to mouth, cowering, near the seaside, buried. | Kaba, bright purple, printed gingerbread, biryuk, tenetnik |
12 – 15 years | Altyn, bayat, zenitsa, dol, shooter, neck, right hand, otkul, arshin. | Golik, Kamenka, Alkota, Bazhit, Vechor, Autumn, Saden Tyn, Shaber. |
16 – 17 years old | Knickers, bayat, golik, heater, run away, lesson, seine, incense. |
Table 1
Usage of words taking into account different age categories.
Age | Used | Not used |
up to 11 years old | Chest of drawers, azure, bylitsa, at Lukomorye. | If only, in bright purple, printed gingerbread, Biryuk, tenetnik, cowers, buries itself, passes from mouth to mouth. |
12 – 15 years | Altyn, bayat, apple, shooter, neck, right hand, arshin. | Dol, otkul, vyya, Golik, Kamenka, alkota, bazhit, vechor, esen, saden tyn, scraper. |
30-50 years | Knickers, swear, lesson, run away, seine, incense. | Bazhit, vengat, gasnik, is, kachyuli, nozem, uglan, faishonka. |
table 2
Using the table, you can distribute the use of words in this way. 65% know words under 11 years of age
They know these words because...
1) We heard them from our parents.
2) Remember them.
55% of words are not used.
12 - 15 years old 75% actually do not use because... the words are old, but now it’s fashionable to use Western words: cool, awesome, super, O.K. etc., and old words are forgotten.
50% of 16-17 year olds know, heard from relatives and began to use these words. But they have a peculiar pronunciation. Rarely used.
Dependence of the use of words on age characteristics
The graph shows that the percentage of words used is decreasing and it can be assumed that the next generation will completely stop using these words, because they are not studied and are spoken quite rarely. Thus, a large layer of the cultural life of the village may disappear.
Lists of people by recognition category
Conclusion: The table shows that most people know the words from relatives. There are people who know words from books. A small percentage of people learned the words from village residents.
List of words with other meanings
During the study, we examined additional information on this list of words. It turned out that these words have different meanings. It depends on the territory and the cultural characteristics of the population and the area.
Bajit 1. Predict.
ObrosikhaIlyinsk.
2. Drive in the game.
MusonkinoKarag.
Say 1.Transfer. Interpret, narrate, tell something. Plishkari El.
2.Convene.
Berezovka Us.
Z. Scold.
N. Zalesnaya Os.
Wheatear 1. Blackberry.
VilvaSol.
2.Weed plant with regular yellow small flowers and bitter-sour juice, used as remedy; celandine.
OsokinoSol.
Orel Us R. Romanovo Us.
Z.About a retarded young man.
RakinoCherd.
Lesson 1. Work assigned for a certain period. Gubdor Krasnov.
SvalovaSol.
2.Tax
Lensk Kungur..
In our village, many words have the same meaning and pronunciation. This suggests that the traditions and customs of the population of this territory are very closely intertwined. This also applies to language features.
Each village of the Volga region has its own highlight. In this case, these are words that were used only in our village.
Competition “The best expert on obsolete words”
To preserve outdated words, we held a competition for the title of “The best expert on outdated words” that were used on the territory of the Osypnobugorsk village council.
Conclusion: not all students were interested in the competition. And since the younger generation is not interested in the past, the problem of connecting generations arises.
Conclusion
The following conclusions can be drawn from the research work:
1) The formation of the linguistic characteristics of village residents has gone through a long historical path.
2) The formation of traditions, customs and rituals occurred due to the development of several archaeological cultures in this territory.
H) The formation of modern peoples is the result of the political and economic unification of tribes or population groups.
4) Due to the large number of nationalities, words have acquired different meanings.
5) The pronunciation and meaning of words are passed down from generation to generation from parents to children. Less commonly learned from books.
6) Depending on age, the use of these words decreases.
We believe that it is necessary to know the outdated words of our area, because this is our culture, our history.
The result of the work was the book “Outdated Words in Pictures”
Suggested methods for saving words:
1)Opening of a linguistic club at the school.
2) Holding school holidays using outdated words.
3) Holding events in the museum using antiques.
Bibliography
1.G.N.Chagin “Peoples and cultures of Astrakhan in the 19th - 20th centuries. "Astrakhan, 1986"
2. I.S. Kaptsugovich “Book for reading on the history of Astrakhan” Astrakhan book publishing house, 1992
3. Textbook “Modern Russian Language” Publishing House “Prosveshchenie” 2005
4. Internet resources.
5. Dictionary of dialects p. Scree Hill.
Application
Appendix 1. Sociological survey.
Vocabulary for 4th grade
Chest of drawers - a low cabinet with drawers for linen or small items,
Azure – light – Blue colour, blue,
To convey from mouth to mouth - to communicate something to another person,
Bylitsa - a blade of grass, a stalk of grass,
Buried - hid,
If - if,
At the Lukomorye - at the sea bay,
Bright purple - red,
He's shivering - someone is shivering from the cold,
Printed gingerbread - gingerbread with printed drawings, letters,
Biryuk is a beast, a bear,
Tenetnik - cobweb, spider.
Dictionary for grades 6-9
Bayat - talk, talk,
Golik - broom,
Kamenka - a stove in a bathhouse,
Zenitsa - eye, pupil,
Alcohol - hunger
The little shooter is a fidget, a naughty boy,
Dol is the same as valley,
Bajit - to predict,
Altyn - a three-kopeck coin,
Arshin – measure of length (0.71 m)
Evening - evening,
Vya - neck,
Right hand - right hand,
Yesen - autumn
Otkul - from where,
Saden is pain,
Tyn - hedge,
Shaber is a neighbor.
Dictionary for grades 10-11
Knickers - trousers,
Bajit - to predict.
Bayat - talk, talk.
Venge - cry.
Veres - juniper.
Gasnik - lace.
Golik is a broom.
Yes - yes.
Kamenka is a stove in a bathhouse.
Swing - swing.
Nozem - manure.
Window - window.
Uglan is a boy
Run away - run away
Lesson - damage, evil eye.
Faishonka - headscarf,
Seine is a large fishing net,
Incense is a pleasant, aromatic smell.
Balagan- a temporary wooden building for theatrical and circus performances, which has become widespread at fairs and folk festivals. Often also a temporary light building for trade at fairs.
About booth having heard
Our wanderers have also gone
Listen, look. (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').
Balance- joke, joke; talk, tell something funny and cheerful.
He was great play around,
He wore a red shirt,
Cloth girl,
Grease boots... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').
Barezhevy- made from barège - wool, silk or cotton fabric of rare weave.
What a charm my cousin gave me!
Oh! Yes, barezhevy! (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).
She was wearing light barezhevoe dress. (I.S. Turgenev. Fathers and Sons).
Master– 1. Nobleman, landowner, landowner.
Several years ago, an old Russian lived on one of his estates. master, Kirilla Petrovich Troekurov. (A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
He was simple and kind master,
And where his ashes lie,
The tombstone reads:
Humble sinner, Dmitry Larin... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
2. Master, owner, owner.
I entered the billiard room and saw a tall master, about thirty-five years old, with a long black mustache, in a dressing gown, with a cue in his hand and a pipe in his teeth. (A.S. Pushkin. The captain's daughter).
[Neschastlivtsev:] Look, don’t let it slip; I am Gennady Demyanich Gurmyzhsky, retired captain or major, as you wish; in a word, I master, and you are my lackey. (A.N. Ostrovsky. Forest).
Baron – noble title below the count's; a person who holds the title of barony, the lowest degree of titled nobility.
[Repetilov:] I served as a civil servant then.
Baron von Klotz was aiming for ministers,
And I -
To be his son-in-law. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit).
Barishnik- one who resells for the sake of profit - profit, gain; reseller.
...And there are many properties
To the traders went. (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').
Batalha- battle, combat, military action.
"Well? - said the commandant. - How is it going? battle? Where is the enemy? (A.S. Pushkin. The captain's daughter).
Gazebo– the turret of the house, from which a view of the surrounding area opens.
...a river flowed out and meandered between the hills in the distance; on one of them, above the dense greenery of the grove, a green roof rose and gazebo a huge stone house...(A.S. Pushkin. Dubrovsky).
...he began to build a bridge, then a huge house with such a high belvedere that you can even see Moscow from there and drink tea there in the evening in the open air and talk about some pleasant subjects. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
Ticket– paper banknote; a receipt presented to the master's office for payment of money.
[Famusov:] We take tramps both into the house and tickets. (A.S. Griboyedov. Woe from Wit)
Boa– women's scarf, headband made of fur or feathers.
He's happy if he throws it at her
Boa fluffy on the shoulder,
Or touches hotly
Her hands, or spread
Before her is a motley regiment of liveries,
Or he will lift the scarf for her. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
Almshouse- a charitable (private or public) institution for the care of the elderly or those unable to work.
Every house seemed longer than usual to her; white stone almshouse with narrow windows it lasted unbearably long... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
Charitable institutions– hospitals, nursing homes, orphanages.
[Governor:] Without a doubt, a passing official will want to first of all inspect those under your jurisdiction charitable institutions- and therefore you should make sure that everything is decent: the caps would be clean, and the sick would not look like blacksmiths, as they usually do at home. (N.V. Gogol. Inspector).
Bolivar– a high-brimmed hat. Named Bolivar (Simon Bolivar) - liberator of the South American colonies from the rule of Spain (born in Caracas on July 24, 1783, died in Santa Marta on December 17, 1830.
While in morning dress,
Putting on wide bolivar,
Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space... (A.S. Pushkin. Eugene Onegin).
Boston- a type of commercial card game.
Neither the gossip of the world nor Boston,
Not a sweet look, not an immodest sigh,
Nothing touched him
He didn't notice anything. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
The consequence of this was that the governor extended an invitation to him [Chichikov] to come see him on the same day. house party, other officials too, for their part, some for lunch, some for Bostonian, who's for a cup of tea. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
Over the knee boots- boots with a high, hard top, with a bell at the top and a popliteal notch.
He [the mayor:] is dressed as usual, in his uniform with buttonholes and boots with Spurs. (N.V. Gogol. Inspector).
The police chief was definitely a miracle worker: as soon as he heard what was happening, at that very moment he called to the policeman, a lively fellow in patent leather boots, and, it seems, he whispered only two words in his ear and only added: “You understand!”... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
Boyarin- a large landowner who held important administrative and military positions in Russia until the beginning of the 18th century. Boyarynya is the wife of a boyar.
...A boyar Matvey Romodanovsky
He brought us a glass of foamy honey,
A noblewoman his white face
She brought it to us on a silver platter.
The towel is new, sewn with silk. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Song about the merchant Kalashnikov).
Branny– military. Scolding (obsolete) – fight, battle.
Your horse is not afraid of dangerous work;
He, sensing the master's will,
Then the humble one stands under the arrows of enemies,
It rushes along abusive field... (A.S. Pushkin. Song about the prophetic Oleg).
But only a little from the outside
Expect war for you
Or a raid of power abusive,
Or another uninvited misfortune. (A.S. Pushkin. The Golden Cockerel).
Breguet- clock with ringing; named after the manufacturer of such watches, the Parisian mechanic Breguet (or rather, Breguet) Abraham-Louis (1747–1823).
...Onegin goes to the boulevard
And there he walks in the open space,
While awake Breguet
Dinner won't ring his bell. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
Breter- a fan of fighting duels for any reason; bully.
It was Dolokhov, a Semyonov officer, a famous gambler and breter. (L.N. Tolstoy. War and Peace).
Foreman- military rank of the 5th class, intermediate between an army colonel and a major general.
He was a simple and kind gentleman,
And where his ashes lie,
The tombstone reads:
Humble Sinner, Dmitry Larin,
The Lord's servant and foreman,
Under this stone he tastes peace. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
Shave foreheads- hand over peasants as soldiers, usually forever.
She went to work
Salted mushrooms for the winter,
Managed expenses shaved foreheads,
I went to the bathhouse on Saturdays... (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
Britzka– a light semi-open carriage with a folding leather top.
In the morning the Larins' house is visited by guests
All full; whole families
The neighbors gathered in carts,
In tents, in chaises and in a sleigh. (A.S. Pushkin. Evgeny Onegin).
IN chaise sat a gentleman, not handsome, but not bad-looking either, neither too fat nor too thin; One cannot say that he is old, but not that he is too young. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
And before that, what was rushing here?
strollers, brichek C grades... (N.A. Nekrasov. Who lives well in Rus').
Brezhzhi– frills on the collar of the shirt and the same frills on the chest.
...Civilians wear light blue ties, military ones let them out from under the collar mesentery. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Hero of our time).
Watchman- city watchman, a lower police rank who monitored order in the city and was in the booth.
He didn’t notice any of this, and then, when he came across watchman, who, having placed his halberd near him, was shaking tobacco from the horn onto his calloused fist, then only came to his senses a little, and that was because the watchman said: “Why are you bothering...”. (N.V. Gogol. Overcoat).
After asking in detail watchman, where you can go closer, if necessary, to the cathedral, to government places, to the governor, he [Chichikov] went to look at the river flowing in the middle of the city... (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
Mace- a long stick with a spherical knob, which served as part of the ceremonial clothing of the doorman at the entrance to large institutions and private aristocratic houses of Tsarist Russia.
One doorman is already looking like a generalissimo: the gilded mace, count's face. (N.V. Gogol. Dead Souls).
Bulat– 1. Antique, hard and elastic steel for blades with a patterned surface.
My dagger shines with a golden finish;
The blade is reliable, without blemishes;
Bulat he is protected by a mysterious temperament -
The legacy of the abusive east. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Poet).
2. Sword, steel blade, edged weapon.
Our colonel was born with a grip:
Servant to the king, father to the soldiers...
Yes, I feel sorry for him: smitten Damask steel,
He sleeps in damp ground. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Borodino).
Burnous– a spacious women's coat with wide sleeves.
Sonechka got up, put on a handkerchief, put on burnusik and left the apartment, and came back at nine o’clock. (F.M. Dostoevsky. Crime and Punishment).
Every person who wants to learn and develop always strives to learn something new and useful for themselves. Vocabulary is considered especially important, which has not only long ago become an indicator of erudition, but can also help in the most unexpected life situations. In this article you can learn about that and historicisms. and the context may also be useful for those who are especially curious to familiarize themselves with.
Historicisms
Historicisms include the names of objects that were used by our ancestors, and today are found only in museums. For example, the word “pishchal”, which denotes an ancient type of weapon used in Rus' several centuries ago. The word “axe,” which denoted one of the types of military equipment, also belongs to historicism. It was something similar to a modern ax, but with two blades.
How did historicisms appear?
The main reason that historicisms appeared in the language over time was the change in the habitual life of our ancestors, customs, and the development of science and culture. So, for example, disappeared types of clothing - armyak, caftan, camisole - were no longer used, and this led to the disappearance of their names from the language. Now such concepts can only be found in historical descriptions. There are many words that have fallen out of use and are now categorized as “historicisms.” An example of this is the concepts that in one way or another related to serfdom in Russia. Among them are quitrent, corvee, and taxes.
Archaisms
This category includes words that denote things and concepts that still exist, but with changed names. For example, our ancestors said “this” instead of the modern “this”, and “very” sounded like “zelo”. Historicisms, which are found in many literary works, are not always completely replaced by other words; they can only be partially changed. For example, phonetically or morphologically.
How did archaisms appear?
This type of obsolete words appeared due to the fact that over time, any vocabulary undergoes changes, evolves and assimilates with other languages. Thus, some words are replaced by others, but with the same meaning. This is that part of the vocabulary that has outlived its usefulness, but does not completely disappear from the language. These words are preserved in literature, documents, and so on. To create them, they are absolutely necessary so that you can recreate the flavor of the era being described.
Phonetic archaisms
This type includes modern words and concepts that differ from outdated ones by just a few sounds, sometimes just one. For example, phonetic archaisms include a word such as “piit”, which over time evolved into “poet”, and “fire” turned into “fire”.
Morphological archaisms
This category includes words that are outdated in their structure. These include the noun "ferocity" which evolved into "fierceness", the adjective "nervous" which evolved into "nervous", the verb "collapse" which now sounds like "collapse" and many others.
Semantic archaisms
Archaisms and historicisms, examples of words found everywhere, often lose their true meaning over time. For example, the modern "disgrace" used to mean nothing more than "spectacle", and the ancient "common" meant something that was done in one day (for example, "the ordinary way"), and not at all "ordinary".
Modern usage
Sometimes these words, which have fallen out of use, change so much that they begin to be used in a new meaning. This can be said about both archaisms and historicisms. An example of this is the word "dynasty". They stopped using it some time ago, but now it is back in use. If previously it could only be combined with words such as “royal” and “monarchical,” now the scope of its use has expanded significantly. Nowadays you can also hear about a dynasty of lumberjacks or miners, which imply that this profession is inherited from father to son. Sometimes outdated words can be found in an ironic context.
Set expressions
Obsolete words continue to fully function in the language as a part of Thus, some historicisms have been preserved. Example: the word “baklushi” is still used in the language as part of the phrase “beat baklushi”, which means “to mess around”. The same can be said about the stable expression “to sharpen your lasses,” that is, “to chat incessantly.”
Degeneration VS Renaissance
It also happens that words that linguists had already boldly classified as historicisms began to be used again due to the fact that the concepts that they denoted began to be used again. This can also happen if something new has been created that is in some way similar to or related to an outdated concept. Now such words hardly resemble historicisms. Example: charity evening, midshipman.
Conclusion
It should be noted that although all the above-mentioned obsolete words are, rather, a passive layer of vocabulary, they do not cease to play an important role in it. When reading the works of such eminent writers as Tolstoy, Dostoevsky or Mayakovsky, you can very often come across historicisms and archaisms, and in order to accurately understand the idea that the author wanted to convey, you must be aware of their meaning. Therefore, if you come across an unfamiliar word, it is best to consult a reputable dictionary.
Contemporaries of A.S. Pushkin, reading his works, perceived all the details of the text. And we, readers of the 21st century, are already missing out on a lot, not understanding, but guessing approximately. Indeed, what is a frock coat, a tavern, a tavern, a dressing gown? Who are the coachman, the yard boy, and your excellency? In each story of Pushkin's cycle there are words that are incomprehensible and unclear in their meaning. But they all designate some objects, phenomena, concepts, positions, titles of a past life. These words have fallen out of modern use. Therefore they specific meaning remains unclear and incomprehensible to the modern reader. This explains the choice of the topic of my research, dedicated to outdated words that have passed from the modern language in Belkin’s Tales.
The life of a language is clearly manifested in constant changes in the composition of words and their meanings. And the very history of the people and the state is imprinted in the fate of individual words. The vocabulary of the Russian language contains many words that are rarely used in real speech, but are known to us from classical literary works, history books and stories about the past.
Obsolete words can be divided into two groups: 1) historicisms; 2) archaisms.
Historicisms (from the Greek historia - a story about past events) are words denoting the names of such objects and phenomena that ceased to exist as a result of the development of society. Many words that name objects of a bygone way of life, old culture, things and phenomena associated with the economy of the past, old socio-political relations have become historicisms. Thus, there are many historicisms among words related to military themes: chain mail, arquebus, visor, redoubt. Many words denoting ranks, classes, positions, and professions of old Russia are historicisms: tsar, boyar, equestrian, footman, steward, zemstvo, serf, landowner, constable, ofenya, farrier, tinker, sawyer, lamplighter, barge hauler; phenomena of patriarchal life: corvée, quitrent, cuts, procurement; kinds production activities: manufactory, horse-drawn car; types of disappeared technologies: tinning, mead making.
Archaisms (from the Greek archaios - ancient) are words that have fallen out of use due to their replacement with new ones, for example: cheeks - cheeks, loins - lower back, right hand - right hand, tuga - sadness, verses - poems, ramen - shoulders. All of them have synonyms in modern Russian.
Archaisms may differ from the modern synonymous word in different ways: a different lexical meaning (guest - merchant, belly - life), a different grammatical design (perform - perform, at the ball - at the ball), a different morphemic composition (friendship - friendship, fisherman - fisherman ), other phonetic features (Gishpansky - Spanish, mirror - mirror). Some words are completely outdated, but have modern synonyms: so that - so that, destruction - destruction, harm, hope - hope and firmly believe. Archaisms and historicisms are used in fiction to recreate the historical situation in the country, transfer the national and cultural traditions of the Russian people.
DICTIONARY OF OBSOLETE WORDS
From the publisher
Corvee is free forced labor of a dependent peasant, “Ivan Petrovich was forced to abolish corvee and establish a master who works with his own equipment on the farm. moderate quitrent"
Quirk is an annual collection of money and food from serfs by landowners.
The housekeeper is a servant in the landowner's house, who was entrusted with the keys to the “he entrusted the management of the village to his old housekeeper, who acquired his storage of food supplies. trust in the art of storytelling. »
Second major - military rank of the 8th class in 1741-1797. “His late father, Second Major Pyotr Ivanovich Belkin, was married to the girl Pelageya Gavrilovna from the Trafilin family. »
"Shot"
A banker is a player holding a bank in card games. “The officer went out, saying that he was ready to answer for the offense, as Mr. Banker pleases.”
“The game continued for several more minutes; but feeling that the owner was
Vacancy - an unfilled position; job title. There was no time for the game, we fell behind one by one and scattered to our apartments, talking about the imminent vacancy. »
Galun is a gold braid or silver (ribbon) that was sewn on “Silvio stood up and took out of the cardboard a red cap with a gold tassel, like a uniform. galloon"
“Throw the bank” (special). - reception of a card game. “He refused for a long time, because he almost never played; Finally he ordered the cards to be brought, poured fifty chervonets onto the table and sat down to throw. »
Hussar - a military man from light cavalry units who wore a Hungarian uniform. “He once served in the hussars, and even happily.”
A footman is a servant for masters, as well as in a restaurant, hotel, etc. “The footman led me into the count’s office, and he himself went to report on me. »
A riding arena is a platform or special building for training horses and the life of an army officer is known. In the morning training, playpen; lunch at horse riding lessons. a regimental commander or in a Jewish tavern; in the evening punch and cards.
Punter - in gambling card games: playing against the bank, i.e. “If the punter happened to be shortchanged, then he immediately paid them extra by making large bets; one who bets in a gambling card game. enough, or wrote down too much. »
Lieutenant - an officer rank higher than a second lieutenant and lower than a non-commissioned officer - an officer - a junior command rank in the tsarist army - staff captain. Russia, in some modern foreign armies; person holding this title.
This (this, this) place. - this, this, this. “With these words he hurriedly left”
Excellency - titles of princes and counts (from places: yours, his, hers, theirs) “Oh,” I noted, “in that case, I bet that your excellency will not hit the map even at twenty paces: the pistol requires daily exercise .
Frock coat and frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing at the waist with a turn-down "he walked forever, in a worn black frock coat"
or a stand-up collar.
Chervonets is the general name for foreign gold coins in pre-Petrine era “For a long time he refused, because he almost never played; finally ordered
Rus'. to hand over the cards, poured fifty chervonets onto the table and sat down to throw. »
Chandal - candlestick “The officer, inflamed by the wine, the game and the laughter of his comrades, considered himself severely offended and, in a rage, grabbed a copper chandelier from the table and threw it at Silvio, who barely managed to dodge the blow. »
Eterist - in the second half of the 18th and early 19th centuries: a member of the secret Greek “It is said that Silvius, during the indignation of Alexander Ypsilant, a revolutionary organization that fought for the liberation of the country from led a detachment of Eterists and was killed in battle under Turkish oppression. Skulyanami. »
"Blizzard"
Boston - card game. “neighbors constantly went to him to eat, drink, and play Boston for five kopecks with his wife”
Versta - an ancient Russian measure “The coachman decided to travel along the river, which was supposed to shorten our route to a length of 1.06 km. " three miles. »
Red tape - delaying a case or decision, any question. “What was holding him back? Shyness, inseparable from true love, pride or the coquetry of cunning red tape?
Maid - servant to the mistress. “Three men and a maid supported the bride and were only busy
The police captain is the chief of police in the district. “After lunch, land surveyor Shmit appeared in a mustache and spurs and the police captain’s son appeared. »
Kibitka is a covered road carriage. “I turned around, left the church without any obstacles, rushed into the wagon and shouted: “Get off!”
Cornet is the lowest officer rank. “The first person he came to, the retired forty-year-old cornet Dravin, agreed willingly.”
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “The church was open, several sleighs stood outside the fence; people were walking around the porch. »
Signet - homemade seal on a ring or keychain. “Having sealed both letters with a Tula signet, on which were depicted
Signet - a small seal on a ring, a keychain with initials, or two flaming hearts with a decent inscription, she (Marya Gavrilovna)
some other sign. Used to seal letters, threw herself on the bed just before dawn and dozed off. »
sealing wax or wax and served as an indication of the sender.
Ensign is the most junior officer rank. “The subject she chose was a poor army ensign who was on leave in his village.”
Ulan - in the armies of some countries, a soldier, a light cavalry officer, “a boy of about sixteen who recently joined the lancers. »
wielding a spear or saber.
Shlafor - housecoat. “The old people woke up and went into the living room. , Praskovya Petrovna in a dressing gown with cotton wool. »
Grand Patience - laying out a deck of cards certain rules. “The old lady was sitting alone in the living room one day, playing grand solitaire.”
A cap is a pointed-shaped headdress, which in the old days was worn by men “Gavrila Gavrilovich in a cap and flannel jacket”
worn at home and often worn at night. ; sleeping cap.
"Undertaker"
Cupid is the god of love and ancient mythology, depicted as a winged “Above the gate was a sign depicting a burly boy with a bow and arrow. Cupid with an overturned torch in his hand. »
Announce - to notify by ringing a church service. “No one noticed, the guests continued the thread, and were already announcing Vespers when they got up from the table.
Over the knee boots - boots with a wide top. ". the leg bones beat in the big boots, like pestles in mortars. »
Brigadier - in the Russian army of the 18th century. : military rank 5th class (according to the Table of “Tryukhina, brigadier and sergeant Kurilkin vaguely introduced themselves by rank); person who had this rank. his imagination."
The guard is a policeman who carried out guard duty in the booth. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman”
Vespers is a Christian church service held in the afternoon. ". the guests continued to drink and were already announcing Vespers.”
Gaer is a common jester in folk games, clowning around and making faces in “Is the undertaker a gaer at Christmas time?”
Christmas time;
A ten-kopeck coin is a ten-kopeck coin. “The undertaker gave him a ten-kopeck piece for vodka, got dressed quickly, took a cab and went to Razgulay. »
Drogi - a cart for transporting the dead. “The last belongings of the undertaker Adrian Prokhorov were thrown into the funeral cart”
Kaftan - an old men's long-brimmed outerwear “I will not describe the Russian caftan of Adrian Prokhorov”
Icon, icon case, icon case (from Greek - box, ark) - a special decorated cabinet “Soon order was established; ark with images, cabinet with
(often folded) or glazed shelf for icons. dishes, a table, a sofa and a bed occupied certain corners in the back room.”
A mantle is a wide, long garment in the form of a cloak” “the kitchen and living room housed the owner’s wares: coffins of all colors and all sizes, as well as wardrobes with mourning ribbons, mantles and torches. »
To preach the gospel - to end, to stop preaching the gospel. “You feasted with the German all day, came back drunk, fell into bed, and slept until this hour, when they announced mass.”
Contractor is a person who is obligated under a contract to perform certain work. “But Tryukhina was dying on Razgulay, and Prokhorov was afraid that her heir, despite his promise, would not be too lazy to send for him so far away and would not make a deal with the nearest contractor. »
To rest - 1. To sleep, to fall asleep; “You deigned to sleep, and we didn’t want to wake you.”
2. Transfer. Rest.
Svetlitsa - a bright living room; front room in the house; small “The girls went to their little room. "
bright room at the top of the house.
The ax is an ancient bladed weapon - a large ax with a semicircular blade, and “Yurko again began to walk around her with an ax and a long-handled homespun armor. »
Sermyaga is a coarse homespun undyed cloth: a caftan is made from this cloth. “Yurko began to walk around her again with an ax and in homespun armor. »
Chukhonets was the name given to Finns and Estonians until 1917. “Of the Russian officials there was one watchman, the Chukhonian Yurko, who knew how
To acquire the special favor of the owner."
"The Station Agent"
The altar is the main elevated eastern part of the church, fenced off “He hastily entered the church: the priest was leaving the altar. »
iconostasis.
Altar - in ancient times among many peoples: a place on which sacrifices were burned and in front of which rituals associated with sacrifice were performed. Used figuratively and in comparison.
An assignation is a paper banknote issued in Russia from 1769 to “. he took them out and unwrapped several five and ten ruble
1849 , in the official language - before the introduction of credit cards; one ruble of crumpled banknotes"
in silver was equal to 3 1/3 rubles in banknotes.
The Prodigal Son is a gospel parable about the rebellious prodigal son who “They depicted the story of the prodigal son. »
he left home, squandered his share of the inheritance, after wanderings he returned with repentance to his father’s house and was forgiven.
High Nobility - according to the Table of Ranks, the title of civil ranks with “Early in the morning he came to his anteroom and asked to report to his eighth to sixth grade, as well as officers from captain to colonel, and to High Nobility”
“Taking off his wet, shaggy hat, letting go of his shawl and pulling off his overcoat,
The visiting hussar, a soldier of the highest cavalry, appeared as a young, slender hussar with a black mustache.”
Drozhki - a light, two-seater, four-wheeled open carriage with short "Suddenly a smart droshky raced in front of him"
drogues instead of springs.
Deacon - a clergyman in Orthodox Church; the church reader, the sexton extinguished the candles. »
acolyte; He also taught literacy.
An assessor is an elected representative in court to work in some “Yes, but there are few travelers: unless the assessor turns around, he has no time for another institution. dead. »
A tavern is a drinking establishment of one of the lowest categories for sale and “It used to be that he comes from the tavern, and we follow him. »
drinking alcoholic beverages.
A cap is a pointed or oval-shaped headdress. “An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets a young man go”
Lackey is a servant in a house, restaurant, hotel.
The front end of a cart, sleigh, cart; the coachman's seat in the front "the servant jumped onto the beam. »
The porch is a covered area in front of the entrance to the church. “Approaching the church, he saw that the people were already leaving, but Dunya was not there
Neither in the fence, nor on the porch. »
Passengers are a carriage with horses that change at post stations. "traveled on crossroads"
Podorozhnaya - a document giving the right to use post horses; “In five minutes - the bell! and the courier throws him a travel certificate. your travel table. »
To rest - 1. To sleep, to fall asleep; “The military footman, cleaning his boot on the last, announced that the master
2. Transfer. Rest. rests and that he doesn’t receive anyone before eleven o’clock. »
Postmaster - manager of a post office. “the caretaker asked the S*** postmaster to leave for two months”
Passes are the cost of travel on post horses. ". paid runs for two horses. »
Captain - senior chief officer rank in the cavalry “He soon learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in
Demutov tavern. »
Skufya, skufiya - 1. A youthful, monochromatic (black, purple, Minsky came out to you in a robe, in a red skufiya. “What do you need purple, etc.) hat for Orthodox priests, monks. 2. Do you need a round?” he asked.
cap, skullcap, skull cap, headdress.
A caretaker is the head of an institution. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, the driver is stubborn and the horses are not moving - and the caretaker is to blame. »
Frock coat (frock coat) - a long men's double-breasted garment with a standing "and his long green frock coat with three medals"
collar
Taurus – a young bull “the cook kills a well-fed calf”
A tavern is a hotel with a restaurant. “He soon learned that Captain Minsky was in St. Petersburg and lived in
Demutov tavern. »
Non-commissioned officer is a junior command rank in the Tsarist Army of Russia. “I stayed in the Izmailovsky regiment, in the house of a retired non-commissioned officer. »
Courier - in the old army: a military or government courier for “In five minutes - the bell!” and the courier rushes him to deliver important, mostly secret documents. your travel table. »
The kingdom of heaven is a rhetorical wish for the deceased to have a happy fate in “It happened (the kingdom of heaven to him!) comes from a tavern, but we are for the afterlife. him: “Grandfather, grandfather! nuts!” - and he gives us nuts. »
Rank - a rank assigned to civil servants and military personnel according to the Table “I was in a minor rank, rode on carriages and paid rank passes associated with the provision of certain class rights and for two horses. »
benefits.
Dressing gown and shlafo - dressing gown. “An old man in a cap and dressing gown lets a young man go”
SLAFROK or dressing gown m. German. robe, sleeping clothes. Most often it serves as home clothing for nobles.
COAT - originally a “sleeping robe” (from German), and then the same as a robe. Although they didn’t go out and visit in dressing gowns, they could look very elegant, sewn for show
Coachman - coachman, driver of postal and pit horses. “The weather is unbearable, the road is bad, + the stubborn horses won’t carry -
and the caretaker is to blame. »
"Peasant Young Lady"
Blancmange - jelly made from milk with almonds and sugar. “Well, we left the table. and we sat for three hours, and the dinner was delicious: the blancmange cake was blue and striped. »
Burners - Russian folk game, in which the one standing in front caught others “So we left the table and went into the garden to play burners, and the participants ran away from him one by one in pairs. the young master appeared here. »
House servants - servants at a manor's house, courtyard; courtyard people (in contrast to “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, for all the peasants who lived in the village and were engaged in farming). case, taking with him a pair of three greyhounds, a stirrup and several
Dvorovoy - related to the yard, belonging to the yard. yard boys with rattles. »
Drozhki - a light, two-seater, four-wheeled open carriage with short "Muromsky asked Berestov for a droshky, because he admitted that the drozhki had springs instead of springs. Because of the injury, he was able to get home in the evening. »
Jockey - a horse race rider; servant on horseback rides. “His grooms were dressed as jockeys.”
Zoil is a picky, unkind, unfair critic; evil “He was furious and called his zoil a bear and a provincial. »
detractor
Valet - the master's household servant, footman. “That’s right,” Alex answered,
I am the young master's valet. »
Chinese - thick fabric, originally silk, made in China, “(Lisa) sent to buy at the market a thick cloth, blue then cotton, produced in Russia for sundresses and men's Chinese and copper buttons"
shirts , usually blue, less often red. Used in peasant life
Kniksen and Kniks - accepted in the bourgeois-noble environment for girls and “Unfortunately, instead of Lisa, old Miss Jackson came out, whitewashed, the girls bowed with a curtsey as a sign of gratitude, greeting; drawn out, with downcast eyes and a small curtsey. »
curtsy.
Livery - uniform for footmen, doormen, coachmen, decorated with “Old Berestov walked onto the porch with the help of two livery braids and sewing. lackeys of Muromsky. »
Livery – 1. Adj. to livery, which was livery. 2. Dressed in livery.
Madame - name married woman, appended to the surname; “Her agility and minute-by-minute pranks delighted her father and brought him into his mistress. Usually used in relation to a French woman, and in reference to the despair of her Madame Miss Jackson. »
– and to a Russian woman from privileged strata.
Miss is an unmarried woman in England. Her agility and minute orders delighted her father and drove her Madame Miss Jackson into despair.”
Confidant - about a woman who was especially trusted and “There she changed her clothes, absentmindedly answering questions with the eager favor of someone; darling, lover. confidante, and appeared in the living room.”
To make up - to make up, to draw with antimony, that is, popular since ancient times “Liza, his dark-skinned Lisa, was whitened up to her ears, made up more than ever with a cosmetic product made on the basis of antimony, by Miss Jackson herself. »
giving it a special shine.
Okolotok - 1. Surrounding area, surrounding villages. 2. Resident of the district, “He built a house according to own plan, established a legal neighborhood, the surrounding area. factory, established income and began to consider himself the smartest person
3. The area of the city under the jurisdiction of the local police officer. all over the area"
4. Medical center (usually attached to a military unit).
The Guardianship Council is an institution in Russia in charge of guardianship affairs, “. the first of the landowners of his province thought of mortgaging the educational institutions and some credit transactions related to the estate in the Board of Trustees.”
pledges of estates, etc.
Plis – cotton velvet. Among the nobility it was used for “On weekdays he wears a corduroy jacket, on holidays he puts on a home suit, merchants and rich peasants sew from it an elegant frock coat from homemade cloth.”
Poltina - silver coin, equal to 50 kopecks, half a ruble. Minted with “Trofim, passing in front of Nastya, gave her small colorful bast shoes
1707 and received half a ruble from her as a reward. »
Polushka - since the 15th century, a silver coin worth half money (i.e. ¼ “I’ll sell it and squander it, and I won’t leave you a half-ruble.”
kopecks); the last silver polushkas were released into circulation in
Frock coat - long men's double-breasted clothing with a stand-up collar “On weekdays he wears a corduroy jacket, on holidays he puts on a frock coat made of homemade cloth”
The head of the table is the official who manages the table. “The neighbors agreed that he would never make the right chief executive. »
Stremyanny is a groom, a servant who takes care of his riding horse “Ivan Petrovich Berestov went out for a ride on horseback, for every master, and also a servant who accompanies the master during the hunt. case, taking with him three pairs of greyhounds, a stirrup and several yard boys with rattles. »
Tartines - a thin slice of bread spread with butter; small sandwich. “The table was set, breakfast was ready, and Miss Jackson. I cut thin tartines. »
The faucets are a wide frame made of whalebone, willow twigs or wire, “the sleeves stuck out like Madame de Pompadour’s faucets.”
worn under a skirt to add fullness; skirt on such a frame.
A courtier is a nobleman at the royal court, a courtier. “The dawn shone in the east, and the golden rows of clouds seemed to be waiting for the sun, like courtiers waiting for a sovereign. »
Chekmen - men's clothing of the Caucasian type - a cloth caftan at the waist with ruching at the back. ". he saw his neighbor, sitting proudly on horseback, wearing a checkman lined with fox fur, "
IV. Conclusion
“Dictionary of Obsolete Words” contains 108 dictionary entries, both historicisms and archaisms. It contains those words that are not currently used or are used extremely rarely in real life. literary language, also words used today, but with a different meaning from the one we give it.
The dictionary entry reveals the meaning of obsolete words, using examples from the stories of Pushkin’s cycle to show how they functioned in speech. The created dictionary, which includes both historicisms and archaisms, will help to overcome the barrier between the reader and the text, sometimes erected by outdated words that are incomprehensible or misunderstood by the reader, and to thoughtfully and meaningfully perceive the text of “Belkin’s Tales”. Some dictionary entries are accompanied by drawings that make it possible to realistically imagine the objects called by this or that word.
The remarkable poet, outstanding translator V. A. Zhukovsky wrote: “The word is not our arbitrary invention: every word that receives a place in the lexicon of a language is an event in the field of thought.”
This work will become an assistant in reading, studying, and understanding Pushkin’s cycle “Belkin’s Tales”, will broaden the reader’s horizons, help arouse interest in the history of words, and can be used in literature lessons.
Obsolete words are a special group of words that, for one reason or another, are not used in modern speech. They are divided into two categories - historicisms and archaisms. Both of these groups are similar to each other, but still have several significant differences.
Historicisms
These include words denoting special things, positions, phenomena that have ceased to exist in the modern world, but took place earlier. An example of such words is boyar, voivode, petitioner, estate. They have no synonyms modern language, and you can only find out their meaning from an explanatory dictionary. Basically, such outdated words refer to the description of life, culture, economy, hierarchy, military and political relations of ancient times.
So, for example, petitioning is: 1) bowing with the forehead touching the ground; or 2) written request. Stolnik is a courtier, one degree lower than a boyar, who usually served at the boyar or royal table.
Most outdated historicism words are found among names related to military themes, as well as those related to household items and clothing: chain mail, visor, redoubt, arquebus, valley, prosak, armyak, seeder, camisole.
Here are some example sentences containing obsolete words. “Petitioners came to the tsar and complained about the governors, and said that they were taking away their estates and then giving them away; the nobles, stewards and boyars’ children also complained that the governors were taking away their palace villages. Cossacks and archers also came to the tsar, bringing petitions , asked for grain and cash wages."
Currently one of numerous groups historicisms are those that arose during the formation of the USSR: food detachment, Budennovets, educational program, committee of the poor, NEP, lichenets, NEPman, Makhnovets, food appropriation.
Archaisms
Obsolete languages are classified into another broad group - archaisms. They, in fact, are a subgroup of historicisms - they also include words that have fallen out of use. But their main difference is that they can be replaced by synonyms, which are common words used today. Here are the cheeks, right hand, loins, verses, tightness, ramen. Accordingly, their modern analogues are cheeks, right arm, lower back, poetry, sadness, shoulders.
There are several basic differences between archaism and its synonym. They may differ:
a) lexical meaning (belly - life, guest - merchant);
b) grammatical design (at the ball - at the ball, perform - perform);
c) (fisherman - fisherman, friendship - friendship);
In order to correctly use archaism in a sentence and avoid confusion, use an explanatory dictionary or a dictionary of outdated words.
And here are examples of sentences containing archaisms: “In Moscow lived okolnichi, boyars, clerks, whom Bolotnikov threatened to turn into commoners or kill, and put nameless people in their place; industrialists and wealthy merchants also lived there, courtyards, money, whose shops “Everything was given to the poor.”
In this passage, the following words are archaisms: commoner, yard (in the sense of household), shop (trading enterprise), nameless. It is easy to notice that there are also historicisms here: okolnichy, boyar.
Outdated words perfectly convey the characteristic historicity and make the literary text colorful and bright. But for correct and appropriate use, you must always consult an explanatory dictionary so that flowery phrases do not ultimately turn into nonsense.