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Abstract on the topic: Speech etiquette and culture of communication. Communication culture and speech etiquette

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Correct pronunciation of sounds

soft pronunciation

modern rules

Correct placement of stress

Euphony of speech

short words

Instead of large number It is better to construct separate sentences for participial and participial phrases:

using several vowels in a row:

the use of several words with the same suffix or ending (especially often seen in business speech):

Wrong	Right
Violation of orders to attend classes	The order on the procedure for attending classes was violated
The station provides training in observing animal behavior	The station teaches how to properly observe animal behavior
Continuing the study of schoolchildren’s mastery of knowledge is one of the tasks of pedagogy	Continuing research in the field of schoolchildren mastering new knowledge is one of the tasks of pedagogy
To perform well, the trainee must demonstrate diligence, knowledge and skills	To perform well, the trainee must try to demonstrate all his knowledge and skills
To maintain plants, it is important to create and maintain a number of conditions	Plants must be kept in certain conditions

Speech accessibility for understanding

Wrong	Right
The priority task of our organization is to eliminate employees who do not know how to work with program X (the word “eliminate” is used inappropriately, because it means “to destroy, to cease the existence of someone,” which is unlikely to be what the author meant ).	All employees of our organization must learn to work with program X.
My brother ignores attention potential employers to him (the word “ignores” is not used in its inherent meaning).	My brother neglects the attention of potential employers.
In this place, raspberry bushes grow (the word “tabernacles” cannot be used in this case, since kusha means “tent, hut, canopy”, in any case not “bushes”).	There are many raspberry bushes growing in this place.
In this you look very efficient (the word “effective” is not suitable in this case, because it means getting results from the invested costs).	In this coat you look very impressive (spectacular, i.e. “making an impression”).

simple sentences

Ethical speech

ethical standards

Soviet times

to a stranger

Expressiveness of speech

business meetings

fun fact

To summarize the above, I would like to express the hope that the tips given will help readers of MirSovetov make their speech more competent and harmonious, more accurately convey their point of view to listeners, and conduct an interesting and meaningful conversation.

Total achievements human society in production, social and spiritual activities is called culture.

Communication is impossible without a culture of speech. The concept of speech culture includes the correctness of speech (that is, compliance with literary norms) and speech skill (that is, the ability to choose from existing options the most semantically accurate, stylistically and situationally appropriate, expressive, etc.).

Speech culture implies correct, oral and written speech; determines such a choice and such an organization linguistic means, which in a specific communication situation, subject to modern language norms and communication ethics, make it possible to ensure the greatest effect in achieving the set communicative tasks (E.N. Shiryaev).

Speech culture is a section in linguistics in which the norms of oral and written literary language are established and justified.

How scientific discipline speech culture studies established language norms, her important task is the protection of literary language norms.

Speech culture also includes the concept of “speech etiquette,” which is impossible to do without when communicating.

But before we talk about speech etiquette, it is necessary to consider what such a concept as “etiquette” means. Etiquette is the rules of behavior in society. The concept of “etiquette” is closely related to the concept of “politeness”. Many etiquette manifestations are constantly present in our lives, they have become so natural for us that we don’t even think about it when we say hello, say goodbye, ask, apologize, congratulate, etc.

Facial expressions and gestures, movements and clothing have etiquette meaning - all this was once called good manners, the ability to behave in society. But in all ages and times, a person “with good manners” makes a more favorable impression in society, because all people are very sensitive to etiquette signs of attention. Imagine if someone you barely know suddenly stopped greeting you: as they passed by, they didn’t even nod their head in response. You will probably feel somewhat uneasy, and perhaps you will even want to find out what is wrong, whether you have offended this person.

But our speech plays the most important role in the etiquette treatment of people, which means there is a special one - speech etiquette.

Speech etiquette is a system of rules, stable communication formulas that are accepted by society to establish contact between interlocutors, maintain and interrupt this contact. Etiquette in general and speech etiquette in particular is a kind of sign system with the help of which relationships between people are determined.

You will communicate differently with your close friends and with strangers, with your peers and people older in age and position, and even peers are divided into “us” and “strangers”. And all these different types of communication are created using certain etiquette formulas, including speech.

Communication with “friends” is based on the personal qualities of people, on the nature of interaction with them. But there are also official, formal relationships that also occupy a certain place in our lives. For example, when you buy groceries in a store, the personal qualities of the seller are not important to you, what is important to you is what the seller gives you necessary products in exchange for money. The actions of the buyer and seller are the actions of “strangers”; they are limited to certain social roles, which nevertheless require compliance with the rules of etiquette: in this situation, basic politeness towards each other. It is known that lack of politeness or even rudeness shown in similar situations, serves as a reason for frustration and grief.

Usually people strictly follow all the rules of etiquette during official, formal communication. For some reason, it is believed that it is necessary to behave decently with strangers, but in relation to one’s own people this is completely unnecessary: “He’s one of our own, so why stand on ceremony with him!”

This attitude opens the door to impoliteness, rudeness, and sometimes just rudeness. After all, our own, close people have the same, and perhaps even greater, right to politeness, courtesy, and attention, as do strangers and strangers. Politeness is not just words and manners, it is, first of all, an attitude towards a person, and by forgetting or not considering it necessary to show respect, to be polite, that is, to follow the rules of etiquette, we most often upset our loved ones.

But nevertheless, one should distinguish between formal and informal communication and be able to determine the necessary distance in each specific case.

From the point of view of speech etiquette, there are various forms for such communication situations as greeting, address, farewell, gratitude, request, apology, congratulations, and depending on WHOM, WHEN, WHERE and FOR WHAT PURPOSE you are communicating, you will choose “ Hello!" or “hello”, “bye” or “goodbye”, refer to YOU or YOU, call by name or patronymic. We usually address people of the older generation as “you,” but you can also address your parents as “you”; True, this is not accepted everywhere, since speech etiquette also has national specifics. For example, in a situation of address, a feature of the Russian language is the presence of two pronouns - “you” and “you”. The choice of one form or another depends on social status interlocutors, the nature of their relationship, the official or informal setting. In an official setting, Russian speech etiquette recommends addressing “you” even with a well-known person. The same address should be used in relation to an addressee who is senior in position or age, or an unfamiliar addressee. When talking with a well-known person in an informal setting in relation to a younger addressee (by position, age), the form of address “you” is permitted in Russian speech etiquette. In other languages, in particular in English, where the pronoun “you” is absent, abbreviated names are used much more often than in Russian; they are characterized by being addressed only by name, without a patronymic.

[?] Questions and tasks

1. Define the concept of “speech culture”.

2. What is etiquette?

3. What is speech etiquette?

4. What rules of etiquette and speech etiquette do you know?

5. Read an excerpt from the poem by N.V. Gogol " Dead Souls" Does Nozdryov's communication comply with the rules of etiquette? What rules were broken?

“- Ba, ba, ba! - Nozdryov suddenly cried, spreading both arms at the sight of Chichikov. “What destinies?”

Chichikov recognized Nozdryov, the same one with whom he had dined with the prosecutor and who in a few minutes got on such friendly terms with him that he had already begun to say “you,” although, however, he, for his part, did not give any reason for this.

-Where did you go? - Nozdryov said and, without waiting for an answer, he continued: “And I, brother, am from the fair.” Congratulations: you're blown away! Can you believe that you have never been so blown away in your life? After all, I came to the philistines! Look out the window on purpose! “Here he bent Chichikov’s head himself, so that he almost hit the frame with it.”

5. Do you follow the rules of etiquette when communicating with your loved ones?

6. Prepare a message on the topic “The role of etiquette in modern life.”

At first glance, the phrases “speech etiquette” and “culture of communication” seem to come from a time when French words and white powdered wigs were in fashion. But in fact, we all use certain rules of etiquette, because when communicating with colleagues at work and management, we do not apply the same figures of speech, as in casual chat with friends or relatives. So knowledge of the basics of communication norms is still relevant in our time.

Communication culture and speech etiquette

Knowledge of the basic rules of speech etiquette will also be useful in business sphere, and in everyday life. Since each type of conversation has long been regulated, we adhere to certain rules when meeting, meeting, maintaining a conversation and saying goodbye. Actually, the totality of these norms is speech etiquette. Its requirements are varied and apply to all areas of communication, while it must be taken into account that each country has its own characteristics of speech etiquette. This is due to the fact that the language went through different stages of formation, so speech clichés can differ greatly, for example, the address “comrade”, which until recently was in use in our country, would not be understood by anyone abroad. But the habit of starting a conversation with a greeting is the same for all countries.

The main features of Russian speech etiquette are tact, tolerance, restraint and goodwill when conducting conversations. These qualities are usually reflected not only in the selection of colloquial formulas, but also in the intonation of spoken phrases. Any conversation goes through 3 stages: the beginning of the conversation, the main part and its end. At each stage, their own speech clichés are used, reflecting the goals of the conversation and the relationship of the interlocutors. Time, topic of conversation and place of communication also play a role. The last point is especially often underestimated, forgetting that in some places the conversation will obey its own laws. Everyone knows the ceremonial phrases that are usually exchanged during social events, but they would be completely inappropriate at business negotiations or a youth party.

From the outside it may seem strange to want to come up with some rules and then diligently follow them. But in fact, it is these laws that help us better formulate our thoughts and convey them to our interlocutor. In business communication, compliance with the rules of speech will indicate high level corporate culture and impeccable reputation of the company, leaving a favorable impression of it.

The life of any person is impossible without speech. Speech allows us to communicate with other people, gives us the opportunity to influence them in one way or another. At the same time, speech reflects our inner world, reveals our thoughts and feelings, and serves as our self-characterization. Often the very manner of speech creates a lasting impression about a person. “Tell me anything and I will tell you who you are,” one might say, paraphrasing a well-known proverb.

The ability to speak, like the ability to think, is a generic property of a person. So man is not only a “homo sapiens” (a thinking creature), but also a “homo loquens” (a speaking creature). However, the gift of speech, given by nature as an opportunity for communication, must still be put into practice: it is important to be able to use it intelligently and meaningfully this gift. To master words, learn to form thoughts, express feelings, communicate with people, you need high a culture of speech, compliance rules of speech behavior and mastery speech etiquette.

A culture of speech

When communicating using language, we do not just pronounce some words - we carry out speech activity. Speech activity - this is a set of psychophysiological and sociocultural functions of an individual for the implementation of verbal communication. Productivity speech activity in each specific speech situation is determined by the individual’s clear awareness of who - to whom - about what - where - when - why and why speaks. The last two aspects are especially important - why and why I am speaking, i.e. reason and purpose speech. Speech activity involves:

“the ability to speak clearly, pronounce words and phrases clearly;

The ability to find words that adequately convey thoughts and feelings;

Skillful use of grammar (language rules).

Compliance with these requirements is included in the concept of “speech culture”.

A culture of speech- This the degree of compliance of speech with the norms of modern literary language, a set of knowledge and skills that ensure expedient and easy use of language.

Should be clearly stated main features of cultural speech.

1. Correct speech acts as an initial feature, without which cultural speech is in principle unthinkable. The correctness of speech is the compliance of its structure with the current generally accepted standards language. Norm - this is a historically determined set of linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most preferable.

There are various language norms: pronunciation, stress, word formation, grammar (morphological and syntactic), lexical, stylistic. Not all of us are linguists by training, but knowledge and compliance with these norms is necessary for everyone, because this ensures correctness and literacy of speech.

Over time, norms change under the influence of certain conditions, and their change is not always a controlled process. Some of these changes are coded by linguists as natural, others sometimes “break into” language practice and become fixed in it contrary to the opinion of specialists, for example, expressions like “terribly fun”, “terribly interesting”. Some language norms are experiencing real historical “adventures”.

So, in the times of Gogol and Belinsky, it was customary to say “skrip”, “britchka”, instead of modern “creak”, “britchka”. Or the forms “snows”, “teachers” (and not “snows”, “teachers”) that have become archaic can now be used again to create a special emotionally charged style, as, for example, in the poem by E. Yevtushenko: “white snows are falling” .

2. Accuracy - an equally important sign of speech culture. Accuracy is not just the ability to choose and use the most necessary and appropriate words. To speak accurately, you need to think clearly. There is an old aphorism: “He who thinks clearly speaks clearly.” In other words, accuracy as a quality of speech is associated with the mental act itself, with knowledge of the subject of speech, with the competence and intellectual abilities of the speaker. The actual linguistic conditions are also very important in ensuring the accuracy of speech, for example, the use of different types of accuracy.

There are two types of accuracy. First - subject accuracy- search for a word that most accurately reflects the designated object or phenomenon; this is precision “for yourself”. Second - conceptual precision- translation of this concept into a message, information “for others”.

Accuracy in speech activity presupposes the choice of options from among those that the language has and which the speaker can freely use. This may be a choice of one of the synonyms, one of syntactic constructions, the desired arrangement of words, preference for one term or another, etc.

Finding the most necessary words, precise forms of expression, and not saying unnecessary words is not an easy task. Poets experience it especially acutely: “A thought expressed is a lie” (Tyutchev); “Oh, if only it were possible to express one’s thoughts without words!” (A. Fet). N.A. Nekrasov noted: “...It’s always annoying when I come across the phrase “there are no words to express”, etc. Nonsense! The word is always there, but our minds are lazy.”

To the most typical speech accuracy disorders relate:

Verbosity and eloquence;

Inability to distinguish between paronyms - words with the same root that are close in meaning and scope of use, but different in structure and meaning ( intolerant-intolerable, dress-put on, base-substantiate, fact-factor);

Mixing homonyms - words that sound the same but have different meanings, which gives rise to puns and ambiguity (“start production”, “mat exercises”, “bring to your attention”);

Inaccuracy in understanding the meaning of terms;

Lack of clarity in polysemy - polysemy of a word (“private” - military man and - ordinary, ordinary, ordinary),

Confusion in the use of foreign and archaic words.

3. Logic as a sign of cultural speech is close and presupposes accuracy, but is not exhausted by it. This is not so much a way of using words as word compounds, construction of speech. Logicity requires us to have semantic consistency between the parts of one statement and several statements in one text. Two conditions are important here: logical thinking and logical presentation. Plato wittily remarked: “Every speech must be composed like a living creature - it must have a body with a head and legs, and the torso and limbs must fit.”

4. Purity of speech - a sign of cultural speech, manifested in two aspects: in the relationship of speech with the literary language and in its relationship with the moral criteria of communication. In pure speech there is no place for elements alien literary language, or rejected by moral standards. Violation of the first requirement gives rise to so-called “clogged speech”, violation of the second - “dirty speech”.

Speech culture involves the eradication of various types of linguistic “weeds” from speech. It can be:

Dialectisms are words characteristic of local dialects (dialects);

Barbarisms are the unmotivated inclusion of foreign words into speech;

Jargons are words and phrases used in jargons - branches of language serving closed groups and communities;

Vulgarisms are words and expressions that roughly, primitively designate objects or events that are humiliating and offensive to a person (expletive words, obscene language);

Stationery - linguistic cliches, words and phrases typical for business style, but inappropriate in others language styles(“to sharpen the question”, “takes place”, “at the forefront”, “to pick up the initiative”, “to put the question squarely”, “plays a big role”, “today”, etc.). A clear example of clericalism (along with other speech errors) is the text from the wall newspaper of the Housing Committee of Minsk on March 8, where they thank “women who give their energy, the warmth of their hearts and smiles for the benefit of those who exchange living quarters, who materially enrich your spiritual life (!).”

Of course, the use of words from some of the listed groups is possible in situations corresponding to their origin and stylistic coloring: when communicating between residents of the same area (dialectisms), in professional communication (jargonisms), in business communication and correspondence (clericalisms). Any linguistic phenomenon is legitimate if it is motivated by certain life circumstances, but not every speech can be recognized as cultural. Therefore, it is important not to create a barrier in communication with others by saturating your speech with incomprehensible, unpleasant or even offensive words and expressions and thereby demonstrating disrespect for your interlocutors or casual listeners.

5. Expressiveness how a property of speech provides and maintains the attention and interest of the listener. Speech is expressive and non-trivial, which stands out against the general background of a typical communication situation in terms of vocabulary, intonation, and structure. The hackneyed cannot be interesting. Expressiveness is always unusual, unexpected.

Choosing the right one is important tone of speech, which in a conversation means no less than gestures, postures and manner of communication. The same word or phrase can convey many shades of thought and feeling, depending on the tone in which it is spoken. There are many speech tones: pathetic-sublime, ordinary, ritual, etc. B. Shaw noted that there are fifty ways to say “yes” and five hundred ways to say “no,” and they will all carry different meanings.

It is necessary to take into account that we are influenced not only by the information contained in speech, but also by the way it is presented. For example, excessive voice volume leads to the fact that after 10 minutes the listener ceases to perceive speech that resembles a scream. The situation is similar with an excessively quiet voice, which forces the listener to tense up, causing the person to quickly get tired and stop listening.

6. Richness of speech - a property close to expressiveness. It involves a variety of speech, variability of vocabulary, syntax and intonation. Poor speech is monotonous, monotonous, boring. The richness of speech grows from a stock of words and knowledge of their meanings, a stock of models of phrases and sentences, a set of speech skills (the ability to explain, argue, convince, highlight semantic nuances). The richness of speech is facilitated by the use of proverbs, sayings, and popular expressions.

7. Appropriateness of speech - a special feature of speech culture associated with the concept of language and speech styles. Mixing styles or not complying with them is a sign of speech incivility. Saying “hello”, “hello”, “let me greet you”, expressing gratitude with the words “thank you”, “I am grateful to you” or “let me thank you” are not the same thing.

The appropriateness of speech and its compliance with the nature of communication depends on many factors:

On the nature of communications (private or business communication);

From the position of the communicants in time and space (contact or remote communication);

From the presence or absence of mediating means of communication (radio, Internet, fax, pager, telephone);

Based on the number of participants.

So, a culture of speech - the most important condition for the quality of communication. Knowledge of the basics of speech culture is a natural necessity for every teacher, and teaching them to his students is his professional duty.

Rules of speech command

Rules of speech behavior(For speaker For listening and for present when communicating) express normative and ethical function and provide a certain moral and psychological quality communication. Here are some of these rules that a teacher needs to know and follow and that he must instill in his students.

For the speaker :

Treat your interlocutor kindly; avoid negative assessments of his personality, especially in a vulgar form;

Find out, remember and name the names of those with whom you communicate;

Choose the topic of conversation correctly: it should be interesting and understandable to your partners;

Do not stick out your “I”, muffle your conceit; try to place the center of attention not on yourself and your assessments of events, but on the personality of the listener, his awareness and interest in the topic of conversation;

Do not start a conversation with issues on which you disagree with your partner, but first emphasize those aspects on which you agree;

Know how to instill in your communication partner the awareness of his significance: the art of recognizing the merits (and not humiliating or exposing) those around us must be learned and brought to automaticity.

For the listener:

Listen carefully to the speaker; prioritize listening over all other activities;

Listen kindly and patiently, as if advancing trust in your interlocutor; you will draw your final conclusion later;

Do not interrupt your interlocutor, no matter how much you want to, and especially do not try to turn the listening into your own speaking; remember - it is more important to receive information than to transmit it.

For those present:

If the interlocutors conducting the dialogue do not include you in the conversation, then, according to etiquette, you must “portray an empty space,” i.e. facial expression and posture demonstrate lack of interest in someone else’s conversation;

If communication between two parties is deliberately designed for the presence of a third and contains a hint of his involvement in the communication, take advantage of this: this is the position of an indirect addressee;

If the person present, being an involuntary listener, has information that is of interest to everyone, or can eliminate inaccuracies or misconceptions in the conversation, then, on his initiative, his inclusion in the circle of communication is allowed. In this case, you should delicately “wedge” into the speech space with the words: “Sorry for interfering.” The main thing here is to avoid tactlessness.

Speech etiquette

Speech etiquette assumes the ability to use speech standards in specific communication situations, in particular, when conducting personal or business conversations. Conversation etiquette includes choice of topic and rules of conduct for interlocutors.

Choosing a conversation topic depends on many factors: the reason for which people gathered, the cultural level of the interlocutors, the commonality of their interests. The topic of conversation, if possible, it should be interesting for everyone involved. Among unfamiliar people, you can start a conversation about a movie, a play, a concert, an exhibition. You can offer a discussion of a book you have read or the latest scientific achievements, which can give impetus to the emergence of new topics and thoughts. Usually everyone is attracted too political events. However, in the context of “general politicization,” be careful that the conversation on this topic turns into heated political battles.

It is impolite to talk about a topic in which someone present cannot participate. A tactful and polite interlocutor conducts a conversation with everyone present, without giving any obvious preference to anyone. When choosing a topic, you need to take into account the person you are talking to, the place where you are, and the mood of those around you.

The one who admires the sunset is not told about his work plans, and the one discussing the work plan is not told about yesterday’s party. They do not complain in public or in the presence of a third person about their affairs of the heart or domestic quarrels: this can put the interlocutor in an awkward position. In society, people do not tell scary stories and generally avoid anything that might evoke difficult memories or a gloomy mood. So, in the presence of a patient, they do not talk about death or the fact that he looks bad; on the contrary, they try to cheer him up. On the road, especially on an airplane, people don’t talk about air disasters; in a car, they don’t talk about car accidents. There is no talk at the table about things that could spoil the appetite or the pleasure of eating. The food on the table is not criticized or viewed with disapproval. By praising the home table, you will please the hostess.

Rules of conduct for interlocutors during a conversation are regulated mainly by norms politeness and tact. Therefore, for example, it is not recommended to show excessive curiosity in a conversation. It is impolite and tactless to penetrate into other people's intimate affairs. It is not customary to ask about a woman’s age, and it is even more indecent to make fun of her reluctance to talk about it.

You should only speak about others in a correct tone. Everyone should feel for themselves where simple interest in a person ends and where gossip begins, or even worse - slander. An ironic smile, a meaningful look, an ambiguous remark often discredits a person more than outright abuse.

The owner of the house or table should quietly direct the conversation, trying to start a general conversation and drawing shy guests into it. It’s better to say less yourself.

The ability to listen to your interlocutor, as already mentioned, is an indispensable requirement of speech etiquette. This, of course, does not mean that you need to sit silently. But it is tactless to interrupt another. Therefore, no matter how bored you are, you must be patient to listen to the end of the thought or story of another. When talking together, you also need to be able to listen. It happens that you have to remain silent when you feel that your words can inflame passions. You should not start a heated argument in defense of your opinion. Such arguments spoil the mood of those present.

Youth should avoid arguing with elders. Even when the elder is really wrong, and the younger one has not been able to convince him that he is right, it is better to stop the argument and switch the conversation to another topic. Young people are generally better off waiting for their elders to engage them in conversation. In turn, elders should give young people the opportunity to speak, without interrupting them.

A person who has the gift of wit must use his gift tactfully, without ridiculing others or making fun of them. You shouldn’t go out of your way just to make a joke.

A joke or anecdote, said by the way, is quite appropriate, but subject to good taste, wit and storytelling ability. Vulgarity is unacceptable in the company, regardless of the form in which it is presented.

In relation to the self-confident “know-it-all”, a well-mannered person behaves modestly and calmly, pretending not to notice his mistakes. If it is necessary to correct the speaker, you need to do it delicately, without offending him, resorting to expressions like: “Excuse me, were you mistaken?” and so on. Anyone can make a mistake. But the one who notices the mistake of another should not speak in a didactic tone.

It is impolite to correct the narrator with rude phrases like: “That’s not true,” “You don’t understand anything about this,” “It’s clear as day and known to every child,” etc. The same idea can be expressed politely, without insulting the other, for example: “Sorry, but I don’t agree with you,” “It seems to me that you are wrong,” “I have a different opinion,” etc.

It is also impolite to separate yourself from society by organizing a separate “club”. People in the company do not whisper, it is perceived as an insult. If they need to say something important, they discreetly retire. If the whole society speaks one language, it is impolite to speak another language to anyone. If among those gathered there is a person who does not speak the local language, they try to translate the conversation for him.

A well-mannered person does not “color” his speech with strong expressions, does not scold, does not gossip, and does not interrupt others.

Don’t “jabber,” but don’t stretch out your words either; Don't mutter under your breath, but don't shout either. Do not nudge your partner with your elbow when talking, do not pat him on the shoulder, do not touch his buttons or sleeves, and do not brush away specks of dust from his clothes. Don't gesticulate or spit. Loud, attention-grabbing laughter is indecent.

You need to be attentive to your interlocutor, look him in the eyes, but not defiantly, but calmly and kindly.

During a conversation, do not engage in extraneous things, do not read, do not talk to your neighbor, do not play with any object, do not examine the ceiling, do not look dreamily out the window or wander your gaze past your interlocutor. This behavior is offensive.

The teacher must constantly keep in mind that a high level a culture of speech, compliance with the rules speech behavior And speech etiquette designed to help him and his students achieve success in communication and mutual understanding with other people.

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