The problem of terrorism should be solved by... The All-Russian Center for the Study of Public Opinion (VTsIOM) presented data from its representative survey on the attitude of Russian residents to terrorist attacks in Volgograd, how they assess the ability of the authorities to protect the population from new terrorist attacks, and how the problem of terrorism should be addressed. 45% of Russian residents are of the opinion that the December terrorist attacks in Volgograd could have been prevented. In turn, 44% of respondents, on the contrary, tend to think that terrorist attacks could not be avoided and it is impossible to protect against terrorism. After the first (October) terrorist attack in Volgograd, 49% thought so. The majority of respondents (63%) are skeptical about the ability of the authorities to protect the population from new terrorist attacks . Only a third of respondents (29%) are confident that Russian authorities will be able to protect citizens from terrorist acts. After the explosions in the Moscow metro 3 years ago, a similar answer was given by 36% of respondents (April 2010), and after the seizure of a school in Beslan, 10 years ago, by 28% of respondents (September 2004). The problem of terrorism should be solved only by eliminating terrorists - this point of view is shared by the majority of Russian residents (78%) . Over the past 10 years, the opinion of Russian residents on this issue has remained virtually unchanged (in 2002, 70% of respondents gave a similar answer). Today only 15% of respondents talk about the need to negotiate with terrorists.

IAREX: Is it possible to agree with the opinionthat the problem of terrorism should be solved by eliminating terrorists?

Sergey Skokov, Lieutenant General of the Reserve, Chief of the General Staff - First Deputy Commander-in-Chief Ground forces Russian Armed Forces until October 2011:

To take revenge on your saint

The orphan forges a dagger.

Born to that orphan,

The dagger gives birth to orphans.

Rasul Gamzatov

In my opinion, it is dangerous and ineffective to fight a phenomenon that is poorly studied and not fully understood. The fight against terrorism should be based on the uncompromising policy of the state, developed on the basis scientific knowledge And combat experience: our country in the most short time it is necessary to create new directions in science and military art that will allow us to study and understand this phenomenon. It was this problem that was devoted to my detailed article "", published earlier on the REX news agency website. In addition, speaking about the fight against terrorism, it is appropriate to draw an analogy with the life of our villagers: the more often a peasant mows the weeds on his plot, the thicker and faster it grows. Having mowed down one branch of the terrorist underground, we often get several more gangster groups in its place, which occurs due to incomplete knowledge of the phenomenon, the presence of external pressure and internal unresolved contradictions. For many people who have fallen under the influence of corresponding destructive propaganda, the search for truth becomes possible only through war, destruction and pain - through terrorism. For other people, terrorism - in its various manifestations - is a banal way of acquiring wealth, a kind of business. For other citizens, who have a kind of immunity based on decent upbringing and knowledge, terrorism is a means unacceptable in peaceful life.

Ultimately, the fight against terrorism can be effectively waged in various forms and ways, by attracting a wide variety of forces and means and their various matrix combinations. The experience of uncompromising destruction of militants who do not want to surrender, accumulated by our special services, especially in the North Caucasus, may also be useful. The experience of the President of the Republic of Ingushetia, Yunus-Bek Yevkurov, and the Head of the Chechen Republic, Ramzan Kadyrov, who have introduced and are actively using the practice of adapting militants, is also incredibly important. Interesting is the experience of struggle accumulated over last years civil war in Syria. And, of course, the experience accumulated by the Soviet government in strengthening interethnic and interfaith peace, the experience of its own training of personnel for various religions. But in any case, in my opinion, we need to make sure that there are no weeds on our native land so that lush, beautiful lawn grass will be green everywhere, which will only need to be looked after and trimmed occasionally.

Ilya Rosenfeld, political scientist (Israel):

In Israel they have proposed and are still proposing to introduce the death penalty with each new round of terror, and they are even creating and offering to sign similar petitions on the Internet. It seems to me that one of the correct approaches to solving the issue is the concept of “terror infrastructure”, as well as how to deal with it. Infrastructure is not physical resources and factors, but an ideology that encourages people to commit terrorist attacks, recruiting them. That is, we are talking about the mental factor. In other words, the main infrastructure of terror is in the heads of those who carry it out. This means that by destroying or neutralizing a terrorist or a cell of terrorists, or even an entire terrorist organization, terrorism will not be eradicated. But he also has a source - preachers in mosques (and in the case of Jewish terrorists in Israel - preachers in Jewish religious institutions, which are monitored by the "Jewish department" of the Shin Bet - the General Security Service). Therefore, in my opinion, we should look for the guilty not in the terrorists themselves and their families (who also live in fear and do not always believe that their children died for their faith), but in those who train and finance them. It is possible that, in the spirit of conspiracy theories, the search may lead to very unusual power, security and financial structures with seemingly contradictory interests.

Kirill Myamlin, publicist:

The problem of terrorism can be solved initially by restoring social justice and restoring moral standards. We need to pay attention to who becomes terrorists today - often native Russians. Why? Russia, occupied by “persons of liberal nationality”, where a nation not united by anyone, against the backdrop of a treacherous anti-Christian ruling regime and collaborationism of church hierarchs, began a massive transition to radical Islam - as a form of protest against “professional consumerism” and the ongoing action to push the country into the “world civilized” on the terms of a second-class nation. Actually, hence the transition of Russians to radical Islam - offering, on the one hand, an “ummah” - a community of fellow believers ready to help each other, as required by religion, and, on the other hand, a protest organization, an organized paramilitary formation and a religious sect based on strict principles opposed the surrounding reality in which a person does not see any prospects. The fact that this movement is sponsored ideologically and financially, incl. from abroad does not change matters. Because the terrorist-executor today is not a spy sent in, whom we don’t feel sorry for, but citizens of our country. Therefore, “stopping terrorism by killing terrorists” is tantamount to cutting pieces from ourselves until we cut ourselves completely. By the way, terror is beneficial not only to “global manipulators” - but also to local power holders. Because periodic messages about the “elimination of terrorists” raise their ratings and make “the sheep huddle closer to the shepherds.”

Yuri Yuryev, political constructor:

There is nothing to talk about with those who have transferred themselves to the status of terrorists. And we need to talk to those who can become terrorists. And speak frankly. The more we discuss the problems of any intercessors, the less we will have to condemn any criminals. By the way, communication can identify antisocials in the early stages. As a rule, they are distinguished by unbridled shockingness, a kind of emotional acquisition contrary to the wishes of others and at their expense. As soon as a person shows disrespect for people, culture, etiquette and the rest of the civilizational accumulations of humanity, he is already exposed as treating others as food.

To the question People, please tell me how to solve the problem of terrorism??? given by the author Black Hundred the best answer is Important feature modernity is that today man endlessly struggles with the effect, and not with the cause. E. Fromm also pointed out the confusion between the basic and the derivative. The same situation arises with the problem of terrorism. On purpose or accidentally, but modern politicians they are trying to confront and fight not the reasons that gave rise to terrorism, but its cruel and inhuman manifestations.
Many scientific minds have repeatedly pointed out that the causes of terrorism as any social phenomenon lie in the imperfection of society itself. Therefore, in order to eradicate this phenomenon, it is necessary to change the state of society, and this requires a set of measures.
1) Social measures.
According to Z. Brzezinski, “the deteriorating conditions of human existence, the demographic explosion in the poor countries of the world and the simultaneous urbanization of the population lead not only to a rapid increase in the number of poor people, but also to the emergence, mainly, of millions of unemployed and increasingly dissatisfied young people, a level of disappointment which is growing at an impressive rate." It would be logical to develop assistance and development programs for potentially dangerous regions both at the domestic and international levels. The development of enterprises and the provision of employment for the indigenous population will become an alternative to terrorist activities. After all, a person who has something to lose will first think before committing illegal actions. When developing assistance programs, it is important to lay in advance the opportunity for healthy development, rather than a dependent, dependent existence.
2) Economic measures.
It's no secret that terrorism is closely linked to crime and drug trafficking. The main source of funding for the infrastructure for training militants, the weapons supply system, and organizing terrorist attacks is the drug trade. Transportation of opium and heroin from the countries of the Golden Crescent (Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan) brings in hundreds of millions of dollars in income. UN programs to replace opium plantations with crops have not been successful. However, the analysis of the reasons for these failures and the introduction of adjustments to these programs are not discussed as widely and as much as programs for interaction between special services, bringing the legislative framework to a common denominator, etc. A more effective measure would be the fight against narcotic sources of financing terrorist activities, rather than total control over foreign exchange transactions and banking activities.
3) Cultural and political measures.
Civil society should be built on the principles of tolerance and mutual respect not only within a single state, but also at the international level. There should be no rogue countries in the world. Every state should have equal rights and opportunities, like any citizen in a democratic state. In building a civil society, there is an important principle of decentralization, which makes it difficult to strike and achieve the chaos effect desired by the terrorist. A polycentric world is much more stable and stable than a unipolar or bipolar system.
The proposed measures seem at least naive if nation states will continue their course of technologization of power at the internal and external levels.
I can’t believe that in a world where man has mastered outer space, learned to move at the speed of light, where he has created transnational corporations whose budgets exceed the budgets of national states, where the movement of financial resources in one day has reached the phenomenal figure of $1 trillion, I can’t believe it. that in this world it is not possible to solve any problem.
But following the law of maximizing control while minimizing resource expenditure, national states, either alone or together, will not be able to solve the problems that modernity poses to them. And the problem of terrorism, along with demographic, environmental, nuclear and other problems, will add to the treasury of global threats, over the elimination of which scientists will rack their brains and the list of which will be replenished by power-hungry people

One of the most popular courses at Swarthmore College (USA) explores how to counter terrorism without resorting to violence. Events that have recently occurred in France have made our course more relevant than ever (the course program was published in 2009 in the study guide "Peace, Justice, and Security Studies: A Curriculum Guide"["Peace, Justice and Security: Course Curriculum"]). In fact, the “war on terrorism” declared by the world after September 11, 2001 was almost everywhere accompanied by an increase in the terrorist threat.

But did you know that non-military techniques lead, historically speaking, to reducing the threat of terror?

I prepared for my students eight non-military methods that were used in one country or another. At its core, these were eight “tools” that students had to work with. We did not waste time criticizing military anti-terrorism operations, since we were much more interested in studying alternative paths solutions to an existing problem.

A soldier guarding the main synagogue in Bordeaux (France). January 2015. Photo: www.gettyimages.com

Each student chose a country located somewhere in the world that was currently exposed to a terrorist threat, and took on the role of consultant to that state, developing a defense strategy using nonviolent tools.

It was hard work, but at the same time it was extremely interesting. Most of the students threw themselves into it and came up with impeccable strategies.

Students especially enjoyed brainstorming synergistic effects—for example, what would happen if technique #3 was used simultaneously with techniques #2 and #5? At the same time, I was there, hoping that we could spend an extra semester to learn how to use our tools in a comprehensive manner, and not just as a complement to each other, to see that a holistic approach becomes more effective than the one-time application of techniques separately.

Some students who believed that armed confrontation was crucial discovered a new vision for solving the problem. They realized that success in some countries had been achieved by using only two or three nonviolent techniques, and that there was significant untapped potential: for example, if countries used all the techniques at once, taking advantage of their synergistic effect. And my question arises: why then cannot nations completely switch to non-violent tools to protect themselves from terrorism?

What are these 8 techniques?

1. Creation of joint projects and infrastructure for the purpose of economic development.

Poverty and terrorism are directly related. Economic development can help reduce the number of terrorist recruits and find allies, especially if this development took place through democratic means. For example, the terror carried out by the Northern Irish Republican Army was significantly reduced due to the creation of new jobs for ordinary members, as well as an increase in the level of economic development.

2. Reducing cultural isolation.

As France, Britain and other states have already seen, the cultural isolation of any group from the rest of the population is not safe or reasonable: the increase in the number of terrorists is only provoked under these conditions. This pattern is also evident at the international level. Often this isolation is not intentional, however, and it can be reduced. “Freedom of the press” is transformed into “provocative publications” when there is a marginalized part of the population that the majority places one step lower, such as Muslims in France. As English-speaking Canada reduced its level of isolation, this in turn reduced the threat of terrorism in Quebec.

3. Nonviolent protests/defender campaigns and unarmed civilian peacemakers.

Terrorism occurs largely due to one or another accompanying situation and therefore depends on it. Some terrorist campaigns ended in failure because popular support was withdrawn. This is because the strategy of terror is often used to attract attention or provoke a violent response, thereby gaining even greater support among the general population.

The rise and fall of support for terrorism, respectively, depend on whether the social movement uses popular anger or nonviolent struggle. Thus, the American civil rights movement flawlessly dealt with the threat to its activists posed by Ku Klux Klan(KKK), which was especially dangerous when there was no effective means legal protection. Nonviolent tactics reduced the KKK's appeal among white segregationists. Since the 1980s, pacifists and other activists have additionally begun to use another promising tool: volunteer units of trained unarmed civilian peacekeepers (e.g. International Peace Brigades).

4. Training in pro-conflict behavior, as well as practicing the acquired skills of non-violent struggle.

It sounds ironic, but terror often happens where the population tries to suppress conflicts at the root, instead of supporting their open expression. In this regard, one technique for reducing the level of terror is to disseminate a pro-conflict point of view, as well as non-violent techniques, which together will help people seeking to develop a conflict to express their grievances as fully as possible.

5. Reconstruction programs after the end of terror.

Terror cannot always be prevented, just like any other crime. Remember that terrorists often have the goal of dividing groups of people. Restorative programs can help prevent the polarization of views that creates a cycle of hatred in which the most violent members of one side feed the hatred of similar members of the other. One example of such a cycle is the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.

Restorative programs build resilience so people don't become locked in fear and create self-fulfilling prophecies. Immersion in rehabilitation counseling can also be combined with innovative rituals, such as those used by the Norwegians after the 2011 terrorist massacre.

6. Police officers as peacekeepers: an infrastructure of laws and regulations.

Police work can be made much more effective by involving the public in policing, as well as reducing the social distance between the police and those they serve. In some countries, this requires a rethinking of the role of the police and a change in their primary task of protecting property. ruling class to the function of fulfilling the duties of true peacekeepers; an example is the unarmed Icelandic police. Countries like the United States need to join the growing global human rights system, which is reflected in Anti-Personnel Mine Ban Convention and creation International Criminal Court. We also need to recognize the responsibility of our own officials, who may very well be war criminals.

7. Changing policies and concepts of reckless behavior

Governments sometimes take steps that appear to be an invitation—almost a demand—for terrorists to retaliate. Political scientist and one-time US Air Force consultant Robert A. Pape demonstrated in 2005 how the US has consistently done this by sending troops to another country. In his recently published book "Cutting the Fuse"(“Breaking the Fuse”), he and James K. Feldman provide concrete examples of states reducing the terrorist threat level after abandoning such reckless behavior. To protect themselves from terror, citizens in all countries need to exercise control over their own government and must force the government to change its policies when necessary.

8. Negotiation

Governments often say, “We don't negotiate with terrorists,” but when they say this, they are often lying. States have often reduced or eliminated the threat of terrorism through negotiations, and negotiation skills continue to grow and become more effective.

Practical application of non-military methods of defense against terrorism

At the request of a group of American counterterrorism experts, I told them about our work at Swarthmore, mainly about the eight techniques described. These experts recognized that each of these tools had actually been used in real-life situations in one place or another with varying degrees of success. They also did not see the problems that might arise in developing an integrated strategy that would create synergies between these methods.

The challenge they saw was convincing the government to take such a bold, innovative step.

As an American, I see a direct contradiction between, on the one hand, my government's enormous efforts to convince taxpayers that we desperately need our bloated military and, on the other hand, new policy, which mobilizes various forces to effectively ensure the safety of people. I understand that for my state and for some others like it, a revolution in the way of thinking may be required first of all.

What I love about the alternative, non-military methods of protection that we have in stock is that they no matter what meet the real need of my fellow citizens for security. Psychologist Abraham Maslow has long pointed out the fundamental human need for safety. However, it is clear that analyzing and criticizing militarism will not improve anyone's security. But by holding an alternative solution to a problem in mind, as my students did, we can give people the psychological space they need to invest energy in something more life-giving.

Our role at the initial stage

The good news is that some of these eight techniques can be used by civil society without waiting for support from government leaders that may never come. Using at least two of these techniques is a straightforward task: teaching the masses the skills and strategy of nonviolent protest and conveying a pro-conflict point of view.

Movement Black Lives Matter(Black Lives Matter) attracted a lot of white people to take the side of black people - it specific example reducing sociocultural isolation and using a concept that creates dozens of creative approaches to seeing oneself as part of the majority (Christian, middle class, etc.). We can also initiate the creation of recovery programs for people who have survived acts of terrorism, as was done after the Boston Marathon bombing.

Activists launch campaigns to force the government to reverse some of its reckless policies, but can sometimes forget to set limits. It is important for fearful people to know that activists share a common fear, and that they are on the same side as people who want safety.

In my opinion, these five of the eight tools can be used by people taking grassroots initiatives to reduce the terrorist threat. They can be combined with movement Transition Town(“City of Changes”) or others who aim to bring a holistic and positive approach instead of fear, which, on the contrary, depresses and paralyzes. After all, as is usually the case, those who help others first of all lighten their own burden.

George Lakey
2015

Terrorism, as well as its consequences, is one of the main and most dangerous problems faced by modern world. The reality of the present time is the fact that terrorism increasingly threatens the security of most countries and entails enormous political, economic and moral losses. Any country, any person can become its victims. The problem of terrorism at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries. has acquired special significance due to its globalization, increased activity, and, consequently, the growing scale of the threat.

Terrorism has developed most since the 60s of the 20th century, when entire regions of the world were covered with zones and centers of activity of terrorist organizations and groups of various orientations. Today there are about 500 illegal terrorist organizations in the world. From 1968 to 1980, they committed about 6,700 terrorist attacks, resulting in 3,668 deaths and 7,474 injuries.

An unprecedented increase in terrorist attacks occurred in the last decade of the 20th century. Over ten years, 6,500 acts of international terrorism were committed, which killed 5 thousand people and injured more than 11 thousand people. Thousands of ordinary citizens in different cities of the world were victims of terror, including Moscow, St. Petersburg, Budennovsk, Pervomaisk, Grozny, and in a number of regions of Dagestan.

Currently, there is an increase in the public danger of terrorism, both for international relations, and for national security, the constitutional order and the rights of citizens of the most diverse countries in the world. Terrorism is becoming a long-term factor in modern political life. In addition, the connection between state and domestic terrorism continues and intensifies.

These findings were confirmed by the events of September 11, 2001 in New York and Washington. These terrorist acts are the most daring and large-scale action of international terrorists, as a result of which several thousand people were immediately killed.

Terrorism is a multifaceted phenomenon: it intertwines political, legal, psychological, philosophical, historical, technological and other aspects. It is no coincidence that the international community has failed to develop a generally acceptable definition of this important political category.

Terror as a special form of political violence is characterized by cruelty, purposefulness and apparent effectiveness. These features predetermined the widespread use of terror throughout human history as a means of political struggle in the interests of the state, organizations and individual groups of people.

“Terror” in Russian is defined as intimidation of an enemy through physical violence, up to and including destruction, and terrorism is the practice of terror. The actions of terrorists are not always associated with murder, but always involve violence, coercion, and threat. The goals can also be different: purely selfish, based on the thirst for profit; political, including from narrow corporate ones to the overthrow of the state system. Terrorist acts are also committed for the sake of an idea. Therefore, those who share the ideas of a terrorist often call him a patriot, freedom fighter, oppositionist, etc.

IN modern conditions There is an escalation of terrorist activities by extremist individuals, groups and organizations, its nature is becoming more complex, and the sophistication and inhumanity of terrorist acts are increasing. According to studies by a number of Russian scientists and data from foreign research centers, the total budget in the field of terrorism is annually from 5 to 20 billion dollars.

Terrorism has already acquired an international, global character. Until relatively recently, terrorism could be spoken of as a local phenomenon. In the 80-90s. XX century it has already become a phenomenon on a global scale. This is due to the expansion and globalization of international relations and interaction in various fields.

The world community's concern about the growth of terrorist activity is due to the large number of victims of terrorists and the enormous material damage caused by terror.

Every year, hundreds and even thousands of people die as a result of terrorist attacks in various parts of the world. As a rule, these are peaceful citizens who have become unwitting hostages of someone’s evil will.

So, for two days, from September 1 to 2, 2004, in the gym of school No. 1 in Beslan (Republic North Ossetia- Alanya) terrorists held teachers, students and their parents - more than 1,200 people in total. As a result of the explosion carried out by terrorists, the roof of the gym collapsed. 331 people died, including 172 children, and 559 people were injured.

The variety of terrorist activities is increasing, which is increasingly linked to national, religious, ethnic conflicts, separatist and liberation movements.

Terrorist activity in modern conditions is characterized by:

Wide scope, absence of clearly defined state borders, presence of communication and interaction with international terrorist centers and organizations;

Tough organizational structure, consisting of management and operational levels, intelligence and counterintelligence units, logistics, combat groups and cover;

Strict secrecy and careful selection of personnel;

Availability of agents in law enforcement and government agencies;

Good technical equipment, competing with, and even superior to, the equipment of government military units;

The presence of an extensive network of secret shelters, training bases and polygons.

It is characteristic that, having received modern means of conducting information war, international terrorism imposes its ideas and its assessments of the situation on peoples, and widely and successfully solves mobilization tasks to attract young people into its ranks, not to mention professional mercenaries.

Today, terrorism is no longer only and not so much about lone saboteurs, airplane hijackers and kamikaze killers. Modern terrorism consists of powerful structures with equipment corresponding to their scale. The examples of Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Kosovo, Chechnya and the powerful patrons and donors behind them show that modern terrorism is capable of waging a sabotage and terrorist war and participating in large-scale armed conflicts. Terrorism has turned into a very profitable business on a global scale with a developed “labor market” (mercenaries and others) and investment of capital (weapons suppliers, drug trafficking, etc.).

Of particular concern is the intensification of international terrorism and the expansion of its connections with transnational organized crime, drug trafficking, money laundering, the purchase of large quantities of weapons and ammunition, as well as nuclear, chemical, biological and other dangerous materials for the fight against various countries and peoples in the modern world .

The distinctive features of modern terrorism are:

Formation of international and regional governing bodies to resolve issues of planning terrorist activities, preparing and conducting specific operations, organizing interaction between individual groups and performers involved in a particular action;

Inciting anti-government sentiments in society in order to successfully fight for influence and power;

Penetration into public and state political, economic and security structures;

Creation of an extensive network of centers and bases for training militants and supporting operations in various regions of the world, creating a network of underground, hiding places and warehouses of weapons and ammunition in various countries and regions;

Creation of a network of firms, companies, banks, funds that are used as a cover for terrorists, financing and comprehensive support for their operations;

Concentration of financial resources in the hands of terrorists due to the merging of terrorism with drug trafficking and arms trafficking;

Use of the right to political asylum, residence, activity and base provided by a number of states;

Using conflict and crisis situations to spread your influence.

Terrorist groups are actively using modern advances in science and technology to their advantage and have gained wide access to information and modern military technologies. Terrorism is acquiring new forms and opportunities due to the increasing integration of the international community, the development of information, economic and financial ties, the expansion of migration flows and the weakening of controls over border crossings.

Terrorism is looking for new, increasingly cruel and large-scale methods of intimidation. The terrorists crossed a fundamental boundary - they resorted (in the Japanese subway) to the use of means of mass destruction. According to foreign experts, terrorists have already made more than once attempts to “grope” the way to weapons of mass destruction, tried to seize them or produce them, penetrate nuclear institutions or facilities, use potent toxic agents, commit sabotage against existing and under construction nuclear installations and nuclear power plants. Public opinion in a number of countries is constantly agitated by rumors about theft and illegal commercial transactions with fissile materials and their secret transportation abroad.

Thus, terrorism turned out to be directly related to the problem of the survival of mankind and ensuring the security of the state. He is not inclined to stop at anything to achieve his goals. Internationally, terrorism has spread like a terrible epidemic.

The growing activity of terrorism requires the adoption of emergency measures on an international scale now.

The fight against terrorism, as international and domestic experience shows, can be effective if it is built on the following principles:

Preventing terrorist acts through properly organized operational activities, planning and preparation for the disruption of planned terrorist actions;

Minimal concessions to terrorists. During negotiations, only private, tactical concessions can be allowed to gain time and carry out preparatory measures for carrying out the most effective operation under the current conditions;

Minimizing casualties and damage during the anti-terrorist operation;

The inevitability of punishment for terrorist activities.

Currently, the fight against terrorism, depending on its specific forms and historical characteristics, must be carried out comprehensively, in several main areas:

1. By improving the activities of special structures that are directly responsible for the fight against terrorism. In modern conditions, the role of intelligence activities, which are capable of anticipating, i.e., is sharply increasing. prevent a terrorist attack.

2. Through military operations.

International law considers retaliatory force against terrorists permissible when the perpetrator of a terrorist act is beyond doubt. In addition, the retaliatory strike must be commensurate with the damage caused by terrorists; the victim of terrorism must seek other means of influence against the direct perpetrators and accomplices of terrorist actions in order to prevent their recurrence in the future.

3. Using a negotiation process aimed at ending terrorist activities, gradually solving pressing social problems and establishing lasting peace in the country or region.

International experience shows that negotiations with terrorists can have some success.

1. In connection with the transformation of international terrorism into global threat It is necessary to coordinate the efforts of the countries of the world to fight and counter this evil.

The tragic Moscow events of October 23-26, 2002 in the cultural center on Dubrovka and September 1-2, 2004 in Beslan once again reminded us that it is necessary to wage a merciless fight against terrorism. To ensure the necessary effectiveness of this fight, a simultaneous targeted impact on the social factors and conditions that determine terrorism and favor its spread is required. A wide range of government bodies with the involvement of the public should participate in solving problems intended for the implementation of social, criminological and special prevention.

The Federal Law “On the Fight against Terrorism,” which entered into force on August 4, 1998, for the first time in the history of our country, legislatively established a system of measures to counter this threat.

According to the Law, entities directly involved in the fight against terrorism in Russian Federation, are: the Federal Security Service (FSB), the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Federal Security Service (FSO), the Ministry of Defense (MO), and the entities involved in the prevention, detection and suppression of terrorist activities in within their competence, there are also other federal executive authorities, the list of which is determined by the Government of the Russian Federation (clause 3 of article 6 of the Law).

The strategy to counter terrorism includes:

Ideological, informational, organizational counteraction to the formation of terrorist intentions and sentiments among citizens;

Legal, informational, administrative and operational counteraction to the emergence of terrorist (extremist) groups and organizations;

Preventing the acquisition of weapons, ammunition and other means of carrying out criminal acts by persons harboring terrorist intentions;

Prevention of terrorist actions at the stage of their preparation and attempt;

Operational, combat, criminal-legal suppression of terrorist actions at the stage of their implementation.

In recent years, identifying hotbeds of terrorism in the near and far abroad that threaten the interests of Russia and its national security has become of particular importance. A particular threat is posed by extremist and terrorist organizations in the Muslim world, which achieve their goals by launching subversive work, including armed struggle on the territory of Russia and its neighboring countries.

Radical Muslim organizations located in Chechnya receive financial assistance from their organizations in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE, Qatar, Egypt, Jordan, Pakistan. One of the sponsors is Saudi billionaire Osama bin Laden. The activities of Islamist organizations in Chechnya are supported on an ongoing basis by Ukrainian nationalists from the UNA - UNSO organization.

This is not a complete picture of the activities of international terrorism, which is increasingly trying to turn the post-Soviet space, especially Russia, into a zone of its active operations. Only a brutal and uncompromising fight against terror will provide Russia and its citizens with confidence in the future.

Russia is ready to make its contribution to the overall efforts of the anti-terrorist coalition, despite the fact that many Western states participating in it have recently sharply criticized us for the actions of federal forces in the fight against militants in Chechnya.

The population is constantly in motion, in quantitative and qualitative change, reproduced through a change of generations, as well as through territorial movements. The population of the Earth forms the demographic situation, i.e. the state of demographic processes (growth and reproduction of the population, changes in its composition, migration mobility).

The rapid growth of the world population, most of which occurs in developing countries with backward economies and undeveloped social sphere who are unable to turn this growth to the benefit of their development, creates a global demographic problem, the importance and significance of which is now recognized by all states, which have realized that the relationship between population development and nature is more fragile than previously thought, and that the rise of armed conflicts and the arms race, especially in developing countries, lead to enormous material costs, significantly impairing the possibilities for economic and social development and thereby for solving population problems.

Uncontrolled migration and urbanization are turning from positive phenomena into negative ones. Solving all these problems is possible only with the joint efforts of the entire world community.

Solutions:

In 1969, within the framework of the UN, a special UN Fund for Activities in the Field of Population was created and World Conferences on Population Problems were held under its auspices. One of the main documents of the fund was the World Population Action Plan (program), adopted in Bucharest (1997) for twenty years. The program examined issues of fertility, mortality and population growth rates, issues of urbanization and migration.

The basis for the actual solution of population problems according to the plan is, first of all, socio-economic transformations. The program examines the relationships between population, sustainable economic growth and sustainable development, and calls for policies and laws to better support families and promote family stability.

Many states began to regulate population growth. The government of the most populous country, the PRC, set out to limit the birth rate by prohibiting families from having more than one child. As a result, annual population growth decreased from 2.8 to 1.0% and became below the world average. By the Chinese way Populous India also decided to follow. In some developed countries (France, Germany, Denmark) a policy is being pursued aimed at increasing the fertility rate: families with two or more children are allocated good benefits and are provided with various benefits.

Terrorism is the ideology of violence and the practice of influencing public consciousness and decision-making by authorities state power, local governments or international organizations related to intimidation of the population and/or other forms of illegal violent actions.

Terrorism in all its forms and manifestations, in its scale and intensity, in its inhumanity and cruelty, has now become one of the most acute and pressing problems of global significance.

The emergence of terrorism entails massive human casualties, the destruction of spiritual, material, and cultural values ​​that cannot be recreated over centuries. It generates hatred and mistrust between social and national groups.

Terrorist acts have led to the need to create international system fight him. For many people, groups, organizations, terrorism has become a way to solve problems: political, religious, national. Terrorism refers to those types of criminal violence that can target innocent people, anyone who has nothing to do with the conflict.

Solutions:

Destruction of a network of terrorist cells.

Terrorists traditionally have a strict hierarchy of leaders. Therefore, the destruction or arrest of the leaders has a destructive effect on them.

Political transformation.

In some cases, it was possible to stop the destructive activities of terrorists by directing their efforts to the area of ​​political struggle.

Depriving terrorists of their basis in the form of popular support.

Terrorist groups may operate for a long time only with the support of the population or some part of it. This allows them to recruit new fighters, obtain the necessary resources, successfully hide and conduct reconnaissance. However, such assistance may be lost by them. This happens, for example, if fear of punishment from the state turns out to be stronger than desire help terrorists.

It is also possible to withdraw their support by providing local residents with alternatives that are more beneficial to them. This could be the creation of new jobs, the elimination of discrimination against a national or religious minority, etc.

Conducting army operations and repression.

In many cases, terrorists are destroyed with the help of troops, although to a greater extent this is the work of intelligence services and the police.

Application of modern information technologies.

Cellular, Email, other programs for communicating via the Internet led to the creation of “cyberterrorist” organizations. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor and suppress the use of information technology by terrorists.

Control test tasks

• 1. Homosphere is:
• 1) the space where a person is in the process of his activity;
• 2) an environmentally hazardous forest area;
• 3) space in which the working area and the noxosphere are combined;
• 4) a space in which dangers arise or constantly exist.

• 2. An emergency situation is:
• 1) a state in which, as a result of the occurrence of a source natural disaster on certain territory or economic object are violated normal conditions life and activity of people, there is a threat to their life and health, damage to the property of the population is caused, national economy and the environment;
• 2) accident, catastrophe;
• 3) threat to human life;
• 4) a state in which, as a result of the occurrence of a source emergency in a certain territory or economic facility, normal living conditions and activities of people are disrupted, a threat arises to their life and health, damage is caused to the property of the population, the national economy and the environment.

• 3. Monitoring environment means:
• 1) observation and forecast;
• 2) analysis and forecast;
• 3) observation, analysis and forecast.

Practical task

You are in a room on the fifth floor. A fire started. Your actions

• 1. Stay calm and don’t let others panic.
• 2. Call the fire department (01)
• 3. Try to get onto the outside stairs and go down. (This the best option, because it is smoke-free)

If the external staircase is too far away, inaccessible, or does not exist, then:

• 4. Collect more oxygen, protect the respiratory tract from smoke and carbon monoxide in any way (cotton-gauze bandages, scarves, towels, etc.). (To avoid suffocation, since fire burns oxygen.)
• 5. Try to go down inside the building. Do not use the elevator. (During a fire, the wiring may burn out and the elevator will stop, leaving the occupant trapped in the middle of the burning building.)
• 6. If the epicenter is on the 1st floor, then you need to go down as low as possible and try to get out through the window, for example, by tying several sheets. (Because it may not be possible to go down to the 1st floor or too dangerous)