Natural phenomena are ordinary, sometimes even supernatural, climatic and meteorological events that occur naturally in all corners of the planet. It could be snow or rain, familiar from childhood, or it could be incredibly destructive or earthquakes. If such events take place away from a person and do not cause him material damage, they are considered unimportant. Nobody will pay attention to this. Otherwise dangerous natural phenomena are considered by humanity as natural disasters.

Research and observations

People began to study characteristic natural phenomena in ancient times. However, it was possible to systematize these observations only in the 17th century; even a separate branch of science (natural science) was formed that studied these events. However, despite many scientific discoveries, to this day some natural phenomena and processes remain poorly understood. Most often, we see the consequence of this or that event, but we can only guess about the root causes and build various theories. Researchers in many countries are working to predict the occurrence, and most importantly, prevent them. possible appearance or at least reducing the damage caused by natural phenomena. And yet, despite all the destructive power of such processes, a person always remains a person and strives to find something beautiful and sublime in this. What natural phenomenon is most fascinating? They could be listed for a long time, but perhaps it should be noted such as a volcanic eruption, a tornado, a tsunami - they are all beautiful, despite the destruction and chaos that remain after them.

Weather phenomena of nature

Natural phenomena characterize the weather with its seasonal changes. Each season has its own set of events. For example, in the spring the following snowmelt, floods, thunderstorms, clouds, wind, and rain are observed. In the summer, the sun gives the planet an abundance of heat; natural processes at this time are most favorable: clouds, warm winds, rains and, of course, rainbows; but they can also be severe: thunderstorms, hail. In autumn the temperature changes, the days become cloudy and rainy. During this period, the following phenomena prevail: fog, leaf fall, frost, first snow. in winter vegetable world falls asleep, some animals hibernate. The most common natural phenomena are: freeze-up, blizzard, blizzard, snow, which appear on the windows

All these events are commonplace for us; we have not paid attention to them for a long time. Now let's look at the processes that remind humanity that it is not the crown of everything, and planet Earth just sheltered it for a while.

Natural hazards

These are extreme and severe climate and meteorological events that occur in all parts of the world, but some regions are considered more vulnerable to certain types of events compared to others. Natural hazards become disasters when infrastructure is destroyed and people die. These losses represent major obstacles to human development. It is almost impossible to prevent such cataclysms; all that remains is timely forecasting of events in order to prevent casualties and material damage.

However, the difficulty lies in the fact that dangerous natural phenomena can occur on different scales and in different time. In fact, each of them is unique in its own way, and therefore it is very difficult to predict it. For example, flash floods and tornadoes are destructive but short-lived events that affect relatively small areas. Other dangerous disasters, such as droughts, can develop very slowly but affect entire continents and entire populations. Such disasters last for several months and sometimes years. In order to monitor and predict these events, some national hydrological and meteorological services and special specialized centers are tasked with studying hazardous geophysical phenomena. This includes volcanic eruptions, airborne ash, tsunamis, radioactive, biological, chemical pollution, etc.

Now let's take a closer look at some natural phenomena.

Drought

The main reason for this cataclysm is the lack of precipitation. Drought is very different from other natural disasters in its slow development, often its onset is hidden by various factors. There are even recorded cases in world history when this disaster lasted for many years. Drought often has devastating consequences: first, water sources (streams, rivers, lakes, springs) dry up, many crops stop growing, then animals die, and poor health and malnutrition become widespread realities.

Tropical cyclones

These natural phenomena represent areas of very low atmospheric pressure over subtropical and tropical waters, forming a colossal rotating system of thunderstorms and winds hundreds (sometimes thousands) of kilometers across. The speed of surface winds in the zone of a tropical cyclone can reach two hundred kilometers per hour or even more. Interaction low pressure and wind-driven waves often result in a coastal storm surge - a huge volume of water thrown ashore with tremendous force and high speed, washing away everything in its path.

Air pollution

These natural phenomena arise as a result of the accumulation in the air of harmful gases or particles of substances formed as a result of disasters (volcanic eruptions, fires) and human activity (the work of industrial enterprises, vehicles, etc.). Haze and smoke appear as a result of fires on undeveloped lands and forest areas, as well as burning of agricultural and logging residues; in addition, due to the formation of volcanic ash. These air pollutants have very serious consequences for the human body. As a result of such disasters, visibility is reduced and interruptions in the operation of road and air transport occur.

Desert Locust

Such natural phenomena cause serious damage in Asia, the Middle East, Africa and the southern part of the European continent. When environmental and weather favor the reproduction of these insects; they concentrate, as a rule, in small areas. However, as their numbers increase, the locust ceases to be an individual creature and turns into a single living organism. Small groups form huge flocks that move in search of food. The length of such a school can reach tens of kilometers. In a day, it can cover distances of up to two hundred kilometers, sweeping away all vegetation in its path. Thus, one ton of locusts (this is a small part of the swarm) can eat as much food in a day as ten elephants or 2,500 people eat. These insects pose a threat to millions of pastoralists and farmers living in vulnerable environmental conditions.

Flash floods and flash floods

Data can occur anywhere after heavy rainfall. All floodplains are vulnerable to flooding, and severe storms cause flash floods. In addition, short-term floods sometimes even occur after periods of drought, when very heavy rain falls on a hard and dry surface through which water flow cannot seep into the ground. These natural events are characterized by a wide variety of types: from violent small floods to a powerful layer of water that covers vast areas. They may be caused by a tornado, strong thunderstorms, monsoons, extratropical and tropical cyclones (their strength can be increased as a result of the impact warm current El Niño), melting snow and ice jams. In coastal areas, storm surges often lead to flooding as a result of a tsunami, cyclone, or rising river levels due to unusually high tides. The reason for the flooding of vast areas located below the barrier dams is often high water on rivers, which is caused by melting snow.

Other natural hazards

1. Mud flow or landslide.

5. Lightning.

6. Extreme temperatures.

7. Tornado.

10. Fires on undeveloped lands or forests.

11. Heavy snow and rain.

12. Strong winds.

Natural hazards mean extreme climatic or meteorological phenomena, occurring naturally at one point or another on the planet. In some regions, such hazardous phenomena may occur with greater frequency and destructive force than in others. Dangerous natural phenomena develop into natural disasters when the infrastructure created by civilization is destroyed and people die.

1. Earthquakes

Among all natural hazardous phenomena First place should be given to earthquakes. In places where the earth's crust breaks, tremors occur, which cause vibrations of the earth's surface with the release of gigantic energy. The resulting seismic waves are transmitted over very long distances, although these waves have the greatest destructive power at the epicenter of the earthquake. Due to strong vibrations earth's surface massive destruction of buildings occurs.
Since quite a lot of earthquakes occur, and the surface of the earth is quite densely built up, then total people throughout history who died as a result of earthquakes exceed the number of all victims of other natural disasters and number in the many millions. For example, for last decade Around the world, about 700 thousand people died from earthquakes. Entire settlements instantly collapsed from the most destructive shocks. Japan is the country most affected by earthquakes, and one of the most catastrophic earthquakes occurred there in 2011. The epicenter of this earthquake was in the ocean near the island of Honshu; on the Richter scale, the force of the tremors reached 9.1. Powerful tremors and the subsequent destructive tsunami disabled the Fukushima nuclear power plant, destroying three out of four power units. Radiation covered a significant area around the station, making densely populated areas, so valuable in Japanese conditions, uninhabitable. The colossal tsunami wave turned into mush what the earthquake could not destroy. Only officially over 16 thousand people died, to which we can safely include another 2.5 thousand who are considered missing. Only in this century have destructive earthquakes occurred in Indian Ocean, Iran, Chile, Haiti, Italy, Nepal.

2. Tsunami waves

A specific water disaster in the form of tsunami waves often results in numerous casualties and catastrophic destruction. As a result of underwater earthquakes or shifts of tectonic plates in the ocean, very fast but subtle waves arise, which grow into huge ones as they approach the shores and reach shallow waters. Most often, tsunamis occur in areas with increased seismic activity. A huge mass of water, quickly approaching the shore, destroys everything in its path, picks it up and carries it deep into the coast, and then carries it into the ocean with a reverse current. People, unable to sense danger like animals, often do not notice the approach of a deadly wave, and when they do, it is too late.
Usually killed by a tsunami more people than from the earthquake that caused it (the latest case in Japan). In 1971, the most powerful tsunami ever observed occurred there, the wave of which rose 85 meters at a speed of about 700 km/h. But the most catastrophic tsunami was observed in the Indian Ocean in 2004, the source of which was an earthquake off the coast of Indonesia, which claimed the lives of about 300 thousand people along a large part of the Indian Ocean coast.

A tornado (in America this phenomenon is called a tornado) is a fairly stable atmospheric vortex, most often occurring in thunderclouds. He's visual...

3. Volcanic eruption

Throughout its history, humanity has remembered many catastrophic volcanic eruptions. When the pressure of magma exceeds the strength of the earth's crust at the weakest points, which are volcanoes, it ends in an explosion and outpouring of lava. But the lava itself, from which you can simply walk away, is not so dangerous as the hot pyroclastic gases rushing from the mountain, penetrated here and there by lightning, as well as the noticeable influence of the strongest eruptions on the climate.
Volcanologists count about half a thousand dangerous active volcanoes, several dormant supervolcanoes, not counting thousands of extinct ones. Thus, during the eruption of Mount Tambora in Indonesia, the surrounding lands were plunged into darkness for two days, 92 thousand inhabitants died, and cold temperatures were felt even in Europe and America.
List of some major volcanic eruptions:

• Volcano Laki (Iceland, 1783). As a result of that eruption, a third of the island's population died - 20 thousand inhabitants. The eruption lasted for 8 months, during which streams of lava and liquid mud erupted from volcanic fissures. Geysers have become more active than ever. Living on the island at this time was almost impossible. The crops were destroyed and even the fish disappeared, leaving the survivors hungry and suffering from unbearable living conditions. This may be the longest eruption in human history.
• Volcano Tambora (Indonesia, Sumbawa Island, 1815). When the volcano exploded, the sound of the explosion spread over 2 thousand kilometers. Even the remote islands of the archipelago were covered with ash, and 70 thousand people died from the eruption. But even today Tambora is one of the highest mountains in Indonesia, which remain volcanically active.
• Volcano Krakatoa (Indonesia, 1883). 100 years after Tambora, another catastrophic eruption occurred in Indonesia, this time “blowing the roof off” (literally) the Krakatoa volcano. After the catastrophic explosion that destroyed the volcano itself, frightening rumbles were heard for another two months. A gigantic amount of rock, ash and hot gases were thrown into the atmosphere. The eruption was followed by a powerful tsunami with wave heights of up to 40 meters. These two natural disasters together destroyed 34 thousand islanders along with the island itself.
• Volcano Santa Maria (Guatemala, 1902). After a 500-year hibernation, this volcano woke up again in 1902, beginning the 20th century with the most catastrophic eruption, which resulted in the formation of a one and a half kilometer crater. In 1922, Santa Maria reminded itself again - this time the eruption itself was not too strong, but the cloud of hot gases and ash brought the death of 5 thousand people.

4. Tornadoes

On our planet there are a wide variety of dangerous places, which in Lately began to attract special category extreme tourists looking for...

A tornado is a very impressive natural phenomenon, especially in the United States, where it is called a tornado. This is an air flow twisted in a spiral into a funnel. Small tornadoes resemble slender, narrow pillars, and giant tornadoes can resemble a mighty carousel reaching towards the sky. The closer you are to the funnel, the stronger the wind speed is; it begins to drag along increasingly larger objects, up to cars, carriages and light buildings. In the “tornado alley” of the United States, entire city blocks are often destroyed and people die. The most powerful vortices of the F5 category reach a speed of about 500 km/h at the center. The state that suffers the most from tornadoes every year is Alabama.

There is a type of fire tornado that sometimes occurs in areas of massive fires. There, from the heat of the flame, powerful upward currents are formed, which begin to twist into a spiral, like an ordinary tornado, only this one is filled with flame. As a result, a powerful draft is formed near the surface of the earth, from which the flame grows even stronger and incinerates everything around. When a catastrophic earthquake occurred in Tokyo in 1923, it caused massive fires that led to the formation of a fire tornado that rose 60 meters. The column of fire moved towards the square with frightened people and burned 38 thousand people in a few minutes.

5. Sandstorms

This phenomenon occurs in sandy deserts when there is a strong wind. Sand, dust and soil particles rise to a fairly high altitude, forming a cloud that sharply reduces visibility. If an unprepared traveler gets caught in such a storm, he may die from grains of sand falling into his lungs. Herodotus described the story as in 525 BC. e. In the Sahara, a 50,000-strong army was buried alive by a sandstorm. In Mongolia in 2008, 46 people died as a result of this natural phenomenon, and a year earlier two hundred people suffered the same fate.

Throughout the history of mankind, powerful earthquakes have repeatedly caused colossal damage to people and caused a huge number of casualties among the population...

6. Avalanches

Avalanches periodically fall from snow-capped mountain peaks. Climbers especially often suffer from them. During the First World War, up to 80 thousand people died from avalanches in the Tyrolean Alps. In 1679, half a thousand people died from snow melting in Norway. In 1886 it happened major disaster, as a result of which “ White death"claimed 161 lives. The records of Bulgarian monasteries also mention human casualties from avalanches.

7. Hurricanes

In the Atlantic they are called hurricanes, and in Pacific Ocean typhoons. These are huge atmospheric vortices, in the center of which the most strong winds and sharply low blood pressure. In 2005, the devastating Hurricane Katrina swept over the United States, which particularly affected the state of Louisiana and the densely populated city of New Orleans, located at the mouth of the Mississippi. 80% of the city's territory was flooded, and 1,836 people died. Other famous destructive hurricanes include:

• Hurricane Ike (2008). The diameter of the vortex was over 900 km, and in its center the wind blew at a speed of 135 km/h. In the 14 hours that the cyclone moved across the United States, it managed to cause $30 billion worth of destruction.
• Hurricane Wilma (2005). This is the largest Atlantic cyclone in the entire history of weather observations. The cyclone, which originated in the Atlantic, made landfall several times. The damage it caused amounted to $20 billion, killing 62 people.
• Typhoon Nina (1975). This typhoon was able to breach China's Bangqiao Dam, causing the destruction of the dams below and causing catastrophic flooding. The typhoon killed up to 230 thousand Chinese.

8. Tropical cyclones

These are the same hurricanes, but in tropical and subtropical waters, representing huge low-pressure atmospheric systems with winds and thunderstorms, often exceeding a thousand kilometers in diameter. Near the surface of the earth, winds at the center of the cyclone can reach speeds of more than 200 km/h. Low pressure and wind cause the formation of a coastal storm surge - when colossal masses of water are thrown ashore at high speed, washing away everything in its path.

It is difficult to scare a Russian person with anything, especially bad roads. Even safe routes claim thousands of lives a year, let alone those...

9. Landslide

Prolonged rains can cause landslides. The soil swells, loses stability and slides down, taking with it everything that is on the surface of the earth. Most often, landslides occur in the mountains. In 1920, the most devastating landslide occurred in China, under which 180 thousand people were buried. Other examples:

• Bududa (Uganda, 2010). Due to mudflows, 400 people died, and 200 thousand had to be evacuated.
• Sichuan (China, 2008). Avalanches, landslides and mudflows caused by an 8-magnitude earthquake claimed 20 thousand lives.
• Leyte (Philippines, 2006). The downpour caused a mudslide and landslide that killed 1,100 people.
• Vargas (Venezuela, 1999). Mudflows and landslides after heavy rains (almost 1000 mm of precipitation fell in 3 days) on the northern coast led to the death of almost 30 thousand people.

10. Ball lightning

We are accustomed to ordinary linear lightning accompanied by thunder, but ball lightning is much rarer and more mysterious. The nature of this phenomenon is electrical, but scientists cannot yet give a more accurate description of ball lightning. It is known that it can have different sizes and shapes, most often they are yellowish or reddish luminous spheres. For unknown reasons, ball lightning often defies the laws of mechanics. Most often they occur before a thunderstorm, although they can also appear in absolutely clear weather, as well as indoors or in an airplane cabin. The luminous ball hovers in the air with a slight hiss, then can begin to move in any direction. Over time, it seems to shrink until it disappears completely or explodes with a roar.

Hands to Feet. Subscribe to our channel at

The world around us is in constant motion and changes all the time: after winter spring comes, after rain a rainbow appears, with the onset of cold weather birds fly south, etc. All these changes that are familiar to us, which we perceive as the most ordinary and natural, are called natural phenomena. Let's consider the phenomena of inanimate and living nature depending on the season of the year, and also get acquainted with some amazing phenomena that happen quite rarely.

Natural phenomena in autumn

Inanimate nature

The following changes occur in inanimate nature at this time of year: after the summer heat, coolness comes, and towards the end of autumn, frosts begin, and the first snow often falls. Daylight hours are becoming noticeably shorter, and cloudy and rainy weather is becoming more common.

Live nature

Representatives of wildlife perceive autumn as a time to prepare for winter. Trees change the color of their foliage and then completely shed it. Some animals are looking for shelter where they can survive the winter cold, many of them are actively preparing food supplies for future use. flock together and go to warmer climes. Many animals, including hares, foxes and squirrels, molt and exchange their skins for warmer ones.

Natural phenomena in winter

Inanimate nature

With the arrival of the coldest time of the year, the phenomena inanimate nature make themselves felt very noticeably. The air temperature drops significantly and the number of frosty days increases. Snow covers the ground and continues to fall throughout the season. Snow storms, blizzards and blizzards often occur. A continuous ice cover is established on reservoirs. Ice and icy conditions are becoming more common, and dangerous icicles are forming on many buildings. Frost appears on the ground, trees and various outdoor objects, and unusual patterns can be seen on windows.

Live nature

The living world also changes during winter. Plants go into a dormant state, resting to gain strength for the next growing season. In shrubs and trees, metabolism slows down and visible growth stops. Some animals hibernate, for example, bears and hedgehogs, others continue to lead an active lifestyle, but it becomes more and more difficult for them to get food. Many who do not fly away for the winter warm countries, in search of food, they temporarily move to cities, among them magpies, bullfinches and tits.

Natural phenomena in spring

Inanimate nature

With the arrival of spring, everything changes, even inanimate world. The day is becoming much longer, the sun is getting hotter. The long-awaited warming is coming, the atmospheric temperature rises to positive values. This phenomenon is called a thaw. The snow begins to actively melt, becomes loose, and by the end of spring not a trace remains of it. Ice drift begins on the rivers, causing floods. In some settlements located on the banks of rivers, a strong increase in water levels can lead to floods. Also in the spring it starts to rain and the first thunderstorms appear.

Live nature

The phenomena of living nature that occur in the spring can be described in one word - revival. Everything around begins to wake up and fill with life. In trees and shrubs, the movement of juices resumes, the buds swell, a little later active flowering occurs and the first leaves appear. Coltsfoot is blooming everywhere, and other perennial herbaceous plants are blooming in the forests. Flying insects appear, birds return, those who fell into hibernation. Furry animals shed again, changing their winter fur to summer. Many animals give birth to offspring at this time of year.

Natural phenomena in summer

Inanimate nature

Inanimate nature at this time of year enjoys hot, dry weather. The sun is heating up strongly, the air temperature rises to maximum values. Rain and thunderstorms also occur, sometimes causing hail. After precipitation, you can often see a rainbow in the sky. Closer to the morning in calm weather on the ground, plants and various subjects outdoors, dew forms.

Live nature

Changes also occur in wildlife in the summer. The plants begin to actively flower and bear fruit. At the end of summer, the time for mushrooms and berries comes, and nuts ripen in the forests. Animals at this time of year raise their offspring, teach their cubs to get food for themselves and defend themselves in case of danger. Insects are very active in summer, some of them (mosquitoes, flies, midges and others) begin to annoy people. Dangerous arachnids, including poisonous spiders and encephalitis ticks.

Other amazing natural phenomena

Sometimes unusual things happen in the world and sometimes mysterious phenomena nature. Let's give examples of some of them.

Ball lightning

According to eyewitnesses, this rare phenomenon is a kind of luminous ball moving in the air along an unpredictable trajectory. In the scientific world there is still no consensus on what ball lightning is and how it occurs.

Northern lights

This phenomenon is characteristic not only of Earth, it also occurs on other planets solar system, having a magnetosphere. People perceive it as a rapidly changing multi-colored glow in the sky in dark time days. It is formed as a result of interaction upper layers atmosphere with charged solar wind particles.

Snow storm

This unusual phenomenon occurs during the cold season. Most often observed near the sea coast or above large lake, happens occasionally in the city. It is characterized by precipitation in the form of heavy snow or freezing rain, accompanied by thunder and lightning.

Tornado

This destructive natural phenomenon occurs in a thundercloud. A column of air, making vortex movements and forming a funnel, descends to the ground. Its diameter can be tens and even hundreds of meters. At the bottom of a tornado there is always a cloud of dust, dirt and objects raised from the ground, or water splashes if the tornado formed over water.

Blooming Atacama Desert in Chile

This place is considered one of the driest on Earth. But once every few years, heavy rains fall on this territory, thanks to which the desert is covered with flowering grasses. Scientists have counted about 200 plant species here, many of which are endemic. During the period of rapid flowering of the desert, active reproduction of lizards, birds and insects is also observed.

Subject: General concepts about dangerous and emergency situations natural character.

Lesson topic: Natural phenomena and their classification.

The purpose of the lesson: To introduce students to natural phenomena and their diversity.

Lesson objectives:

I. Educational objectives:

• Recall and consolidate knowledge about the shells of the Earth.
• To develop students’ knowledge that the formation of any natural phenomenon is associated with processes occurring in the Earth’s shells.
• Give general idea, students about the types of natural phenomena at the place of their occurrence.

II. Developmental tasks.

• To develop in students the ability and ability to foresee natural phenomena in their area that can lead to serious consequences, as well as ways to protect against them.

III. Educational tasks.

• To instill in students the belief that any natural phenomenon of destructive force brings enormous damage to the state various types, primarily material and loss of life. Therefore, the state needs to allocate funds to scientific institutions so that they can deal with this problem and be able to predict them in the future.

During the classes

Teacher: Today, children, we will talk about natural phenomena and their diversity. Some you know, of course, some you learned from a course in natural history and geography, and if someone is interested in the media, then from there. If you turn on the TV, radio or use the Internet, you can say with confidence that natural phenomena of destructive force are occurring more and more often, and their strength is becoming greater. Therefore, we need to know what natural phenomena occur, where they most often occur and how to protect ourselves from them.

Teacher: And so let's remember from the geography course what shells of the Earth exist.

In total, there are 4 shells of the Earth:

1. Lithosphere - it includes the earth's crust and top part mantle.
2. The hydrosphere is a shell of water that contains all the water in different states.
3. Atmosphere - gas envelope, the lightest and most mobile.
4. The biosphere is the sphere of life, this is the area of ​​existence of all living organisms.

Teacher: All these shells have their own specific processes, as a result of which natural phenomena arise. Therefore, various natural phenomena can be divided according to the place of their occurrence:

Teacher: From this diagram we see how many natural phenomena there are. Now let's look at each of them and find out what they are. (Children must take an active part in this part.)

Geological.

1. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon associated with geological processes occurring in the Earth’s lithosphere; it manifests itself in the form of tremors and vibrations of the earth’s surface, resulting from sudden displacements and ruptures in the earth’s crust or in the upper part of the mantle.

Picture 1.

2. A volcano is a conical mountain from which hot material – magma – erupts from time to time.

A volcanic eruption is the release of molten matter from the Earth's crust and mantle, called magma, onto the surface of the planet.

Figure 2.

3. A landslide is a sliding downward displacement of soil masses under the influence of gravity, which occurs on slopes when the stability of the soil or rocks is disrupted.

The formation of landslides depends on various factors, such as:

• what rocks make up this slope;
• slope steepness;
• groundwater, etc.

Landslides can occur either naturally (for example, earthquakes, heavy rainfall) or artificially (for example, human activities: deforestation, soil excavation).

Figure 3.

4. A landslide is the separation and fall of large masses of rocks, their overturning, crushing and rolling down on steep and steep slopes.

Causes of landslides in mountains can be:

• the rocks that make up the mountains are layered or broken by cracks;
• water activity;
• geological processes (earthquake), etc.

The causes of landslides on the coasts of seas and rivers are the erosion and dissolution of underlying rocks.

Figure 4.

5. A snow avalanche is a collapse of a mass of snow on mountain slopes; the angle of inclination must be at least 15°.

Reasons for the disappearance snow avalanche are:

• earthquake;
• intense snow melting;
• prolonged snowfall;
• human activity.

Figure 5.

Meteorological.

1. A hurricane is a wind whose speed exceeds 30 m/s, leading to enormous destruction.

Figure 6.

2. A storm is wind, but at a lower speed than in a hurricane and is no more than 20 m/s.

Figure 7.

3. A tornado is an atmospheric vortex that forms in a thundercloud and descends downwards; it has the shape of a funnel or sleeve.

A tornado consists of a core and a wall. There is an upward movement of air around the core, the speed of which can reach 200 m/s.

Figure 8.

Hydrological.

1. Flood is a significant inundation of an area as a result of rising water levels in a lake, river, etc.

Causes of flooding:

• intensive snow melting in spring;
• heavy rainfall;
• obstruction of river beds with rocks during an earthquake, landslide, etc., as well as with ice during congestion;
• wind activity (water surge from the sea, bay to the mouth of the river).

Types of floods:

Figure 9.

2. Mudflow is a stormy stream in the mountains that is temporary in nature, consisting of water and large quantity rock fragments.

The formation of mudflows is associated with heavy precipitation in the form of rain or intense snow melting. As a result, loose rocks are washed away and move along the river bed at high speed, which picks up everything in its path: boulders, trees, etc.

Figure 10.

3. Tsunamis are a type of sea waves that arise as a result of vertical displacement of large sections of the seabed.

A tsunami occurs as a result of:

• earthquakes;
• underwater volcanic eruptions;
• landslides, etc.

Figure 11.

Biological.

1. A forest fire is an uncontrolled burning of vegetation that spontaneously spreads through a forest area.

A forest fire can be ground fire or crown fire.

An underground fire is the burning of peat in marshy and swampy soils.

Figure 12.

2. An epidemic is the spread of an infectious disease among a large population and significantly exceeds the incidence rate usually recorded in a given area.

Figure 13.

3. Epizootic is a widespread infectious disease among animals (for example: foot and mouth disease, swine fever, cattle brucellosis).

Figure 14.

4. Epiphytoty is a mass distribution infectious disease among plants (for example: late blight, wheat rust).

Figure 15.

Teacher: As you can see, in the world there are a huge number of phenomena that surround us. So let's remember them and be extremely careful when they occur.

Some of you may say: “Why do we need to know all of them if most of them are not typical for our area?” From one point of view you are right, but from another you are wrong. Each of you tomorrow, the day after tomorrow or in the future will probably be going on a trip to other parts of the Motherland and the country. And there, as we know, there may be completely different phenomena that are not typical for our area. And then your knowledge will help you survive in a critical situation and avoid negative consequences. As they say: “God protects those who are careful.”

Literature.

1. Smirnov A.T. Fundamentals of life safety. 7th grade.
2. Shemanaev V.A. Pedagogical practice in the system of training a modern teacher.
3. Smirnov A.T. Program of general education institutions basics of life safety for grades 5-11.

Natural phenomena

Natural phenomena- these are all the changes that occur in nature

Thermometer is a device for measuring temperature.

Mark (color in the sign) green natural objects, yellow- natural phenomena. Make pairs “object - phenomenon”.

Pairs "object - phenomenon": Sun - solar eclipse, grain of wheat - germination of grain, snowflake - snowfall, ice - melting of ice, tiger - growl of a tiger, chicken egg - emergence of a chicken from an egg.

Complete the table (write at least three examples in each column).

Ant Question, as in the past academic year, drew pictures. He tried very hard, but Seryozha and Nadya’s dad said that Ant had mixed up something again. Find the mistakes. Count and write down how many errors there are in each picture. Prove the correctness of your decision.

Errors
Summer picture:
In summer it is warm, there cannot be ice on the river and snow on the shore, for the same reason it cannot snow. Migratory birds They don’t fly away in the summer. The foliage on the trees has not yet turned yellow. Fly agaric does not grow on the river bank.
In total, we counted six errors in this drawing. The number "6" must be written in a circle.
Spring picture:
If the birds have already had chicks, the birch tree already has lush foliage, lilies of the valley and daisies are blooming, then it is late spring. It follows from this that autumn yellow leaves are mistakenly drawn in the picture, there should be no snow on the ground, as well as on the tree, it has already all melted at this time. The picture shows that the day is sunny and dry, which means there shouldn’t be a rainbow that appears after the rain.
In total, we counted four errors in this drawing. The number "4" must be written in a circle.

Label the parts of the thermometer

Indicate with arrows what happens to the column of liquid in the thermometer tube.

Do the exercises.
1) Write in numbers:
ten degrees Celsius +10°
ten degrees below zero -10°
zero degrees 0°
six degrees above zero +6°
six degrees below zero -6°

2) Write down in words:
+5° five degrees Celsius
-7° seven degrees below zero