Spruce forests are very dense, rather little light penetrates through the paws of the spruce trees, and therefore such forests are poor in undergrowth.

The soil in these forests consists of a dense layer of pine needles, which rots very slowly, and therefore in spruce forests during the peak mushroom season you can collect quite a lot of mushrooms.

Spruce plantings are somewhat different from dense spruce forests. They are very well illuminated by sunlight, the soil is covered with moss and various herbaceous vegetation. All this creates favorable conditions for the growth of various mushrooms.

Quite a lot of mushrooms can be found on the edges of the forest. Here, additional moisture flows onto the ground from trees standing along the edge, which has a beneficial effect on the growth, development and reproduction of mushrooms.

The list of mushrooms growing in spruce forests is presented in the table (tab.).

Russian name

Latin name

White stinking fly agaric

Amanita toadstool

A manita citrina

Panther fly agaric

A manita pantherina

Fly agaric gray-pink

A manita rubescens

Amanita thick

A manita excelsa

Fly agaric red

A manita muscaria

Forest champignon

Agaricus silvaticus

Champignon dark red

Agaricus haemorroidarius

Blushing umbrella mushroom

M acrolepiota rhacodes

Spruce weed

Gomphidius glutinosus

Thin pig

Paxillus involutus

Collibia spotted

Collybia maculata

Russula ocher-yellow

Russula ochroleuca

Whole russula

R ussula Integra

L actarius deterrimus

Milkman

Lactarius volumemus

Porcini

Gall mushroom

Tylopilus felleus

Polish mushroom

Xerocomus badius

Speckled oakweed

Boletus erythropus

Variegated flywheel

Xerocomus chrysenteron

Moss fly green

Xerocomus subtomentosus

The fox is real

Cantharellus cibarius

Updated: 2019-07-10 00:08:16

  • The formation of freckles depends on the deposition of a special dye in the skin. It is very difficult to destroy them, especially if they

False chanterelle

Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca

Trumpet chanterelle

Cantharellus tubaeformis

Sheep mushroom

A Ibatrellus ovinus

Variegated hedgehog

Sarcodon imbricatum

Ramaria golden

Spiky raincoat

Lycoperdon perlatum

Veselka vulgaris

Phallus impudicus

Grow on trees

Seroplate honey fungus

Hypholoma apnoidecs

Spruce forest mushrooms

Few varieties of mushrooms are found in pure spruce forests. In young spruce forests, along with pine camelina, you can find spruce camelina, paler and thinner, with carrot-red milky juice. Talkers also grow here, often forming “witch circles.” In sparse forests of middle age spruce grows White mushroom, both in open sunny glades and in the spruce forest itself, although it prefers bright places along the edge of the forest. Spruce forests are also preferred by certain types of russula - blue and blue-yellow - growing in groups under mature spruce trees. Yellow milk mushrooms are found in mature spruce forests. It grows in small groups in mossy, damp places in forest clearings, along streams and on the slopes of ravines. In the second half of summer, under the spruce trees, among the heather and moss, you can find spruce fly.

From poisonous mushrooms In the spruce forests, the royal fly agaric grows - a large mushroom with an orange-yellow cap. In humid places, spider webs are very common, among which there are many inedible and poisonous species, difficult to distinguish from edible ones, so it is better not to touch the cobwebs. Along streams and ravines, on wet lawns, often next to saffron milk caps, poisonous reddish talker grows. In forests, on the edges, in clearings overgrown with grass, the thin pig is often found, in Lately classified as poisonous mushrooms.

This text is an introductory fragment. From the book Traveling with House Plants author Verzilin Nikolay Mikhailovich

CRY-BAX FROM THE FORESTS OF THE AMAZON RIVER We will be transported from dry deserts to humid ones rainforests. Let's take a globe or a map of the hemispheres. Among the yellow deserts and mountains there are green spots of forests and fields. The sun brings to life plants where moisture accumulates, and burns them out where there is no moisture.

From the book Mushrooms. We collect, grow, prepare author Zvonarev Nikolai Mikhailovich

Where to look for mushrooms Every mushroom picker is interested in knowing what mushrooms are found in the place where he went in the morning with his basket. Most often they go to the forest to pick mushrooms, and, indeed, you can find a wide variety of mushrooms there. However, what will this set be like?

From the book Mushrooms. We grow on our own plot author Shnurovozova Tatyana

Mushrooms of pine forests Pure pine forests grow on very poor sandy soils. The composition of the types of mushrooms found in them depends not so much on the geographical location of the forest, but on its age. In young pine plantings, starting from the second year,

From the book 1000 of the most important questions and the most complete answers about the garden and vegetable garden author

Mushrooms of deciduous forests Deciduous forests can consist of either one species deciduous treesbirch groves, aspen forests, oak forests - and from a mixture of species. Homogeneous deciduous forests are characterized by species of fungi that live in symbiosis with this tree species. Birch forests

From the book A generous vegetable garden, a productive garden, a bright flower garden: the most complete answers to the most important questions author Kizima Galina Alexandrovna

How to pick mushrooms In order not to return from the forest with an empty basket, it is important to know what mushrooms grow there and in what time frame. Each type of forest grows its own mushrooms, and their composition varies depending on the time of year. Some mushrooms are very picky about their environment, like,

From the book Garden and Vegetable Garden. What? When? How? 10,000 most useful tips author Kizima Galina Alexandrovna

How to identify mushrooms To identify cap mushrooms, the appearance and structure of the fruiting body is important, because the mycelium is found in soil or wood and looks almost the same in most species. The fruiting bodies of mushrooms vary in size, shape and color, but how

From the book 1001 answers to important questions for gardeners and gardeners author Kizima Galina Alexandrovna

How to grow mushrooms Growing champignons You can try growing champignons at home or in the country. To grow them in an apartment, you can buy compost seed mycelium, divide it into parts and place it in three-liter jars with a layer of 15–20 cm. The mycelium needs to be lightly crushed,

From the book Conversations about Housekeeping author Nikolskaya Evgenia

Mushrooms for sale Selling mushrooms is also an exciting process. In order for mushroom production to be successful, you must be able to sell mushrooms. They can be sold anywhere: in the market, in shops, at large enterprises in the city, or handed over to public

From the book The best answers to the main questions of a gardener author Kizima Galina Alexandrovna

Mushrooms 328. Is it possible to grow mushrooms in the garden? If we're talking about about forest mushrooms, then no (except for honey mushrooms). The mycelium of a mushroom is a very complex formation, and getting it to produce mushrooms is not at all easy, even if you bring mycelium from the forest. Sometimes it is possible to grow mushrooms from spores.

From the book New Encyclopedia of the Gardener and Gardener [edition expanded and revised] author Ganichkin Alexander Vladimirovich

Mushrooms Is it possible to grow mushrooms in the garden? If we are talking about forest mushrooms, then no (except honey mushrooms). The mycelium of a mushroom is a very complex formation, and getting it to produce mushrooms is not at all easy, even if you bring mycelium from the forest. Sometimes it is possible to grow mushrooms from spores.

From the author's book

Mushrooms 328. Is it possible to grow mushrooms in the garden? If we are talking about forest mushrooms, then no (except for honey mushrooms). The mycelium of a mushroom is a very complex formation, and getting it to produce mushrooms is not at all easy, even if you bring mycelium from the forest. Sometimes it is possible to grow mushrooms from spores.

From the author's book

I heard that ants damage the garden. How can this be, since they write everywhere that ants are forest nurses and therefore very useful? Quite right, they are orderlies of the forest, but only of the old one. But in young forest plantings they are pests, as they damage (themselves or with the help of aphids,

From the author's book

Mushrooms Is it possible to grow mushrooms in the garden? If we are talking about forest mushrooms, then no (except for honey mushrooms). The mycelium of a mushroom is a very complex formation, and getting it to produce mushrooms is not at all easy, even if you bring mycelium from the forest. Sometimes it is possible to grow mushrooms from spores. Old,

From the author's book

From the author's book

Mushrooms 328. Is it possible to grow mushrooms in the garden? If we are talking about forest mushrooms, then no (except honey mushrooms). The mycelium of a mushroom is a very complex formation, and getting it to produce mushrooms is not at all easy, even if you bring mycelium from the forest. Sometimes it is possible to grow mushrooms from spores. Old,

Plant mushrooms. “Who will plant them, these are mushrooms.” But you can plant them, I checked it in practice. The fact is that mushrooms reproduce in two ways. With the help of mycelium (here we are powerless, the main thing is not to harm). And also - spores that ripen in the cap.

Everyone knows the “witch’s rings”, when mushrooms grow in a ring. The explanation here is simple. The cap is round, not far from the ground, the spores are poured out "under itself". The next year the fungi grow in a small dense ring. And again, everyone gathers dust for themselves. And after 10-15 years the ring reaches a diameter of 1-2 meters. This effect should be used, especially for the propagation of mushrooms in the forest, on a summer cottage, or on an alpine hill.

This is done simply. As a rule, a mushroom picker, having found an old flabby or wormy mushroom, simply leaves it on the ground, and even turns the cap upside down. This makes absolutely no sense. That's how I do it. I take the hat and put it on a spruce branch, or pin it on a dry one. This kills two birds with one stone.

Firstly, the cap does not rot, but dries, the spores ripen and spread dust over a large area. You look, and several new foci of mycelium are emerging. Secondly, the mushroom dries. And in winter, at the hungriest time for animals, you look and see what kind of hare, squirrel or bird will please.

Your work is 5 seconds, and the benefits are great. If each mushroom picker picks at least 20-30 mushrooms per trip, then there will be more and more mushrooms, not fewer and fewer. Leave mushrooms to your descendants, do not deprive them of this pleasure.Source - Do It Yourself magazine

Mushrooms on the plot

It’s hard to believe, but up to 30 species of a wide variety of mushrooms can be grown in a garden plot. Of course, some of them settle in our gardens on their own, but we simply do not notice some of them, others we kick with our feet, considering them toadstools. However, despite the strong commitment of our compatriots to porcini mushrooms, milk mushrooms and similar gifts of the forest, it would not hurt to reconsider our attitude towards some of them, growing literally under our feet, edible and tasty, but unfamiliar.

Thus, in Europe, the lilac-legged row is considered one of the most delicious mushrooms. In our area it grows on potato ridges. The dissonant name dung beetle does not detract from the value of this mushroom, which can grow on the lawn, in a shady place on manured garden soil. When fried to taste, the white shaggy dung leaves behind the most delicious mushrooms. Umbrella mushrooms, ring mushrooms, and several types of champignons readily grow on composts. One cap of a motley umbrella is enough for a whole frying pan. What can we say about shiitake - oh healing properties This mushroom with a Japanese name is the stuff of legends.

My own practical experience confirms that you can grow wild mushrooms in your garden - porcini mushrooms, boletus mushrooms, butter mushrooms and others.

Very often, field or forest mushrooms appear in garden plots by self-seeding. Slender pigweed is often found in beds with cucumbers if birch trees grow nearby. On our lawn, fertilized with fertile substrate, two types of edible plutea mushroom grow by self-sowing. Sometimes milkweeds are found in abundance in gardens. violins, morels and other mushrooms.

In addition to forest and field mushrooms, they grow successfully in the open-air garden tree mushrooms -different types oyster mushrooms honey mushrooms are summer, autumn and winter, and it’s hard to believe. - shiitake. You can successfully grow champignons and ring mushrooms in compost beds. Now let’s take a closer look at the mentioned mushrooms and how to grow them in the garden. plot.

Mycorrhizalmushrooms

These are fungi that live in symbiosis with trees, that is, their fruiting bodies are formed only after the introduction of mycelium into the roots of trees and the formation of mycorrhiza, or. in other words, mushroom root. This is why many cap mushrooms grow only in the forest. Moreover, often a certain mushroom is associated with a certain type of tree, as evidenced by the popular names of these mushrooms: boletus, boletus, boletus, etc. Different mushrooms have different preferences for soil fertility and its acidity.

The relationship between a tree and a fungus is generally as follows: the host tree stimulates the growth of the mycelium only if it lacks minerals. obtained from the soil. Then the branched hyphae of the fungus begin to supply the tree with mineral salts and water from the top layer of soil in exchange for carbohydrate nutrition in the form of tree sap with sugars. Therefore, porcini mushrooms are more likely to appear under a birch tree on poor sandy soil than on fertile soil. The question arises, how to make wild mushrooms grow in the garden?

Porcini

White mushroom, or boletus ( Boletus edulis). - the trumpet mushroom is, without a doubt, the most welcome guest, both in the kitchen and in the garden. Its nutritional value and taste are difficult to overestimate. For someone who grew up in Russia, no mushrooms smell as pleasant as dried porcini mushrooms.

It makes no sense to describe the appearance of the porcini mushroom; it is unfamiliar, perhaps, to newborns. But the fact that porcini mushrooms growing under different trees differ from each other in appearance is not without interest.

Those. that grow under birch trees, the cap is light, the flesh is tender and, according to some mushroom pickers, the most delicious. Porcini mushrooms growing under spruce are darker. And the most beautiful white mushroom, with a red-brown cap, grows under a pine tree. It is believed that each of these varieties of porcini mushroom forms mycorrhiza only with its own tree species.

Porcini mushroom in terms of dry matter contains 41% protein, which is more than any other mushroom and significantly more than meat (31%).

Porcini mushrooms prefer sandy soils if they grow under birch trees; on fertile soils with a high nitrogen content, their fruiting bodies are formed less well. Although under oak trees, which are much more demanding of soil fertility, porcini mushrooms are likely to grow in rich soil.

The birch form of the porcini mushroom is more common, since there are birch trees in almost every forest. The porcini mushroom prefers to grow under fairly mature trees - twenty years old and older. If they are not there, then it is best to bring young birch trees from the forest, but those that grew not far from the mature birch tree where porcini mushrooms were noticed.

In this case, one can hope that the tree roots already have mycorrhiza.

It is easier to grow porcini mushrooms in a garden plot if there are mature birch trees there. I have tested two methods. The first method is simple, but not effective enough. It consists of simply laying out pieces of mature mushroom under the leaf litter within a radius of 1.5 m from the trunks of birch trees. The second method turned out to be more productive; it is based on preparing a suspension of spores isolated from old mushrooms and sowing them.

Preparing a spore suspension at home

From the caps of large mature (and even overripe) porcini mushrooms collected in the forest under birch trees, you need to separate the tubular layer (hymenophore), where spores are formed, pass this mass through a meat grinder, transfer it to a container with water (1-2 kg of mushroom mass per 10 l water) and mix thoroughly. Then add 15 g of dry baker's yeast to the mixture, mix again and leave everything to brew (for convenience, the mixture can be poured into three-liter jars) at room temperature for two weeks. Soon, foam with pulp particles and small debris forms on the surface of the liquid.

There will be a clear liquid in the middle part of the container, and spores will collect in a layer of several centimeters at the bottom.

Adding baker's yeast spores to a suspension is very effective in stimulating their germination. Yeast is a nutritious substrate and also contributes to the mixing of the crushed mass of mushroom pulp and the release of spores.

Sunlight falling on the plantation in the morning and evening stimulates the fruiting of the porcini mushroom.

The foam from the surface should be carefully removed with a spoon, the water should be carefully drained, and the sediment with spores from different containers should be combined into one jar and left to settle for another week. After this, drain the supernatant liquid again, and pour the remaining suspension with spores into plastic liter bottles and store in the refrigerator.

The finished spore suspension sometimes acquires a not very pleasant odor, but remains viable for a year.

It is advisable to use the spore suspension within a month after preparation, since the activity of the spores decreases during long-term storage.

Sowing spores and caring for a mushroom plantation

Before sowing, the suspension with spores must be diluted with water in a ratio of 1:100. pour the liquid evenly under the birch trees (you can use a watering can with a strainer) and wait for the harvest. At good care behind the plantation, porcini mushroom fruiting bodies may appear as early as next year. What does this care involve?

As you know, all mushrooms love high soil and air humidity. Therefore, during the dry season, crops must be watered and protected from the hot midday sun. In the area for growing porcini mushrooms, under trees, it is advisable to plant shrubs or other plants that create light shade and protect the area from the sun on the south side.

Watering is needed not only during the development of mycelium in the soil, but also after the appearance of fruiting bodies. In the afternoon, when the sun’s rays no longer reach the plantation due to the crowns of trees and shrubs, it is advisable to arrange a light “mushroom rain”. that is, watering with a fine spray of water that has warmed up during the day.

After the night, the mushroom caps are moistened with morning dew, then the moisture evaporates, and at this time the mushroom grows, since along with the evaporation of moisture, nutrients enter it from the mycelium. Then watering and drying the caps in the evening also stimulates the growth of the fruiting body.

Adding mineral fertilizers to the soil can have Negative influence on the development of mycelium, so they should not be used on a mushroom plantation.

Growing porcini mushroom in garden plots with different conditions

In 2006, two different areas were “seeded” with a suspension of porcini mushroom spores collected in the forest and prepared using the technology described above: one in the Moscow region, the other in the Tver region. On a plot of two hundred square meters near Moscow there were sparsely growing birch trees of different ages; on the second plot there were young birches. Previously, porcini mushrooms were not found in both garden plots. In previous years, pig mushrooms, russula and boletus mushrooms were found on a site in the Tver region. In addition to the different ages of birch trees in different areas, the differences in conditions were as follows: in 2007, which was considered non-mushroom due to the dry summer, regular watering was carried out on the site near Moscow, while there was no watering on the site in the Tver region. Probably these reasons led to different results, namely: on the first site, my labors were rewarded with 20 porcini mushrooms for three waves of fruiting in August, on the second, porcini mushrooms never appeared.

Porcini mushrooms and boletus mushrooms are in a competitive relationship, so it is better to sow their spores in different areas isolated from each other with birch trees.

Obviously, the presence of old birch trees and regular watering have a beneficial effect on the growth of porcini mushrooms. One of the possible reasons for the absence of mushrooms in the second area, in my opinion, is the presence of boletus mycelium, which is in competition with the porcini mushroom and suppresses the development of its mycelium.

Boletus and boletus

Both of these tubular mushrooms are widespread in our forests, including those near Moscow. They. undoubtedly popular among compatriots and very tasty.

Boletus (Leccinum) is represented by two species. The boletus L. aurantiacum grows in collaboration with aspen - beautiful mushroom with a red cap and a leg covered with red scales.

Unfortunately, aspen - rare breed tree in the garden plot.

Another species of boletus - L. vulpinum - is found under pine trees. It has a darker cap and black scales on the stem. Gardeners, especially in last years, willingly plant pine trees and other conifers on their plots.

Boletuses grow better in poor sandy soils than in rich ones.

The fruiting bodies of both species have a bright taste and a strong, pleasant smell that is different from other mushrooms. Boletuses are little affected by insect larvae and are well stored. This is the perfect mushroom for stir-fries. The mushroom pieces, which partially retain their shape when fried, form a tasty crust. Fried boletuses have a slightly sour taste. Mahra (tubular layer), as a rule, is also suitable for soup and roast. The broth turns out dark, but thin slices of boletus caps with terry become a decoration for the mushroom soup.

Many gourmets put boletus in first place for taste when fried or boiled.

Boletus mushrooms have an undeniable advantage over porcini and aspen mushrooms: the likelihood of their appearance in the garden plot after sowing is much higher.

Boletus or common boletus (Leccinuni scabrum). The taste is closest to porcini mushroom. When young, it has dense flesh and a beautiful velvety cap; in older boletuses, the terry becomes loose. This mushroom is in many ways inferior to porcini and boletus in consistency. Its less dense fruiting body contains more water and is poorly stored. The legs of boletus quickly become hard and fibrous. To make boletus mushrooms more attractive in dishes, remove the terry and pre-blanch them to remove some of the excess water.

With proper care of the boletus plantation, its harvests are more frequent and higher than those of the porcini mushroom. When the soil is regularly moistened, they can appear under birch trees on their own. In a garden plot where the growth of mushrooms is under constant supervision, boletus mushrooms do not have time to worm themselves; they can be collected in a timely manner, although natural conditions these mushrooms are strongly affected by insect larvae and quickly deteriorate.

Sowing spores and caring for a mushroom plantation in a garden plot

A joint suspension of boletus and boletus was prepared in the same way as in the case of porcini mushroom. When settled in jars, boletus spores settled in the form of a dark layer. The boletus spores mostly remained mixed with the pulp and did not precipitate well, so it was necessary to use a suspension of spores along with the pulp.

Sowing of boletus and boletus was carried out in August 2006 on a garden plot in the Moscow region throughout its entire territory, except for two acres allocated for porcini mushroom.

In dry times, the soil was regularly moistened, as on a plantation with porcini mushrooms. The mushroom area was protected from direct sun rays in the daytime thanks to plantings, but was illuminated by the morning and evening sun. When fruiting bodies appeared, watering was done daily.

Mushroom harvest

By sowing the spores, we hoped that the boletus would take root on the roots of pine trees, and the boletus would take root on the roots of birch trees. In 2006, one boletus grew on this site, but in 2007 there were none. The boletus mushrooms produced a large harvest. To be fair, it must be said that boletus mushrooms were found in this garden plot in 2006 before our sowing. But in the non-mushroom year of 2007, there were several times more of them than in the wet mushroom year of 2006.

However, we do not lose hope for good boletus “harvests” in the future: the appearance of even a single mushroom inspires confidence.

Chanterelles and dry milk mushrooms

Chanterelles and milk mushrooms are also mycorrhizal fungi. These mushrooms have hymenophores. where the spores ripen, in the form of plates, which is why they are called lamellar. The fox is in symbiosis with coniferous species trees, although it is also found in deciduous forests, and dry milk mushrooms form mycorrhiza with birch trees. Both mushrooms prefer calcareous soil. The true chanterelle (Cantharellus cibarius) grows steadily from June until frost, constantly and everywhere, even in a dry year.

In Europe, and even in Russia, many prefer chanterelles to other mushrooms. There are reasons for this. They are bright yellow so they are easy to find. They often come across in groups, so you can collect quite a lot of them. Even those who are not particularly knowledgeable about mushrooms know that chanterelles are not poisonous. Chanterelles often appear spontaneously in garden plots if there are coniferous trees there.

As for the taste of chanterelles, their taste and smell, although mushroom-like, are weak. They are good for frying, as they do not fry much, but it is better to cook them together with other, more aromatic mushrooms.

The forests in which mainly spruce trees grow are very dense and poor in undergrowth. In spruce forests, the soil consists of dense layers of needles that slowly rot. Thanks to this, during the season in the spruce forest you can collect a large number of mushrooms

Spruce plantings are slightly different from dense spruce forests. The plantings have a lot of sunlight, which penetrates all the way to the soil, so they have an undergrowth of mosses and herbaceous plants. The edge of the forest also abounds in mushrooms. There is always more moisture here, which drains from the trees after rain, which means it is easier for mushrooms to grow.

There are few varieties of mushrooms in pure spruce forest belts. The fungal world is represented not only by mushrooms that grow exclusively in spruce forests, but also by those common to coniferous forests.

Along with pine saffron, spruce saffron grows in the spruce forest, which is distinguished by its thinness and paler color. By the way, this mushroom secretes carrot-red milky juice.

Talker mushrooms, also growing in spruce forests, often form so-called “witch circles.” In middle-aged spruce forests, a white fungus called spruce white is found.

Some species of russula prefer spruce forests to other types of forests. Groups of blue and blue-yellow russula grow under mature spruce trees. Mature spruce forests often become home to yellow milk mushrooms and spruce midges; these mushrooms prefer mossy places with high humidity, among moss or heather.

Poisonous mushrooms growing in the spruce forest include royal fly agaric- a rather large mushroom with a bright yellow-orange cap. Wet places abound with cobwebs, their species are very difficult to distinguish from each other, and there are edible and inedible ones, so it is better not to touch these mushrooms at all.

Along ravines and streams, often choosing places near saffron milk caps, the poisonous reddish talker mushroom grows. Thin little pigs grow at the edge of the forest, sometimes in large quantities.

The main mushrooms in the spruce forest: white stinking fly agaric, toadstool mushroom, panther fly agaric, gray-pink fly agaric, thick fly agaric, red fly agaric, forest champignon, dark red champignon, blushing umbrella mushroom, spruce fly agaric, thin pigwort, spotted colibia, ocher -yellow russula, whole russula, camelina, milkweed, porcini mushroom, gall mushroom, Polish mushroom, speckled oak mushroom, variegated flywheel, green flywheel, real chanterelle.

Kira Stoletova

Each representative of the mushroom kingdom needs special conditions for growth: climate, proximity to certain trees, terrain, soil composition, etc. Mushrooms of the pine forest, represented by a large number of species, owe their diversity to the unique natural conditions that appeared during the formation of such a specific biogeocenosis.

Natural conditions of pine forests

The pine forest generates phytoncides, so the air in it is considered healing and helps in healing lung diseases.

By the way. Phytoncides are volatile compounds that can kill or slow down the development of microorganisms. Pine is able to grow in the harsh northern climate on the poorest soils: both sandy with a lack of moisture and swampy.

In pine forests, mushrooms grow abundantly, forming mycorrhizae also with shrubs, ferns and herbs, connecting them with each other. Pine trees provide access to sunlight to the soil surface and do not interfere with the circulation of air flows. The ground cover is represented by green mosses, blueberry bushes, lingonberries, and junipers.

The role of mushrooms in a coniferous forest is great; thanks to their vital activity, pine needles (components) decompose forest floor), dead wood and dry broken branches. Fungi grow under pine trees, giving them trace elements and carbohydrates produced by fungal hyphae, and receiving nutrients from the roots in return.

Types of Edible Mushrooms

The types of representatives of the fungal kingdom growing under pine trees depend on the age of the tree. Mushrooms grow under pine trees in moist soil, along clearings and clearings. Late oilseed is found under young two-year-old trees, the yield of which reaches its maximum in the 12-15th year of the pine's life. When the grass cover is replaced by a layer of pine needles, they are looked for under it by noticeable tubercles.

In mature pine plantings, greenfinch begins to bear fruit abundantly, hiding in low-lying places under a layer of needles. Groups of honey mushrooms grow on broken, old and fallen trees, and on flatter terrain you can find gray mushroom, porcini mushroom, saffron milk cap and some other varieties:

  1. White, or boletus: the most valuable representative of the Boletaceae family. The fruit body is fleshy. The cap is from 8 to 25 cm in diameter, hemispherical in shape, brownish-brown in color. The pulp is white with a pleasant smell; it does not change color when cut. The leg is thick - from 7 to 16 cm, has a light cream color and a barely noticeable mesh on the surface. Prefers pine forests with sandy, light soil. Fruits from June to October.
  2. Pine honey fungus, or honey fungus yellow-red: This is a representative of the Rowaceae family, growing on the stumps of pine and other coniferous trees in small groups from July to early October. It has a small, slightly convex cap with a matte scaly and velvety surface, the color is orange-red. The leg has the same color, it is thin and slightly curved, 5-7 cm in height.
  3. Saffron milk caps: representatives of the genus Mlechniki received their name due to their bright red color with a reddish tint, which is explained by their high content of beta-carotene. The cap with concentric rings and downward-turned edges is 5-12 cm in diameter. The leg is of the same color, expanded upward, 4 to 10 cm long. The flesh is dense, turning green at the break point, secreting a light orange milky juice. It grows under pine trees, buried in coniferous litter. Mass harvest occurs between July and September.
  4. Greenfinch, or green row: a small mushroom with a wide, outstretched greenish cap. Its diameter reaches 15 cm, in the center it is covered with small scales. The leg is short, 4-5 cm in height. The pulp is white, becoming yellowish with age. The color does not change when cut. It grows under pine trees in groups of 5-8 pieces from September to November.
  5. Chanterelles: bright mushrooms growing in pine trees and having a yellow-orange color. The cap with wavy edges is 2-12 cm, flat-concave in the center. The flesh is fleshy, fibrous in the stem. The leg itself is lighter, smooth and tapers at the bottom. Not affected by pests. The harvest begins in June, then August - September. Distributed mainly in coniferous forests.
  6. Loader white, or excellent russula: one of the species of the Russula family, growing in light coniferous forests. Large, the cap reaches a diameter of 18 cm, white in color with rusty spots on the surface. The surface has a prostrate shape and a funnel in the center. The leg is strong, has the same color as the cap, and is narrowed at the bottom. The pulp is juicy and has a pleasant smell. Grows from mid-summer to mid-autumn.
  7. Flywheels: are not tall taste qualities. Variegated, red and green fly mushrooms are edible. They have a dry, slightly velvety cap about 9 cm in diameter, which becomes covered with cracks as they age. Color varies from yellow to brown-brown. The lighter-colored leg has a cylindrical shape and reaches a height of 8 to 14 cm. The flesh is dense and has a pleasant aroma. However, unlike other representatives of the group, Polish mushroom, growing in pine trees and other coniferous forests, has good organoleptic properties.
  8. Row purple: conditionally edible mushroom of unusual bright purple color. Its cap reaches 15 cm in diameter; in adult specimens it is flat, slightly concave in the center and curved at the edges. The leg is cylindrical, with a thickening at the base. The pulp is dense, the same light purple hue. They are saprophytes and grow on pine trees and other coniferous trees on rotting coniferous litter.

Poisonous representatives

Not only edible mushrooms grow under pine trees. There are also poisonous representatives: waxy talker, death cap, varieties of fly agaric and false sulfur-yellow honey fungus. Their toxins, entering the human body, affect the central nervous system, liver, kidneys and digestive system. Without timely qualified medical care poisoning will lead to death.

In order not to be at risk of poisoning when eating mushrooms, you need to know the characteristics of dangerous representatives of the mushroom kingdom.

  1. Death cap: considered the most dangerous poisonous forest mushroom, the toxins of which manifest themselves after some time. The olive cap, from 5 to 15 cm in diameter, has a hemispherical shape and fibrous skin. The leg is cylindrical, with a “bag” at the base. The pulp is white, does not change color when damaged, the smell is weak.
  2. Fly agaric panther, red And toadstool: have thick, fleshy caps ranging in color from white to green. On top of them there are the remains of a blanket in which the fruiting body of the young specimen was enclosed. They resemble white flakes. The leg is straight, widened downwards. The pulp is light, with a pronounced odor. Contains strong toxins. Red fly agaric can have a hallucinogenic effect.
  3. Honey fungus sulfur-yellow: a false relative of edible honey mushrooms. It is a small mushroom that grows in small groups on stumps and rotten wood. The caps are light yellow at the edges, darkening in the center, with a diameter of 2 to 7 cm. The yellowish-white flesh is characterized by persistent unpleasant smell. The leg is thin and long. It differs from edible species in the greenish color of the fruiting body.
  4. Waxy talker: poisonous representative of the Rowadovaceae family. It has a white-cream wide cap with a tubercle in the center and faint concentric circles on its surface. The leg is long, widened at the bottom, with a pubescent surface, 3-4 cm in height. The pulp is white with a creamy tint, dense, with a pleasant aroma. Contains a high concentration of muscarine, which is not destroyed by heat treatment.

Irina Selyutina (Biologist):

The waxy govorushka got its name due to the presence of a white waxy layer on the surface of the flesh-colored or brownish cap. Over time, this waxy coating cracks and a kind of “marble” surface is formed. The peel is easily removed, right down to the center of the cap. The mushroom is poisonous and contains muscarine, which is not destroyed by heat treatment. It has been experimentally established that the destruction of the alkaloid muscarine is possible at temperatures exceeding 100℃ with the appearance of a slight odor of tobacco. When eating large doses of waxy talker, death is noted somewhere in the range of 2-3% after 6-12 hours.

If after eating mushrooms you notice symptoms of poisoning in yourself or your loved ones poisonous mushrooms– consult a doctor immediately.

Mushrooms are edible and not so much. Pine forest. Autumn 2015.

Pine forest mushrooms.Mushrooms

Autumn mushrooms. What mushrooms grow in autumn. How to find mushrooms in the forest. Mushrooms in a pine forest

Conclusion

Pine forests are full of a variety of mushrooms. The collection of these gifts of nature should be treated with caution and attention. The pine forest mushroom is both edible and poisonous.