Construction bricks social structure are statuses and roles that are interconnected by functional relationships.
The word “status” came to sociology from the Latin language. IN Ancient Rome it denoted a state, legal status legal entity. However, at the end of the 19th century. English scientist G.D. Maine gave it a sociological sound.
Social status is the position of an individual (or group of people) in society in accordance with his gender, age, origin, property, education, occupation, position, marital status etc. For example, people studying at a technical school or university have student status; one who has completed his working career due to age, the status of a pensioner; those who have lost their jobs - unemployed status. Each status position implies certain rights and responsibilities.
People have not one, but many statuses in their lives. Thus, a person can be simultaneously a son, a husband, a father, a scientist, a mayor, a car enthusiast, a philanthropist, etc. At the same time, in a set of statuses, one can single out one main status (usually an official one), which has a decisive meaning for a given individual.
Depending on the role played by the individual himself in acquiring his status, two main types of social status are distinguished:
- - prescribed
- - achieved.
A prescribed status (also called ascribed or ascribed) is one that is received from birth, by inheritance or by coincidence of life circumstances, regardless of the desire, will and efforts of a person. These are, in particular, acquired from birth, or innate, statuses associated with:
- - with gender (woman, man);
- - with nationality (Egyptian, Chilean, Belarusian);
- - with race (representative of the Mongoloid, Negroid or Caucasian racial group);
- - with blood relationship (daughter, son, sister, grandmother);
- - with hereditary titles (queen, emperor, baroness).
Prescribed statuses also include “involuntarily” acquired statuses, such as stepdaughter, stepson, mother-in-law, etc.
In contrast to the prescribed status, the achieved status (or achieved) is acquired through the individual’s own efforts. It is related:
- - with obtaining education and labor qualifications (student, student, worker, master, engineer);
- - With labor activity and business career (farmer, director, captain, general, doctor of science, minister);
- - with any special merits (people's artist, honored teacher, honorary citizen of the city), etc.
According to Western analysts, in a post-industrial society, it is the achieved (rather than prescribed) status of people that plays an increasingly decisive role. Modern societies gravitate towards the so-called meritocracy, which proposes evaluating people according to their merits (knowledge, qualifications, professionalism), and not according to inheritance or personal connections with VIP (colloquial, an abbreviation for a very important person) .
Achieved and prescribed statuses are the two main types of statuses. But life, as always, is stranger than schemes and can create non-standard situations. In particular, the statuses of unemployed, emigrant (who became, say, due to political persecution), disabled (as a result, for example, of a road accident), ex-champion, ex-husband. Where should we include these and other similar “negative” statuses, which a person, of course, initially does not strive for in any way, but which, unfortunately, he still received? One option is to classify them as mixed statuses, since they may contain elements of both prescribed and achieved statuses.
His social status determines the individual’s place in society, while his personal status determines his position among the people immediately surrounding him.
Personal status is a person’s position in a small (or primary) group, determined by how others treat him. So, every employee in any work collective enjoys a certain reputation among his colleagues, i.e. has a public assessment of its personal qualities(a hard worker is a lazy person, a good person is a miser, serious man- dummy, benevolent - evil, etc.). In accordance with such assessments, people often build their relationships with him, thereby determining his personal status in the team.
social stratum political individual
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Not all people who connect their lives with fashion are aphoristic wits. But when you think a lot about fashion, when your life is connected with fashion and style, words come to mind that form sentences in which nothing can be added or subtracted!.. I have selected 50 quotes about fashion from great designers XX century, as well as people who mastered the art of creating their own style...
1. In order to be irreplaceable, you need to be different. Coco Chanel
2. Fashion doesn't just make women beautiful, it gives them self-confidence. Yves Saint Laurent
3. Clean, powerful emotions. It's not about design. It's about feelings. Alber Elbaz
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6. We should never confuse elegance with snobbery. Yves Saint Laurent
7. Girls don't dress for boys. They dress for themselves and, of course, for each other. If girls dressed for boys, they would still walk around naked all the time. Betsey Johnson
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12. Designers present fashion on the catwalk four times a year. Style is what you choose yourself. Launer Hutton
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16. Perfume can tell more about a woman than her handwriting. Christian Dior
17. Dressing up as Scheherazade is easy. Pick up small black dress- more difficult. Coco Chanel
18. Being different from others is easy, but being unique is very difficult. Lady Gaga
19. Style is a way of saying who you are without words. Rachel Zoe
20. I don't model clothes. I create dreams. Ralph Lauren
21. I can’t concentrate in flat shoes. Victoria Beckham
22. When in doubt, wear red. Bill Blass
23. Nothing makes a woman more beautiful than the confidence that she is beautiful. Sophia Loren
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24. My job is to combine comfort and luxury, practical and desirable. Donna Karan
25. Luxury should be comfortable. Otherwise it's not luxury. Coco Chanel
26. Fashion as architecture: the main thing is proportions. Coco Chanel
27. If you can’t be better than your competitor, then at least dress better. Anna Wintour
28. Nothing ages a woman more than an overly rich outfit. Coco Chanel
29. An outfit is a preface to a woman, and sometimes the entire book. Sebastien-Roch Nicolas de Chamfort
30. Clothes make a person. Naked people have very little, if any, influence in society. Mark Twain
31. There's nothing special about a skirt when it flutters on the clothesline. Lawrence Dow
32. If you can’t remember what a woman was wearing, then she was dressed perfectly. Coco Chanel
33. Fashion is a form of ugliness so unbearable that we are forced to change it every six months. Oscar Wilde
34. I dress for image. Not for myself, not for the public, not for fashion, not for men. Marlene Dietrich
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40. Fashion gives happiness. This is joy. But not therapy. Donatella Versace
41. There is no better designer in the world than nature itself. Alexander McQueen
42. A dress has no meaning if it doesn't make men want to take it off of you. Francoise Sagan
43. Buy less, choose better, and do it yourself. Vivienne Westwood
Social status is the position of an individual (or group of people) in society in accordance with his gender, age, origin, property, education, occupation, position, marital status, etc.
People have not one, but many statuses:
1) prescribed (received from birth);
2) achieved;
3) economic;
4) personal;
5) political, social, cultural.
A social role is certain actions that an individual (or group) must perform in accordance with one or another status.
Thus, if the status itself determines a person’s position in society, then social role– the functions they perform in a given position.
QUESTIONS, TASKS, TESTS.
1. Expand the content of the concepts “person”, “personality”, “individual”, “individuality”.
2. What factors influence the formation of personality?
3. What is the social status of an individual? What types of social statuses do you know? Describe your status set.
4. What is a social role? What social roles do you fulfill?
5.Why does a conflict of social roles arise? How is it overcome?
6. How can you confirm the presence of status-role coercion?
7. Do you agree with E. Durkheim, who believed that “the more primitive a society is, the greater the similarities between its constituent individuals?
8. Give definitions of the following concepts: “individual”, “individuality”, “personality”, “role conflict”, “social role”, “status distance”, “status symbols”, “social status”, “person”, “expectations” "(role expectations).
Literature:
1. A.I. Kravchenko “Sociology and political science” pp. 115-120.
2. I.D.Korotets, T.G.Talnishnikh “Fundamentals of sociology and political science” pp.85-109.
3. V.V.Latysheva “Fundamentals of Sociology” pp.65-86.
1. Social role is...
1) the individual’s contribution to the cause of his people;
2) a person’s awareness of the significance of his work;
3) behavior expected from the wearer social status;
4) society’s assessment of the individual’s activities.
2. The process of assimilation by an individual throughout his life of social norms and cultural values of the society to which he belongs is called:
1) education; 2) socialization; 3) integration; 4) adaptation.
3. Personal socialization lasts:
1) from the beginning of adolescence;
2) until the end of the formation of a person as an individual;
3) before entering working life.
4. Social status shows:
1) what behavior society expects from an individual;
2) what place the individual occupies in society or group;
3) in what environment the personality is formed.
5. The set of roles corresponding to a certain status is called:
1) role performance; 2) role-playing set; 3) role expectation.
6. What does the concept of “personality” mean?
1) properties that make a person different from others;
2) the same as the concept of “person”;
3) a system of social qualities of an individual.
7. Normative (basic) personality is:
1) a person who shares the same cultural patterns as the majority of members of a given society;
2) a standard, an example of a personality as the ideal of a given society (group);
3) the personality type is the most common in a given territory.
These include those that exist very a short time(pedestrian, passenger, etc.).
SOCIAL TIME
All statuses exist in time, if by time we mean human life. With his death his social time ends. U human society time drags on much longer.
Timeless statuses. Some statuses of an individual (they are called ascribed) do not disappear as long as he is alive. In our sense, they exist forever. For example: gender, nationality, race and some others.
Permanent(main) statuses are statuses that persist over a long period of time.
Temporary statuses. Most statuses are temporary. And the brightest of them are episodic. They are named so due to their short duration. You can be a guest for a few hours or days, but hardly for several years. The same can be said about a passenger, a buyer or a clinic patient. A striking example of episodic status is being in a queue. The queue with its generally accepted norms and rules, distribution of roles and informal statuses arises spontaneously and for a short time. After some time, you left the store and went outside. Now you have the episodic status of a passerby. And after 10 minutes you went down to the subway and turned into a passenger. On the wall of the carriage hang the rights and obligations assigned to this status.
Economic, political, religious statuses can be temporary or permanent. Examples of political statuses. Permanent ones are those that are included in the state system (government, police). Voter status is temporary. The President's confidant in the election campaign is a temporary status. A presidential candidate is also a temporary status, but the local representative of the president is permanent.
SOCIAL PORTRAIT OF A PERSON
With the help of statuses, a sociologist can characterize the object of research as accurately as an artist, drawing a portrait of a person with a set of individual traits. Can we say that the totality of statuses characterizes this particular person? specific person?
The status portrait of a person has another name in sociology - the status set of an individual, which was introduced in the middle of the 20th century American sociologist R. Merton.
A status set is the totality of all statuses belonging to one individual.
The status set of each person is individual, that is, unique in all details. If we change one of them, say, gender or profession, and leave all the others unchanged, we will get a similar, but different person. Even if all the main statuses of two people coincide, which does not happen so often, the non-primary ones will certainly differ. Of two people who are completely similar in status, one this moment may find himself in the subway (episodic status “passenger”), and another may be driving his own “Audio” (“driver is the owner of his own car”).
Chief and personal statuses
In a set of statuses there is always a key, or main one. The main status is the most characteristic status for a given individual, by which others distinguish him or with which they identify him.
For women, the main thing was traditionally the status associated with the position of the husband. IN modern society the situation is changing. For men - status associated with the main place of work or occupation: director of a commercial bank, Researcher, policeman, worker at an industrial enterprise.
The main thing is the status that determines the lifestyle, circle of acquaintances, behavior, etc. For the scientific intelligentsia, the main thing is often not the place of work or occupation, but academic degree, for managers - position or hierarchical rank.
For a man, this is the status of someone employed in social production (the status of a worker); for a woman, this is a housewife. Society assigns these very statuses to them. In the process of life, a person learns what society imposes on him. How stronger man identifies himself with the main status, the harder it is for him to lose it. Unemployment is scary for a man because it deprives him of his main status - the breadwinner of the family.